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词条 List of accelerators in particle physics
释义

  1. Early accelerators

      Cyclotrons    Other early accelerator types    Synchrotrons  

  2. Fixed-target accelerators

      High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)    Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators  

  3. Colliders

      Electron-positron colliders    Hadron colliders    Electron-proton colliders  

  4. Light sources

  5. Hypothetical accelerators

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

A list of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics from that field, are also included. Although a modern accelerator complex usually has several stages of accelerators, only accelerators whose output has been used directly for experiments are listed.

Early accelerators

These all used single beams with fixed targets. They tended to have very briefly run, inexpensive, and unnamed experiments.

Cyclotrons

{{Main article|Cyclotron}}
Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape Accelerated Particle Kinetic
Energy		 Notes and discoveries made
9-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1931 Circularb=2|p=+}} 1.0 MeV Proof of concept
11-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932 Circular Proton 1.2 MeV
27-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1932–1936 Circular Deuteron 4.8 MeV Investigated deuteron-nucleus interactions
37-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley1937–1938 Circular Deuteron 8 MeV Discovered many isotopes
60-inch cyclotron University of California, Berkeley 1939-1962[1] Circular Deuteron 16 MeV Discovered many isotopes.
88-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab, now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1961-Present Circular (Isochronous) Hydrogen through Uranium MeV to several GeV Discovered many isotopes. Verified two element discoveries. Performed the world's first single event effects radiation testing in 1979, and tested parts and materials for most US spacecraft since then.
184-inch cyclotron Berkeley Rad Lab 1942-1993 Circular Various MeV to GeV Research on uranium isotope separation
Calutrons Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1943- "Horseshoe" Uranium nuclei Used to separate isotopes for the Manhattan project
95-inch cyclotron Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory 1949–2002 Circular Proton 160 MeV Used for nuclear physics 1949 - ~ 1961, development of clinical proton therapy until 2002
JULICForschungszentrum Juelich, Germany1967–presentCircularProton, Deuteron75 MeVNow used as a preaccelerator for COSY and irradiation purposes
[1] The magnetic pole pieces and return yoke from the 60-inch cyclotron were later moved to UC Davis and incorporated into a 76 inch isochronous cyclotron which is still in use today [1]

Other early accelerator types

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape
and size		 Accelerated
particle		 Kinetic
Energy		 Notes and discoveries made
Linear particle accelerator Aachen University, Germany 1928 Linear Beamline Ion 50 KeV Proof of concept
Cockcroft and Walton's
electrostatic accelerator		 Cavendish Laboratory 1932 See Cockroft-
Walton generator		 Proton 0.7 MeV First to artificially split the nucleus (Lithium)
Betatron Siemens-Schuckertwerke, Germany 1935 Circular Electron 1,8 MeV Proof of concept

Synchrotrons

{{Main article|Synchrotron}}
Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape and size Accelerated
particle		 Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link
Cosmotron BNL 1953–1968 Circular ring
(72 meters around)		 Proton 3.3 GeV Discovery of V particles, first artificial production of some mesons[https://inspirehep.net/record/1614801 INSPIRE]
Birmingham Synchrotron University of Birmingham 1953–1967 Proton 1 GeV
Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab 1954-~1970 "Race track" Proton 6.2 GeV Strange particle experiments, antiproton and antineutron discovered, resonances discovered[https://inspirehep.net/record/1614802 INSPIRE]
Bevalac, combination of SuperHILAC linear accelerator, a diverting tube, then the Bevatron Berkeley Rad Lab ~1970-1993 Linear accelerator followed by "race track" Any and all sufficiently stable nuclei could be accelerated Observation of compressed nuclear matter. Depositing ions in tumors in cancer research.[https://inspirehep.net/record/1608918 INSPIRE]
Saturne Saclay, France 3 GeV[https://inspirehep.net/record/1608913 INSPIRE]
Synchrophasotron Dubna, Russia December 1957 – 2003 10 GeV[https://inspirehep.net/record/1608912 INSPIRE]
Zero Gradient Synchrotron ANL 1963–1979 12.5 GeV[https://inspirehep.net/record/1608911 INSPIRE]
U-70 Proton Synchrotron IHEP, Russia 1967–present Circular ring
(perimeter around 1.5 km)		 Proton 70 GeV[https://inspirehep.net/record/1609164 INSPIRE]
Proton Synchrotron CERN 1959–present Circular ring
(628 meters around)		 Proton 26 GeV Used to feed ISR (until 1984), SPS, LHC, AD[https://inspirehep.net/record/1607947 INSPIRE]
Proton Synchrotron Booster CERN 1972–present Circular Synchrotron Protons 1.4 GeV Used to feed PS, ISOLDE[https://inspirehep.net/record/1614803 INSPIRE]
Super Proton Synchrotron CERN 1976–present Circular Synchrotron Protons and ions 450 GeV COMPASS, OPERA and ICARUS at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso[https://inspirehep.net/record/1607946 INSPIRE]
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron BNL 1960- Circular ring
(808 meters around)		 Proton (unpolarized and polarized), deuteron, helium-3, copper, gold, uranium 33 GeV J/ψ, muon neutrino, CP violation in kaons, injects heavy ions and polarized protons into RHIC[https://inspirehep.net/record/1608917 INSPIRE]
Diamond Light Source[2] Harwell Campus,[3] UK 2007–Present Circular ring
(561.6 meters around)		 Electrons 3 GeV
COSYJuelich, Germany1993–presentCircular ring (183.47 m)Protons, Deuterons2.88 GeV[https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.07250 The legacy of the experimental hadron physics programme at COSY][https://inspirehep.net/record/1608916 INSPIRE]
UVX SynchrotronCNPEM, Brazil1997–presentCircular ring (93.2 m)Electrons1.37 GeVIn current production is the Sirius Project, a plan for a 3 GeV synchrotron light source
SiriusCNPEM, Brazil2018–presentCircular ring (518.4 m)Electrons3 GeVUnder construction. It will be completed in 2018 and start operating in 2019.

Fixed-target accelerators

More modern accelerators that were also run in fixed target mode; often, they will also have been run as colliders, or accelerated particles for use in subsequently built colliders.

High intensity hadron accelerators (Meson and neutron sources)

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape and size Accelerated Particle Kinetic Energy Notes and discoveries made INSPIRE link
High Current Proton Accelerator Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (originally Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility) Los Alamos National Laboratory 1972–Present Linear (800 m)
and
Circular (30 m)		 Protons 800 MeV Neutron Materials Research, Proton Radiography, High Energy Neutron Research, Ultra Cold Neutrons [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608915 INSPIRE]
PSI, HIPA High Intensity 590 MeV Proton Accelerator PSI, Villigen, Switzerland 1974–present 0.8 MeV CW, 72 MeV Injector 2,

590 MeV Ringcyclotron

 Protons 590 MeV, 2.4 mA, =1.4 MW Highest beam power, used for meson and neutron production with applications in materials science [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608914 INSPIRE]
TRIUMF Cyclotron TRIUMF, Vancouver BC 1974–present Circular H- ion 500 MeV Not an early accelerator, but a re-envisioning of the cyclotron concept, having multiple beam extractions, and hosting many multi-year experiments. Since its inception, has been the world's largest cyclotron, at 17.9m; six sector magnet configuration, with curving outer tips of pole pieces reflecting the effect of relativity on the cyclotron relation at its full acceleration velocity [https://inspirehep.net/record/1610395 INSPIRE]
ISIS neutron source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,Oxfordshire, United Kingdom 1984–present H- Linac followed by proton RCS Protons 800 MeV [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608908 INSPIRE]
Spallation Neutron Source Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2006–Present Linear (335 m)
and
Circular (248 m)		 Protons 800 MeV -
1 GeV		 Highest power operational pulsed proton beam in the world [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614820 INSPIRE]
J-PARC RCS Tōkai, Ibaraki 2007–Present Triangular, 348m circumference Protons 3 GeV Used for Material and Life sciences Experimental Facility and input to JPARC Main Ring [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608833 INSPIRE]

Electron and low intensity hadron accelerators

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape
and size		 Accelerated
particle		 Kinetic
Energy		 Experiments Notes INSPIRE link
Antiproton Accumulator CERN 1980-1996 [https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/518868/files/CM-P00059116.pdf Design study] [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614804 INSPIRE]
Antiproton collector CERN 1986-1996 Antiprotons [https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/62881/files/CM-P00095476-e.pdf Design study] [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614805 INSPIRE]
Antiproton Decelerator CERN 2000–present Storage ring Protons and antiprotons 26 GeV ATHENA, ATRAP, ASACUSA, ACE, ALPHA, AEGIS [https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/317704/files/ps-96-043.pdf Design study][https://inspirehep.net/record/1607948 INSPIRE]
Low Energy Antiproton Ring CERN 1982-1996 Antiprotons PS210 [https://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/124681/files/198009172.pdf Design study][https://inspirehep.net/record/1607945 INSPIRE]
Cambridge Electron Accelerator Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 1962-1974[4] 236 ft diameter synchrotron[5] Electrons 6 GeV[4]
SLAC Linac SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1966–present 3 km linear
accelerator		 Electron/
Positron		 50 GeV Repeatedly upgraded, used to feed PEP, SPEAR, SLC, and PEP-II. Now split into 1 km sections feeding LCLS, FACET & LCLS-II. [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608270 INSPIRE]
Fermilab Booster Fermilab 1970–present Circular Synchrotron Protons 8 GeV MiniBooNE[https://inspirehep.net/record/1609379 INSPIRE]
Fermilab Main Injector Fermilab 1995–present Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 150 GeV MINOS, MINERνA, NOνA[https://inspirehep.net/record/1609381 INSPIRE]
Fermilab Main Ring Fermilab 1970–1995 Circular Synchrotron Protons and antiprotons 400 GeV (until 1979), 150 GeV thereafter
Bates Linear Accelerator Middleton, MA 1967–2005 500 MeV recirculating linac and storage ring Polarized electrons 1 GeV [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608843 INSPIRE]
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 1995–present 6 GeV recirculating linac (recently upgraded to 12 GeV) Polarized electrons 6-12 GeV DVCS, PrimEx II, Qweak, GlueX First large-scale deployment of superconducting RF technology. [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608838 INSPIRE]
ELSA Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Germany 1987–present Synchrotron and stretcher (Polarized) electrons 3.5 GeV Crystal Barrel [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608836 INSPIRE]
MAMI Mainz, Germany 1975–Present multilevel racetrack microtron Polarized electrons1.5 GeV acceleratorA1 - Electron Scattering, A2 - Real Photons, A4 - Parity Violation, X1 - X-Ray Radiation [https://inspirehep.net/record/1108240 INSPIRE]
Tevatron Fermilab 1983–2011 Superconducting Circular Synchrotron Protons 980 GeV [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608526 INSPIRE]
Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1974–Present Linear (120 m) Ions of all naturally occurring elements [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614806 INSPIRE]
Schwerionensynchrotron (SIS18) GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany 1990–Present Synchrotron with 271 m circumference Ions of all naturally occurring elements U: 50-1000 MeV/u
Ne: 50-2000 MeV/u
p: 4,5 GeV		 [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614807 INSPIRE]
J-PARC Main Ring Tōkai, Ibaraki 2009–Present Triangular, 500m diameter Protons 30 GeV J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, T2K Can also provide 8 GeV beam [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608833 INSPIRE]
Cornell BNL ERL Test Accelerator (CBETA)[6]
 Cornell University, Ithaca / NY (USA) 2019–Present Energy Recovery Linac with SRF cavities, 4 turns, and all beams in one Fixed Field Alternating-gradient lattice of permanent magnets. Electrons 150 MeV A prototype facility for Electron Ion Colliders [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614808 INSPIRE]

Colliders

Electron-positron colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape
and circumference		 Electron
energy		 Positron
energy		 Experiments Notable Discoveries INSPIRE link
AdA Frascati, Italy; Orsay, France 1961–1964 Circular, 3 meters 250 MeV 250 MeV Touschek effect (1963); first e+e− interactions recorded (1964) [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614810 INSPIRE]
Princeton-Stanford (e−e−) Stanford, California 1962–1967 Two-ring, 12 m 300 MeV 300 MeV e−e− interactions
VEP-1 (e−e−) INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1964–1968 Two-ring, 2.70 m 130 MeV 130 MeV e−e− scattering; QED radiative effects confirmed [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608829 INSPIRE]
VEPP-2 INP, Novosibirsk, Soviet Union 1965–1974 Circular, 11.5 m 700 MeV 700 MeV OLYA, CMD multihadron production (1966), e+e−→φ (1966), e+e−→γγ (1971) [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608830 INSPIRE]
ACO LAL, Orsay, France 1965–1975 Circular, 22 m 550 MeV 550 MeV ρ0, K+K−,φ3C, μ+μ−, M2N and DM1 Vector meson studies; then ACO was used as synchrotron light source until 1988 [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608825 INSPIRE]
SPEAR SLAC 1972-1990(?) Circular 3 GeV 3 GeV Mark I, Mark II, Mark III Discovery of Charmonium states [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608268 INSPIRE]
VEPP-2M BINP, Novosibirsk 1974–2000 Circular, 17.88 m 700 MeV 700 MeV ND, SND, CMD-2 e+e− cross sections, radiative decays of ρ, ω, and φ mesons [https://inspirehep.net/record/1614811 INSPIRE]
DORIS DESY 1974–1993 Circular, 300m 5 GeV 5 GeV ARGUS, Crystal Ball, DASP, PLUTO Oscillation in neutral B mesons [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608527 INSPIRE]
PETRA DESY 1978–1986 Circular, 2 km 20 GeV 20 GeV JADE, MARK-J, CELLO, PLUTO, TASSO Discovery of the gluon in three jet events [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608528 INSPIRE]
CESR Cornell University 1979–2002 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CUSB, CHESS, CLEO, CLEO-2, CLEO-2.5, CLEO-3 First observation of B decay, charmless and "radiative penguin" B decays [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608534 INSPIRE]
PEP SLAC 1980-1990(?) Mark II [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608269 INSPIRE]
SLC SLAC 1988-1998(?) Addition to
SLAC Linac		 45 GeV 45 GeV SLD, Mark II First linear collider [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608270 INSPIRE]
LEP CERN 1989–2000 Circular, 27 km 104 GeV 104 GeV Aleph, Delphi, Opal, L3 Only 3 light (m ≤ mZ/2) weakly interacting neutrinos exist, implying only three generations of quarks and leptons [https://inspirehep.net/record/1607855 INSPIRE]
BEPC China 1989–2004 Circular, 240m 2.2 GeV 2.2 GeV Beijing Spectrometer (I and II) [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608646 INSPIRE]
VEPP-4M BINP, Novosibirsk 1994- Circular, 366m 6.0 GeV 6.0 GeV KEDR Precise measurement of psi-meson masses, two-photon physics
PEP-II SLAC 1998–2008 Circular, 2.2 km 9 GeV 3.1 GeV BaBar Discovery of CP violation in B meson system [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608834 INSPIRE]
KEKB KEK 1999–2009 Circular, 3 km 8.0 GeV 3.5 GeV Belle Discovery of CP violation in B meson system
DAΦNE Frascati, Italy 1999- Circular, 98m 0.7 GeV 0.7 GeV KLOE Crab-waist collisions (2007) [https://inspirehep.net/record/1609165 INSPIRE]
CESR-c Cornell University 2002–2008 Circular, 768m 6 GeV 6 GeV CHESS, CLEO-c [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608534 INSPIRE]
VEPP-2000 BINP, Novosibirsk 2006- Circular, 24.4m 1.0 GeV 1.0 GeV SND, CMD-3 Round beams (2007)
BEPC II China 2008- Circular, 240m 1.89 GeV 1.89 GeV Beijing Spectrometer III
VEPP-5 BINP, Novosibirsk 2015-
SuperKEKB KEK 2016- Circular, 3 km 7.0 GeV 4.0 GeV Belle II

Hadron colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape
and size		 Particles
collided		Beam
energy		 Experiments INSPIRE
Intersecting
Storage Rings		 CERN 1971–1984 Circular rings
(948 m around)		 Proton/
Proton		 31.5 GeV [https://inspirehep.net/record/1609595 INSPIRE]
Proton Synchrotron/Sp{{overline>p}}S CERN 1981–1984 Circular ring
(6.9 km around)		 Proton/
Antiproton		 270-315 GeV UA1, UA2 [https://inspirehep.net/record/1607946 INSPIRE]
Tevatron
Run I		 Fermilab 1992–1995 Circular ring
(6.3 km around)		 Proton/
Antiproton		 900 GeV CDF, D0 [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608526 INSPIRE]
Tevatron
Run II		 Fermilab 2001–2011 Circular ring
(6.3 km around)		 Proton/
Antiproton		 980 GeV CDF, D0 [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608526 INSPIRE]
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
polarized proton mode		 Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2001–present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference)		 Polarized Proton/
Proton		 100-255 GeV PHENIX, STAR [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608533 INSPIRE]
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
ion mode		 Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 2000–present Hexagonal rings
(3.8 km circumference)		Au|197}}79+;
{{SimpleNuclide2|Cu|63}}29+-{{SimpleNuclide2|Cu|63}}29+;
{{SimpleNuclide2|Cu|63}}29+-{{SimpleNuclide2|Au|197}}79+;
{{SimpleNuclide2|Au|197}}79+-{{SimpleNuclide2|Au|197}}79+;
{{SimpleNuclide2|U|238}}92+-{{SimpleNuclide2|U|238}}92+		 3.85-100 GeV
per nucleon		 STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS, PHOBOS [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608533 INSPIRE]
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
proton mode		 CERN 2008–present Circular rings
(27 km circumference)		 Proton/
Proton		 6.5 TeV
(design: 7 TeV)		 ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, LHCf, TOTEM [https://inspirehep.net/record/1607656 INSPIRE]
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
ion mode		 CERN 2010–present Circular rings
(27 km circumference)		Pb|208}}82+-{{SimpleNuclide2|Pb|208}}82+;

Proton-{{SimpleNuclide2|Pb|208}}82+

 2.76 TeV
per nucleon		 ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb [https://inspirehep.net/record/1607656 INSPIRE]

Electron-proton colliders

Accelerator Location Years of
operation		 Shape
and size		 Electron
energy		 Proton
energy		 Experiments INSPIRE link
HERA DESY 1992–2007 Circular ring
(6336 meters around)		 27.5 GeV 920 GeV H1, ZEUS, HERMES experiment, HERA-B [https://inspirehep.net/record/1608532 INSPIRE]

Light sources

{{main article|List of synchrotron radiation facilities}}

Hypothetical accelerators

Besides the real accelerators listed above, there are hypothetical accelerators often used

as hypothetical examples or optimistic projects by particle physicists.

  • Eloisatron (Eurasiatic Long Intersecting Storage Accelerator) was a project of INFN headed by Antonio Zichichi at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Sicily. The center-of-mass energy was planned to be 200 TeV, and the size was planned to span parts of Europe and Asia.
  • Fermitron was an accelerator sketched by Enrico Fermi on a notepad in the 1940s proposing an accelerator in stable orbit around the earth.
  • The undulator radiation collider[7] is a design for an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy around the GUT scale. It would be light-weeks across and require the construction of a Dyson swarm around the Sun.
  • Planckatron is an accelerator with a center-of-mass energy of the order of the Planck scale. It is estimated that the radius of the Planckatron would have to be roughly the radius of the Milky Way. It would require so much energy to run that it could only be built by at least a Kardashev Type II civilization.[8]
  • Arguably also in this category falls the Zevatron, a hypothetical source for observed ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

See also

  • List of accelerator mass spectrometry facilities
  • List of synchrotron radiation facilities

References

1. ^ {{cite web | url = http://cyclotron.crocker.ucdavis.edu/building-cyclotron/ | title = Building the cyclotron | access-date = August 22, 2018 }}
2. ^Diamond Light Source
3. ^Harwell
4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hua11001 |title=Cambridge Electron Accelerator (Cambridge, Mass.) Records of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator : an inventory |date=November 15, 2006 |publisher=Harvard University Library |accessdate=January 2, 2012 }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1958/10/16/an-mit-harvard-project-the-electron-accelerator/ |title=An MIT-Harvard Project: The Electron Accelerator|author=Rothenberg, Peter J. |date=October 16, 1958 |work=The Harvard Crimson |accessdate=January 2, 2012 }}
6. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.classe.cornell.edu/Research/ERL/CBETA.html | title=CLASSE: Energy Recovery Linac}}
7. ^[https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04469 [1704.04469] The Undulator Radiation Collider: An Energy Efficient Design For A $\\sqrt{s}=10^{15}$ GeV Collider]
8. ^[https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.01509 [1503.01509] SETI at Planck Energy: When Particle Physicists Become Cosmic Engineers]

External links

  • Judy Goldhaber. October 9, 1992. Bevalac Had 40-Year Record of Historic Discoveries
  • High-energy collider parameters from the Particle Data Group
  • Particle accelerators around the world
  • Lawrence and his laboratory - a history of the early years of accelerator physics at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
  • A brief history and review of accelerators (11 pgs, PDF file)
  • SLAC beamlines over time
  • Accelerators and detectors named Mark at SLAC
  • Lawson, J. D. (1997), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101122110457/http://epubs.cclrc.ac.uk/bitstream/1297/RAL-TR-97-011.pdf Early British Synchrotrons, An Informal History]", [accessed 17 May 2009]
  • [https://cycops.triumf.ca/cycfac.htm A FEW QUICK FACTS ABOUT THE TRIUMF CYCLOTRON]

3 : Physics-related lists|Particle physics facilities|Particle accelerators
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