“Cy Young”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Denton True "Cy" Young (March 29, 1867 – November 4, 1955) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. During his 22-season baseball career (1890–1911), he pitched for five different teams. Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for over a century. Young compiled 511 wins, which is most in Major League history and 94 ahead of Walter Johnson, second on the list.^[1] Young was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. One year after Young's death, the Cy Young Award was created to honor each previous season's best pitcher.

In addition to wins, Young still holds the major league records for most career innings pitched (7,356), most career games started (815), and most complete games (749).^[2]^[3]^[4] He also retired with 315 losses, the most in MLB history.^[5] Young's 76 career shutouts are fourth all-time.^[6] He also won at least 30 games in a season five times, with ten other seasons of 20 or more wins.^[7] In addition, Young pitched three no-hitters, including the third perfect game in baseball history, first in baseball's "modern era". In 1999, 88 years after his final major league appearance and 44 years after his death, editors at The Sporting News ranked Young 14th on their list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players".^[8] That same year, baseball fans named him to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Young's career started in 1890 with the Cleveland Spiders. After eight years with the Spiders, Young was moved to St. Louis in 1899. After two years there, Young jumped to the newly created American League, joining the Boston franchise. He was traded back to Cleveland in 1909, before spending the final two months of his career with the Boston Rustlers. After his retirement, Young went back to his farm in Ohio, where he stayed until his death at age 88 in 1955.

Early life

Cy Young was the oldest child born to McKinzie Young, Jr. and German American Nancy Mottmiller. He was christened Denton True Young. The couple had four more children: Jesse Carlton, Alonzo, Ella, and Anthony. When the couple married, McKinzie's father gave him the {{convert|54|acre|m2}} of farm land he owned.^[9] Young was born in Gilmore, a tiny farming community located in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

He was raised on one of the local farms and went by the name Dent Young in his early years.^[10] Young was also known as "Farmer Young" and "Farmboy Young". Young stopped his formal education after he completed the sixth grade^[11] so he could help out on the family's farm. In 1885, Young moved with his father to Nebraska, and in the summer of 1887, they returned to Gilmore.

Young played for many amateur baseball leagues during his youth, including a "semi-pro" Carrollton team in 1888. Young pitched and played second base. The first box score known containing the name Young came from that season. In that game, Young played first base and had three hits in three at-bats. After the season, Young received an offer to play for the minor league Canton team, which started Young's professional career.^[9]

Professional career

Before Major League Baseball

Young began his professional career in 1889 with the Canton, Ohio, team of the Tri-State League, a professional minor league. During his tryout, Young impressed the scouts, recalling years later, "I almost tore the boards off the grandstand with my fast ball."^[12] Cy Young's nickname came from the fences that he had destroyed using his fastball. The fences looked like a cyclone had hit them. Reporters later shortened the name to "Cy", which became the nickname Young used for the rest of his life.^[13] During Young's one year with the Canton team, he won 15 games and lost 15.^[10]

Franchises in the National League, the major professional baseball league at the time, wanted the best players available to them. Therefore, in 1890, Young signed with the Cleveland Spiders, a team which had moved from the American Association to the National League the previous year.

Cleveland Spiders

On August 6, 1890, Young's major league debut, he pitched a three-hit 8–1 victory over the Chicago Colts.^[14] While Young was on the Spiders, Chief Zimmer was his catcher more often than any other player. Bill James, a baseball statistician, estimated that Zimmer caught Young in more games than any other battery in baseball history.^[15]

Early on, Young established himself as one of the harder-throwing pitchers in the game. Bill James wrote that Zimmer often put a piece of beefsteak inside his baseball glove to protect his catching hand from Young's fastball.^[15] In the absence of radar guns, however, it is impossible to say just how hard Young actually threw. Young continued to perform at a high level during the 1890 season. On the last day of the season, Young won both games of a doubleheader.^[11] In the first weeks of Young's career, Cap Anson, the player-manager of the Chicago Colts spotted Young's ability. Anson told Spiders' manager Gus Schmelz, "He's too green to do your club much good, but I believe if I taught him what I know, I might make a pitcher out of him in a couple of years. He's not worth it now, but I'm willing to give you $1,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1000|1890|r=0}}}} today) for him." Schmelz replied, "Cap, you can keep your thousand and we'll keep the rube."^[16]

Two years after Young's debut, the National League moved the pitcher's position back by {{convert|5|ft|m}}. Since 1881, pitchers had pitched within a "box" whose front line was {{convert|50|ft|m}} from home base, and since 1887 they had been compelled to toe the back line of the box when delivering the ball. The back line was {{convert|55|ft|6|in|m}} away from home. In 1893, {{convert|5|ft|m}} was added to the back line, yielding the modern pitching distance of {{convert|60|ft|6|in|m}}. In the book The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers, sports journalist Rob Neyer wrote that the speed with which pitchers like Cy Young, Amos Rusie, and Jouett Meekin threw was the impetus that caused the move.^[17]

The 1892 regular season was a success for Young, who led the National League in wins (36), ERA (1.93), and shutouts (9). Just as many contemporary Minor League Baseball leagues operate today, the National League was using a split season format during the 1892 season.^[18] The Boston Beaneaters won the first-half title, and the Spiders won the second-half title, with a best-of-nine series determining the league champion. Despite the Spiders' second half run, the Beaneaters swept the series, five games to none. Young pitched three complete games in the series, but lost two decisions. He also threw a complete game shutout, but the game ended in a 0–0 tie.

The Spiders faced the Baltimore Orioles in the Temple Cup, a precursor to the World Series, in 1895. Young won three games in the series and Cleveland won the Cup, four games to one. It was around this time that Young added what he called a "slow ball" to his pitching repertoire to reduce stress on his arm. The pitch today is called a changeup.^[11]

In 1896, Young lost a no-hitter with two outs in the ninth inning when Ed Delahanty of the Philadelphia Phillies hit a single.^[19] On September 18, 1897, Young pitched the first no-hitter of his career in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. Although Young did not walk a batter, the Spiders committed four errors while on defense. One of the errors had originally been ruled a hit, but the Cleveland third baseman sent a note to the press box after the eighth inning, saying he had made an error, and the ruling was changed. Young later said, that, despite his teammate's gesture, he considered the game to be a one-hitter.^[20]

Shift to St. Louis

Prior to the 1899 season, Frank Robison, the Spiders owner, bought the St. Louis Browns, thus owning two clubs simultaneously. The Browns were renamed the "Perfectos", and restocked with Cleveland talent. Just weeks before the season opener, most of the better Spiders players were transferred to St. Louis, including fellow pitcher Pete McBride and three future Hall of Famers: Young, Jesse Burkett, and Bobby Wallace.^[21] The roster maneuvers failed to create a powerhouse Perfectos team, as St. Louis finished fifth in both 1899 and 1900. Meanwhile, the depleted Spiders lost 134 games, the most in MLB history, before folding. Young spent two years with St. Louis, which is where he found his favorite catcher, Lou Criger. The two men were teammates for a decade.^[11]^[22]

Move to the American League

In 1901, the rival American League declared major league status and set about raiding National League rosters. Young left St. Louis and joined the American League's Boston Americans for a $3,500 contract (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|3500|1901|r=0}}}} today). Young would remain with the Boston team until 1909. In his first year in the American League, Young was dominant. Pitching to Criger, who had also jumped to Boston, Young led the league in wins, strikeouts, and ERA{{ref label|B|b|none}}, thus earning the colloquial AL Triple Crown for pitchers.^[7] Young won almost 42% of his team's games in 1901, accounting for 33 of his team's 79 wins.^[23] In February 1902, before the start of the baseball season, Young served as a pitching coach at Harvard University. The sixth-grade graduate instructing Harvard students delighted Boston newspapers.^[11] The following year, Young coached at Mercer University during the spring. The team went on to win the Georgia state championship in 1903, 1904, and 1905.^[24]

The Boston Americans played the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first modern World Series in 1903. Young, who started Game One against the visiting Pirates, thus threw the first pitch in modern World Series history. The Pirates scored four runs in that first inning, and Young lost the game. Young performed better in subsequent games, winning his next two starts. He also drove in three runs in Game Five. Young finished the series with a 2–1 record and a 1.85 ERA in four appearances, and Boston defeated Pittsburgh, five games to three games.

After one-hitting Boston on May 2, 1904, Philadelphia Athletics pitcher Rube Waddell taunted Young to face him so that he could repeat his performance against Boston's ace. Three days later, Young pitched a perfect game against Waddell and the Athletics.{{ref label|A|a2|none}} It was the first perfect game in American League history.{{ref label|A|a3|none}}^[25]^[26] Waddell was the 27th and last batter, and when he flied out, Young shouted, "How do you like that, you hayseed?" Waddell had picked an inauspicious time to issue his challenge. Young's perfect game was the centerpiece of a pitching streak. Young set major league records for the most consecutive scoreless innings pitched and the most consecutive innings without allowing a hit; the latter record still stands at 25.1 innings, or 76 hitless batters.^[27]^[28] Even after allowing a hit, Young's scoreless streak reached a then-record 45 shutout innings. Before Young, only two pitchers had thrown perfect games.{{ref label|A|a3|none}} This occurred in 1880, when Lee Richmond and John Montgomery Ward pitched perfect games within five days of each other, although under somewhat different rules: the front edge of the pitcher's box was only {{convert|45|ft|m}} from home base (the modern release point is about {{convert|10|ft|m}} farther away); walks required eight balls; and pitchers were obliged to throw side-armed. Young's perfect game was the first under the modern rules established in 1893. One year later, on July 4, 1905, Rube Waddell beat Young and the Americans, 4–2, in a 20-inning matchup. Young pitched 13 consecutive scoreless innings before he gave up a pair of unearned runs in the final inning. Young did not walk a batter and was later quoted: "For my part, I think it was the greatest game of ball I ever took part in."^[29] In 1907, Young and Waddell faced off in a scoreless 13-inning tie.

In 1908, Young pitched the third no-hitter of his career. Three months past his 41st birthday, Cy Young was the oldest pitcher to record a no-hitter, a record which would stand 82 years until 43-year-old Nolan Ryan surpassed the feat. Only a walk kept Young from his second perfect game. After that runner was caught stealing, no other batter reached base. At this time, Young was the second-oldest player in either league. In another game one month before his no-hitter, he allowed just one single while facing 28 batters.^[23] On August 13, 1908, the league celebrated "Cy Young Day." No American League games were played on that day, and a group of All-Stars from the league's other teams gathered in Boston to play against Young and the Red Sox.^[30] When the season ended, he posted a 1.26 ERA, which gave him not only the lowest in his career, but also gave him a Major League record of being the oldest pitcher with 150+ innings pitched to post a season ERA under 1.50.

Cleveland Naps and retirement

Young was traded back to Cleveland, the place where he played over half his career, before the 1909 season, to the Cleveland Naps of the American League. The following season, 1910, he won his 500th career game on July 19 against Washington.^[31] He split 1911, his final year, between the Naps and the Boston Rustlers.

On September 22, 1911, Young shut out the Pittsburgh Pirates, 1–0, for his last career victory.^[32] In his final start two weeks later, the last eight batters of Young's career combined to hit a triple, four singles, and three doubles.^[33]

College coaching career

In February 1902, before the start of the baseball season, Young served as a pitching coach at Harvard University. The sixth-grade graduate instructing Harvard students delighted Boston newspapers.^[11] The following year, Young coached at Mercer University, in Macon, Georgia during the spring. The team went on to win the Georgia state championship in 1903, 1904, and 1905.^[34]

After baseball

Beginning in 1912, Young lived and worked on his farm. In 1913, he served as manager of the Cleveland Green Sox of the Federal League, which was at the time an outlaw league. However, he never worked in baseball after that.

Young's wife, Roba,^[35] whom he had known since childhood, died in 1933.^[9]^[11] After she died, Young tried several jobs, and eventually moved in with friends John and Ruth Benedum and did odd jobs for them. Young took part in many baseball events after his retirement.^[11] In 1937, 26 years after he retired from baseball, Young was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. He was among the first to donate mementos to the Hall.

By 1940, Young's only source of income was stock dividends of $300 per year (${{Inflation|US|300|1940|fmt=c}} today).^[9]^[36] On November 4, 1955, Young died on the Benedum's farm at the age of 88.^[9] He was buried in Peoli, Ohio.^[37]

Legacy

Young retired with 511 career wins, which remains the record for most career wins by a pitcher. At the time, Pud Galvin had the second most career wins with 364. Walter Johnson, then in his fourth season, finished his career with 417 wins and, as of 2017, remains second on the list. In 1921, Johnson broke Young's career record for strikeouts.^[38]

Young's career is seen as a bridge from baseball's earliest days to its modern era; he pitched against stars such as Cap Anson, already an established player when the National League was first formed in 1876, as well as against Eddie Collins, who played until 1930. When Young's career began, pitchers delivered the baseball underhand and fouls were not counted as strikes. The pitcher's mound was not moved back to its present position of {{convert|60|ft|6|in|m}} until Young's fourth season; he did not wear a glove until his sixth season.^[11]

Young led his league in wins five times (1892, 1895, and 1901–1903), finishing second twice. His career high was 36 in 1892. He had fifteen seasons with twenty or more wins, two more than the runners-up, Christy Mathewson and Warren Spahn. Young won two ERA titles during his career, in 1892 (1.93) and in 1901 (1.62), and was three times the runner-up. Young's earned run average was below 2.00 six times, but this was not uncommon during the dead-ball era. Although Young threw over 400 innings in each of his first four full seasons, he did not lead his league until 1902. He had 40 or more complete games nine times. Young also led his league in strikeouts twice (with 140 in 1896, and 158 in 1901), and in shutouts seven times.^[7] Young led his league in fewest walks per nine innings fourteen times and finished second one season. Only twice in his 22-year career did Young finish lower than 5th in the category. Although the WHIP ratio was not calculated until well after Young's death, Young was the retroactive league leader in this category seven times and was second or third another seven times.^[7] Young is tied with Roger Clemens for the most career wins by a Boston Red Sox pitcher. They each won 192 games while with the franchise.^[39]

Particularly after his fastball slowed, Young relied upon his control. Young was once quoted as saying, "Some may have thought it was essential to know how to curve a ball before anything else. Experience, to my mind, teaches to the contrary. Any young player who has good control will become a successful curve pitcher long before the pitcher who is endeavoring to master both curves and control at the same time. The curve is merely an accessory to control."^[16] In addition to his exceptional control, Young was also a workhorse who avoided injury. For nineteen consecutive years, from 1891 through 1909, Young was in his leagues' top ten for innings pitched; in fourteen of the seasons, he was in the top five. Not until 1900, a decade into his career, did Young pitch two consecutive incomplete games.^[20] By habit, Young restricted his practice throws in spring training. "I figured the old arm had just so many throws in it", said Young, "and there wasn't any use wasting them." Young once described his approach before a game:

By the time of his retirement, Young's control had faltered. He had also gained weight.^[11] In three of his last four years, he was the oldest player in the league.^[7]

In 1956, about one year after Young's death, the Cy Young Award was created. The first award was given to Brooklyn's Don Newcombe. Originally, it was a single award covering the whole of baseball. The honor was divided into two Cy Young Awards in 1967, one for the National League and one for the American League.

On September 23, 1993, a statue dedicated to him was unveiled by Northeastern University on the site of the Red Sox's original stadium, the Huntington Avenue Grounds. It was there that Young had pitched the first game of the 1903 World Series, as well as the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball. A home plate-shaped plaque next to the statue reads:

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/pitching/piwins2.shtml |title=Career Leaders for Wins |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_ip.shtml |title=Innings Pitched Records |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_gams.shtml |title=Games Started Records |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_gamcg.shtml |title=Complete Games Records |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/loss-records.shtml |title=Games Lost Records |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/historical/leaders.jsp?c_id=mlb&baseballScope=mlb&statType=2&sortByStat=SHO&timeFrame=3&timeSubFrame2=0|title=Pitching Leaders, Career All Time|publisher=mlb.com|accessdate=July 29, 2008}}
7. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/y/youngcy01.shtml |title=Cy Young Statistics |accessdate=August 3, 2008 |work=Baseball Reference |date= }}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/legendary/lisn100.shtml |title=Baseball's 100 Greatest Players |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |work=The Sporting News |date= }}
9. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |last= Browning |first= Reed |title= Cy Young: A Baseball Life |publisher= Univ of Massachusetts Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-55849-398-0}}
10. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.cmgworldwide.com/baseball/young/biography.htm |title=Cy Young Biography |accessdate=June 14, 2007 |publisher=CMG Worldwide |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070602024410/http://www.cmgworldwide.com/baseball/young/biography.htm |archivedate = June 2, 2007}}
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/dugout0e.shtml |title=Baseball Book Review: Cy Young : A Life In Baseball |accessdate=June 23, 2007 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/deaths/cy_young_obituary.shtml |title=Cy Young Obituary |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 1955 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=Cy_Young_1867 |title=The Ballplayers – Cy Young |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=Baseball Library |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521093029/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php?name=cy_young_1867 |archivedate=May 21, 2008 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1890#August |title=1890 Chronology |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=Baseball Library |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526075129/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1890 |archivedate=May 26, 2008 |df= }}
15. ^¹James, Bill. The New Bill James Historical Abstract (Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 410–411
16. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.cmgworldwide.com/baseball/young/quotes.htm |title=Cy Young: Quotes |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |publisher=CMG Worldwide |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071229062724/http://www.cmgworldwide.com/baseball/young/quotes.htm |archivedate = December 29, 2007}}
17. ^{{cite book | last=Neyer | first=Rob |author2=Bill James | title=The Neyer/James Guide to Pitchers | publisher=Fireside |date=June 2004 | pages=496 | isbn=0-7432-6158-5 }}
18. ^{{cite news |url=https://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-14655929/double-seasons-spiders-and-no-fall-stakes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230409/https://business.highbeam.com/62653/article-1G1-14655929/double-seasons-spiders-and-no-fall-stakes |dead-url=yes |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |title=Of double seasons, Spiders and no fall stakes |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |first=Steve |last=Gietschier |work=The Sporting News |date=November 15, 1993 |via=HighBeam|subscription=yes}}
19. ^{{Cite web|title=1896 Chronology |work=Baseball Library |url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1896#July |accessdate=June 23, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525124234/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1896 |archivedate=May 25, 2007 |df= }}
20. ^¹{{Cite web|title=1897 Chronology |work=Baseball Library |url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1897#September |accessdate=June 23, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531211813/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/chronology/byyear.php?year=1897 |archivedate=May 31, 2007 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wcnet.org/~dlfleitz/cleve.htm |title=The 1899 Cleveland Spiders |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |author=David Fleitz |work=wcnet |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501205105/http://www.wcnet.org/~dlfleitz/cleve.htm |archivedate=May 1, 2008 |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/cy-young-award |title=Biography:Cy Young |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=answers.com |date= }}
23. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php? |title=Cy Young from the Chronology |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=Baseball Library |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913110956/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/ballplayers/player.php |archivedate=September 13, 2008 |df= }}
24. ^Spright Dowell, A History of Mercer University, 1833–1953 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221063022/http://ourcollegetown.net/index.php?main_page=page&id=4 |date=February 21, 2009 }} (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University, [1958]).
25. ^{{Cite web| title=Hall of Fame profile | work=Baseball Hall of Fame | url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers/detail.jsp?playerId=124692 | accessdate=June 23, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071219021914/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers/detail.jsp?playerId=124692|archivedate=December 19, 2007 }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/boxscore/05051904.shtml |title=Cy Young Perfect Game Box Score |accessdate=July 27, 2008 |work=Baseball Almanac |date= }}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Clarifying Some of the Records* |publisher=Society for American Baseball Research |url=http://research.sabr.org/journals/clarifying-some-of-the-records |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60gDS0c9R?url=http://research.sabr.org/journals/clarifying-some-of-the-records |archivedate=August 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
28. ^{{cite news|last=Peticca |first=Mike |title=No-hitters: Did you ever attend a record-book type major league game? Tell us your memories |date=July 27, 2011 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/ohio-sports-blog/index.ssf/2011/07/no-hitters_or_perfect_game_did.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60gDC3hwA?url=http://www.cleveland.com/ohio-sports-blog/index.ssf/2011/07/no-hitters_or_perfect_game_did.html |archivedate=August 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philadelphiaathletics.org/history/rubevscy.htm |title=Waddell vs Young |accessdate=June 23, 2007 |work=By Daniel O’Brien |publisher=Philadelphia Athletics |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626103928/http://www.philadelphiaathletics.org/history/rubevscy.htm |archivedate=June 26, 2007 }}
30. ^{{cite web| title = Cy Young Day | work = brainyhistory.com | url=http://www.brainyhistory.com/events/1908/august_13_1908_72365.html | accessdate = November 11, 2006 }}
31. ^ [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/07/24/102044362.pdf "Cy Young's Great Record"] NY Times
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1911/B09220PIT1911.htm |title=Boston Rustlers 1, Pittsburgh Pirates 0 |accessdate=August 3, 2008 |work=Retrosheet |date= }}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1911/B10062BRO1911.htm |title=Brooklyn Superbas 13, Boston Rustlers 3 (2) |accessdate=August 3, 2008 |work=Retrosheet |date= }}
34. ^Spright Dowell, A History of Mercer University, 1833–1953 (Macon, Georgia: Mercer University, [1958])
35. ^File:Cy Young, Roba Miller Young Tombstone.JPG
36. ^{{cite web|title=1940 United States Census – Denton Young|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/KWGZ-T1S|accessdate=April 13, 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web| title = Cy Young | work = Retrosheet| url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Y/Pyounc102.htm | accessdate = November 11, 2006 }}
38. ^SABR, p.210, {{ISBN|978-1-4165-3245-3}} Retrieved on August 3, 2008
39. ^{{Cite web| title=Boston Red Sox All-Time Leaders | work=Boston Red Sox|publisher=MLB | url=http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/stats/historical/player_stats.jsp?c_id=bos&baseballScope=BOS&teamPosCode=all&statType=2&sitSplit=&venueID=&timeFrame=3&timeSubFrame2=0&Submit=Submit&timeSubFrame=0&&sortByStat=W | accessdate=June 25, 2007}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/poetry/po_line.shtml |title=Line-Up For Yesterday by Ogden Nash |accessdate=2008-01-23 |author=Ogden Nash |work=Sport Magazine |date= }}
41. ^{{cite news|author=Boston's Pastime|title=Huntington Avenue Grounds: The Pre-Fenway Era |url=http://www.bostonspastime.com/stories/huntington.html|accessdate=2009-05-20 }}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/about_mlb/rules_regulations.jsp |title=The Official Site of Major League Baseball: Official Info: Rules, regulations and statistics |accessdate=July 16, 2008 |publisher=MLB |date= }}