“Linear–quadratic regulator”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Linear–quadratic regulator

释义

General description
Finite-horizon, continuous-time LQR
Infinite-horizon, continuous-time LQR
Finite-horizon, discrete-time LQR
Infinite-horizon, discrete-time LQR
References
External links

The theory of optimal control is concerned with operating a dynamic system at minimum cost. The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem. One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below. The LQR is an important part of the solution to the LQG (linear–quadratic–Gaussian) problem. Like the LQR problem itself, the LQG problem is one of the most fundamental problems in control theory.

General description

The settings of a (regulating) controller governing either a machine or process (like an airplane or chemical reactor) are found by using a mathematical algorithm that minimizes a cost function with weighting factors supplied by a human (engineer). The cost function is often defined as a sum of the deviations of key measurements, like altitude or process temperature, from their desired values. The algorithm thus finds those controller settings that minimize undesired deviations. The magnitude of the control action itself may also be included in the cost function.

The LQR algorithm reduces the amount of work done by the control systems engineer to optimize the controller. However, the engineer still needs to specify the cost function parameters, and compare the results with the specified design goals. Often this means that controller construction will be an iterative process in which the engineer judges the "optimal" controllers produced through simulation and then adjusts the parameters to produce a controller more consistent with design goals.

The LQR algorithm is essentially an automated way of finding an appropriate state-feedback controller. As such, it is not uncommon for control engineers to prefer alternative methods, like full state feedback, also known as pole placement, in which there is a clearer relationship between controller parameters and controller behavior. Difficulty in finding the right weighting factors limits the application of the LQR based controller synthesis.

Finite-horizon, continuous-time LQR

For a continuous-time linear system, defined on , described by

with a quadratic cost function defined as

the feedback control law that minimizes the value of the cost is

where is given by

and is found by solving the continuous time Riccati differential equation:

with the boundary condition

The first order conditions for J_min are

(i) State equation

(ii) Co-state equation

(iii) Stationary equation

(iv) Boundary conditions

and

Infinite-horizon, continuous-time LQR

For a continuous-time linear system described by

with a cost functional defined as

the feedback control law that minimizes the value of the cost is

where is given by

and is found by solving the continuous time algebraic Riccati equation

This can be also written as

with

Finite-horizon, discrete-time LQR

For a discrete-time linear system described by

^[1]

with a performance index defined as

the optimal control sequence minimizing the performance index is given by

where

and is found iteratively backwards in time by the dynamic Riccati equation

from terminal condition . Note that is not defined, since is driven to its final state by .

Infinite-horizon, discrete-time LQR

For a discrete-time linear system described by

with a performance index defined as

the optimal control sequence minimizing the performance index is given by

where

and is the unique positive definite solution to the discrete time algebraic Riccati equation (DARE)

.

This can be also written as

with

.

Note that one way to solve the algebraic Riccati equation is by iterating the dynamic Riccati equation of the finite-horizon case until it converges.

References

1. ^{{cite book |last= Chow |first= Gregory C. |title= Analysis and Control of Dynamic Economic Systems |publisher= Krieger Publ. Co. |year= 1986 |isbn= 0-89874-969-7}}

*{{cite book

|author1=Kwakernaak, Huibert |author2=Sivan, Raphael
|lastauthoramp=yes| year = 1972
| title = Linear Optimal Control Systems. First Edition
| publisher = Wiley-Interscience
| isbn = 0-471-51110-2
}}

{{cite book

| last = Sontag
| first = Eduardo
| authorlink = Eduardo D. Sontag
| year = 1998
| title = Mathematical Control Theory: Deterministic Finite Dimensional Systems. Second Edition
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 0-387-98489-5
}}

External links

MATLAB function for Linear Quadratic Regulator design
Mathematica function for Linear Quadratic Regulator design

1 : Optimal control

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