词条 | Liquid-crystal polymer | ||||||||||||
释义 |
Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) are a class of aromatic polymers. They are extremely unreactive and inert, and highly resistant to fire. BackgroundLiquid crystallinity in polymers may occur either by dissolving a polymer in a solvent (lyotropic liquid-crystal polymers) or by heating a polymer above its glass or melting transition point (thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers).[2] Liquid-crystal polymers are present in melted/liquid or solid form.[3] In solid form the main example of lyotropic LCPs is the commercial aramid known as Kevlar. Chemical structure of this aramid consists of linearly substituted aromatic rings linked by amide groups. In a similar way, several series of thermotropic LCPs have been commercially produced by several companies (e.g., Vectran / Ticona). A high number of LCPs, produced in the 1980s, displayed order in the melt phase analogous to that exhibited by nonpolymeric liquid crystals. Processing of LCPs from liquid-crystal phases (or mesophases) gives rise to fibers and injected materials having high mechanical properties as a consequence of the self-reinforcing properties derived from the macromolecular orientation in the mesophase. Today, LCPs can be melt-processed on conventional equipment at high speeds with excellent replication of mold details. In fact, the high ease of forming of LCPs is an important competitive advantage against other plastics, as it offsets high raw material cost.[4] The class of polar and bowlic LCPs, with unique properties and important potential applications, remains to be exploited.[5] PropertiesA unique class of partially crystalline aromatic polyesters based on p-hydroxybenzoic acid and related monomers, liquid-crystal polymers are capable of forming regions of highly ordered structure while in the liquid phase. However, the degree of order is somewhat less than that of a regular solid crystal. Typically, LCPs have a high mechanical strength at high temperatures, extreme chemical resistance, inherent flame retardancy, and good weatherability. Liquid-crystal polymers come in a variety of forms from sinterable high temperature to injection moldable compounds. LCPs can be welded, though the lines created by welding are a weak point in the resulting product. LCPs have a high Z-axis coefficient of thermal expansion. LCPs are exceptionally inert. They resist stress cracking in the presence of most chemicals at elevated temperatures, including aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons, strong acids, bases, ketones, and other aggressive industrial substances. Hydrolytic stability in boiling water is excellent. Environments that deteriorate the polymers are high-temperature steam, concentrated sulfuric acid, and boiling caustic materials. Polar and bowlic LCPs are ferroelectrics, with reaction time order-of-magnitudes smaller than that in conventional LCs and could be used to make ultrafast switches. Bowlic columnar polymers possess long, hollow tubes; with metal or transition metal atoms added into the tube, they could potentially form ultrahigh-Tc superconductors.[6] UsesBecause of their various properties, LCPs are useful for electrical[7] and mechanical parts, food containers, and any other applications requiring chemical inertness and high strength. LCP is particularly good for microwave frequency electronics due to low relative dielectric constants, low dissipation factors, and commercial availability of laminates. Packaging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is another area that LCP has recently gained more attention. The superior properties of LCPs make them especially suitable for automotive ignition system components, heater plug connectors, lamp sockets, transmission system components, pump components, coil forms and sunlight sensors and sensors for car safety belts. Noctua uses a proprietary fiber-reinforced thermotropic LCP called Sterrox ({{Etymology|gre|στερρός (sterros)|stiff, firm, solid, hard}}) in their NF-A12x25 computer fan. This application takes advantage of the high tensile strength of LCPs, which minimizes a phenomenon called "impeller creep" where the fan impeller blades are gradually elongated over extended operation of the fan. This enables a exceptionally narrow tip clearance as low as 0.5 mm, which would not be achievable with more conventional plastics like PBT because impeller creep would cause the impeller blades to collide with the fan frame after several years of use. Reducing the tip clearance increases the fan's airflow and static pressure by limiting the amount of air leaking through the gap between the impeller and frame. The high rigidity of Sterrox also makes it less prone to surface vibrations which can increase the noise produced by the fan. The main drawback is cost: The Sterrox material is about four times as expensive as PBT.[8][9]Trade namesLCP is sold by manufacturers under a variety of trade names. These include:
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.vectranfiber.com/BrochureProductInformation/MolecularStructure.aspx |title=Vectran molecular structure |accessdate=2012-11-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120605012220/http://www.vectranfiber.com/BrochureProductInformation/MolecularStructure.aspx |archivedate=2012-06-05 |df= }} 2. ^Shibaev, Valery P.; Lam, Lui, eds. (1994). Liquid Crystalline and Mesomorphic Polymers. New York: Springer. 3. ^Callister (2007): "Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction," 557-558. 4. ^Charles A. Harper, ed., Modern Plastics Handbook, {{ISBN|0-07-026714-6}}, 2000. 5. ^Lam, Lui (1988). "Bowlic and polar liquid crystal polymers". Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 155, 531. 6. ^See [2],[5]. 7. ^FCI (2000): "Metral Signal Header 1 Mod, 4 Row Press-Fit", , 8 (note 2) 8. ^{{cite web |title=Sterrox® liquid-crystal polymer (LCP) |url=https://noctua.at/en/sterrox-liquid-crystal-polymer-lcp |author1=Noctua |authorlink1=Noctua (company) |accessdate=10 July 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web |last1=Fenlon |first1=Wes |title=Noctua spent four and a half years designing its quietest, strongest fan yet |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/noctua-spent-four-and-a-half-years-designing-its-quietest-strongest-fan-yet/ |website=PC Gamer |accessdate=10 July 2018 |date=5 June 2018}} External links
3 : Polymers|Liquid crystals|Thermoplastics |
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