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词条 List of African-American firsts
释义

  1. 17th century

      1670s    1670  

  2. 18th century

      1730s–1770s    1738    1760    1768    1773    1775    1778    1780s–1790s    1783    1785    1792    1793    1794  

  3. 19th century

      1800s    1804    1807    1810s    1816    1820s    1821    1822    1823    1827    1830s    1836    1837    1840s    1845    1847    1849    1850s    1851    1853    1854    1858    1860s    1861    1862    1863    1864    1865    1866    1868    1869    1870s    1870    1872    1874    1875    1876    1877    1878    1879    1880s    1880    1881   1882   1883    1884    1886    1890s    1890    1891    1892    1895    1897    1898    1899  

  4. 20th century

      1900s    1901    1902    1903    1904    1906    1907    1908    1910s    1910    1911    1914    1915    1916    1917    1919    1920s    1920    1921    1924    1925    1927    1928    1929    1930s    1931    1932    1934    1935    1936    1937    1938    1939    1940s    1940    1941    1942    1943    1944    1945    1947    1948    1949    1950s    1950    1951    1952    1953    1954    1955    1956    1957    1958    1959    1960s    1960    1961    1962    1963    1964    1965    1966    1967    1968    1969    1970s    1970    1971    1972    1973    1974    1975    1976    1977    1978    1979    1980s    1980    1981    1982    1983    1984    1985    1986    1987    1988    1989    1990s    1990    1991    1992    1993    1994    1995    1996    1997    1998    1999  

  5. 21st century

      2000s    2000    2001    2002    2003    2004    2005    2006    2007    2008    2009    2010s    2010    2011    2012    2013    2014    2015    2016   2017   2018    2019  

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

      Footnotes    Bibliography  

  9. External links

{{African American topics sidebar|right}}African Americans (also known as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group in the United States. The first achievements by African Americans in various fields historically marked footholds, often leading to more widespread cultural change. The shorthand phrase for this is "breaking the color barrier".[1][2]

One commonly cited example is that of Jackie Robinson, who was the first African American of the modern era to become a Major League Baseball player, ending 60 years of segregated Negro Leagues.[3]

{{MediaWiki:Toc
17th century: 1670s
18th century: 1730s–1770s • 1780s–1790s
19th century: 1800s • 1810s • 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 1850s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s
20th century: 1900s • 1910s • 1920s • 1930s • 1940s • 1950s • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s
21st century: 2000s • 2010s
See also • Notes • References • External links

17th century

1670s

1670

  • First free African-American woman to own land in Boston: Zipporah Potter Atkins

18th century

1730s–1770s

1738

  • First free African-American community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose (later named Fort Mose) in Florida

1760

  • First known African-American published author: Jupiter Hammon (poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries", published as a broadside)[4]

1768

  • First known African American to be elected to public office: Wentworth Cheswell, town constable in Newmarket, New Hampshire.[5]

1773

  • First known African-American woman to publish a book: Phillis Wheatley (Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral)[6]
  • First separate African-American church: Silver Bluff Baptist Church, Aiken County, South Carolina[7][8][9]

1775

  • First African American to join the Freemasons: Prince Hall

1778

  • First African-American U.S. military regiment: the 1st Rhode Island Regiment[10]

1780s–1790s

1783

  • First African American to formally practice medicine: James Derham, who did not hold an M.D. degree.[11] (See also 1847 firsts.)

1785

  • First African American ordained as a Christian minister in the United States: Rev. Lemuel Haynes. He was ordained in the Congregational Church, which became the United Church of Christ [12]

1792

  • First major African-American Back-to-Africa movement: 3,000 Black Loyalist slaves, who had escaped to British lines during the American Revolutionary War for the promise of freedom, were relocated to Nova Scotia and given land. Later, 1,200 chose to migrate to West Africa and settle in the new British colony of Settler Town, which is present-day Sierra Leone.

1793

  • First African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church founded: Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was founded by Richard Allen

1794

  • First African Episcopal Church established: Absalom Jones founded African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19th century

1800s

1804

  • First African American ordained as an Episcopal priest: Absalom Jones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[13]

1807

  • First African American Presbyterian Church in America: First African Presbyterian Church founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by John Gloucester a former slave.

1810s

1816

  • First fully independent African-American denomination: African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and mid-Atlantic states

1820s

1821

  • First African American to hold a patent: Thomas L. Jennings, for a dry-cleaning process[14]

1822

  • First African-American captain to sail a whaleship with an all-black crew: Absalom Boston[15]

1823

  • First African American to receive a degree from an American college: Alexander Twilight, Middlebury College[16] (See also: 1836)

1827

  • First African-American owned-and-operated newspaper: Freedom's Journal, founded in New York City by Rev. Peter Williams Jr. and other free blacks.

1830s

1836

  • First African American elected to serve in a state legislature: Alexander Twilight, Vermont[16] (See also: 1823)

1837

  • First formally trained African-American medical doctor: Dr James McCune Smith of New York City, who was educated at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, and returned to practice in New York.[17] (See also: 1783, 1847)

1840s

1845

  • First African American licensed to practice law: Macon Allen from the Boston bar[18]

1847

  • First African American to graduate from a US medical school: Dr. David J. Peck[19] (Rush Medical College) (See also: 1783, 1837)
  • First African-American president of any nation: Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Liberia[20]

1849

  • First African-American college professor at a predominantly white institution: Charles L. Reason, New York Central College[21]

1850s

1851

  • First African-American member of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Patrick Francis Healy[23] (See also: 1866, 1874)

1853

  • First novel published by an African American: Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, by William Wells Brown, then living in London.[22][23][24]

1854

  • First African-American Roman Catholic priest: James Augustine Healy[27] (see 1875 and 1886)
  • First institute of higher learning created to educate African Americans: Ashmun Institute in Pennsylvania, renamed Lincoln University in 1866. (See also firsts in 1863)

1858

  • First published play by an African American: The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom by William Wells Brown[25]
  • First African-American woman college instructor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early, Wilberforce College[26]

1860s

1861

  • First North American military unit with African-American officers: 1st Louisiana Native Guard of the Confederate Army
  • First African-American US federal government civil servant: William Cooper Nell[27]

1862

  • First African-American woman to earn a B.A.: Mary Jane Patterson, Oberlin College[28]
  • First recognized U.S. Army African-American combat unit: 1st South Carolina Volunteers

1863

  • First college owned and operated by African Americans: Wilberforce University in Ohio[29][30] (See also: 1854)
  • First African-American president of a college: Bishop Daniel Payne (Wilberforce University){{sfn|Smith|2002|p=134–135}}

1864

  • First African-American woman in the United States to earn an M.D.: Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler[31]

1865

  • First African-American field officer in the U.S. Army: Martin Delany[32]
  • First African-American attorney admitted to the bar of the U.S. Supreme Court: John Stewart Rock[33]
  • First African American to be commissioned as captain in the Regular U.S. Army: Orindatus Simon Bolivar Wall, known as OSB Wall[34]

1866

  • First African American to earn a Ph.D.: Father Patrick Francis Healy from University of Leuven, Belgium[23] (See also 1851, 1874)
  • First African-American woman enlistee in the U.S. Army: Cathay Williams[35]
  • First African-American woman to serve as a professor: Sarah Jane Woodson Early; Xenia, Ohio's Wilberforce University hired her to teach Latin and English

1868

  • First elected African-American Lieutenant Governor: Oscar Dunn (Louisiana).[36]
  • First African-American mayor: Pierre Caliste Landry, Donaldsonville, Louisiana[37]
  • First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives: John Willis Menard.[38] His opponent contested his election, and opposition to his election prevented him from being seated in Congress. (See also: 1870)

1869

  • First African-American U.S. diplomat: Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett, minister to Haiti[39]
  • First African-American woman school principal: Fanny Jackson Coppin (Institute for Colored Youth)[40]

1870s

1870

  • First African American to vote in an election under the 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting voting rights regardless of race: Thomas Mundy Peterson[41]
  • First African American to graduate from Harvard College: Richard Theodore Greener.[42]
  • First African American elected to the U.S. Senate, and first to serve in the U.S. Congress: Hiram Rhodes Revels (R–MS).[43][44]
  • First African American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives: Joseph Rainey (R-SC).[45][46]

1872

  • First African-American midshipman admitted to the United States Naval Academy: John H. Conyers (nominated by Robert B. Elliott of South Carolina).[47]
  • First African-American governor (non-elected): P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana (See also: Douglas Wilder, 1990)[48]
  • First African-American nominee for Vice President of the United States: Frederick Douglass by the Equal Rights Party.[49][50]

1874

  • First African-American president of a major college/university: Father Patrick Francis Healy, S.J. of Georgetown College.[51] (See also: 1851, 1863, 1866)
  • First African American to preside over the House of Representatives as Speaker pro tempore: Joseph Rainey[52]

1875

  • First African-American Roman Catholic bishop: Bishop James Augustine Healy, of Portland, Maine.[53] (See also: 1854)

1876

  • First African American to earn a doctorate degree from an American university: Edward Alexander Bouchet (Yale College Ph.D., physics; also first African American to graduate from Yale, 1874)[54] (See also: 1866)

1877

  • First African-American graduate of West Point and first African-American commissioned officer in the U.S. military: Henry Ossian Flipper.[55]

1878

  • First African-American police officer in Boston, Massachusetts: Sergeant Horatio Julius Homer.[56]
  • First African-American baseball player in organized professional baseball: John W. "Bud" Fowler.[57]

1879

  • First African American to graduate from a formal nursing school: Mary Eliza Mahoney, Boston, Massachusetts.[58]

1880s

1880

  • First African American to command a U.S. ship: Captain Michael Healy.[59]

1881

  • First African American whose signature appeared on U.S. paper currency: Blanche K. Bruce, Register of the Treasury.[60]

1882

  • First fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for African-Americans: Virginia State University

1883

  • First known African-American woman to graduate from one of the Seven Sisters colleges: Hortense Parker (Mount Holyoke College)[61]{{#tag:ref|Parker graduated from Mount Holyoke when it was still a seminary. |group="Note"|name="parker"}}

1884

  • First African American to play professional baseball at the major-league level: Moses Fleetwood Walker.[62] (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1947)
  • First African-American woman to hold a patent: Judy W. Reed, for an improved dough kneader, Washington, D.C.[63]{{#tag:ref|This was previously thought to be Sarah E. Goode (for the cabinet bed, Chicago, Illinois).[63]|group="Note"|name="goode"}}
  • First African American to enlist in the U.S. Signal Corps: William Hallett Greene[64][65]
  • First African American to chair a political party's National Convention: John R. Lynch, Republican National Convention.[66]
  • First African American to deliver a keynote address at a political party's National Convention: John R. Lynch, Republican National Convention.[66]

1886

  • First African-American Roman Catholic priest publicly known at the time to be African-American: Augustine Tolton, Quincy and Chicago, Illinois[67] (See also: 1854)

1890s

1890

  • First African American to record a best selling phonograph record: George Washington Johnson, "The Laughing Song" and "The Whistling Coon."[68]

1891

  • First African-American police officer in present-day New York City: Wiley Overton, hired by the Brooklyn Police Department prior to 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York.[69] (See also: Samuel J. Battle, 1911)

1892

  • First African American to sing at Carnegie Hall: Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones[70]
  • First African American named to a College Football All-America Team: William H. Lewis, Harvard University[71]

1895

  • First African-American woman to work for the United States Postal Service: Mary Fields[72]

1897

1898

  • First African American appointed to serve as U.S. Army Paymaster: Richard R. Wright

1899

  • First African American to achieve world championship in any sport: Major Taylor, for 1-mile track cycling[73]

20th century

1900s

1901

  • First African American invited to dine at the White House: Booker T. Washington[74]

1902

  • First African-American professional basketball player: Harry Lew (New England Professional Basketball League)[75] (See also: 1950)
  • First African-American boxing champion, Joe Gans a lightweight

1903

  • First Broadway musical written by African Americans, and the first to star African Americans: In Dahomey
  • First African-American woman to found and become president of a bank: Maggie L. Walker, St. Luke Penny Savings Bank (since 1930 the Consolidated Bank & Trust Company), Richmond, Virginia[76]

1904

  • First Greek-letter fraternal organization established by African Americans: Sigma Pi Phi
  • First African American to participate in the Olympic Games, and first to win a medal: George Poage (two bronze medals)[77]

1906

  • First intercollegiate Greek-letter organization established by African Americans: Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), at Cornell University

1907

  • First African-American Greek Orthodox priest and missionary in America: Very Rev. Fr. Robert Josias Morgan[78]

1908

  • First African-American heavyweight boxing champion: Jack Johnson[79]
  • First African-American Olympic gold medal winner: John Taylor (track and field medley relay team).{{sfn|Potter|2002|p=345–346}} (See also: DeHart Hubbard, 1924)
  • First intercollegiate Greek-letter sorority established by African Americans: Alpha Kappa Alpha (ΑΚΑ) at Howard University

1910s

1910

  • First African-American woman millionaire: Madam C. J. Walker[80]

1911

  • First intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by African Americans at a historically black college: Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ), at Howard University
  • First African-American police officer in New York City: Samuel J. Battle, following the 1898 incorporation of the five boroughs into the City of New York, and the hiring of three African-American officers in the Brooklyn Police Department. Battle was also the NYPD's first African-American sergeant (1926), lieutenant (1935), and parole commissioner (1941).[69] (See also: Wiley Overton, 1891)
  • First African-American attorney admitted to the American Bar Association: Butler R. Wilson (June 1911), William Henry Lewis (August 1911), and William R. Morris (October 1911)[81][82]

1914

  • First African-American military pilot: Eugene Jacques Bullard

1915

  • First African-American alderman of Chicago: Oscar Stanton De Priest[83]

1916

  • First African American to play in a Rose Bowl game: Fritz Pollard, Brown University[84]
  • First African American to become a colonel in the U.S. Army: Charles Young[85][86]

1917

  • First African-American woman to win a major sports title: Lucy Diggs Slowe, American Tennis Association[87]

1919

  • First African-American special agent for the FBI: James Wormley Jones[88][89]
  • First African-American women appointed as police officers: Cora I. Parchment at the New York Police Department (NYPD)[90] and Georgia Ann Robinson, by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)[91]

1920s

1920

  • First African-American NFL football players: Fritz Pollard (Akron Pros) and Bobby Marshall (Rock Island Independents)[92]
  • First African-American bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church: Robert Elijah Jones and Matthew Wesley Clair.[93]

1921

  • First African-American woman to become an aviation pilot, first American to hold an international pilot license: Bessie Coleman[94]
  • First African-American NFL football coach: Fritz Pollard, co-head coach, Akron Pros, while continuing to play running back[92]
  • First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in the U.S.: Sadie Tanner Mossell, Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania[95]

1924

  • First African American to win individual Olympic gold medal: DeHart Hubbard (long jump, 1924 Summer Olympics).[96] (See also: John Taylor, 1908)

1925

  • First African-American Foreign Service Officer: Clifton R. Wharton Sr.[97]

1927

  • First African American to become an officer in the New York Fire Department in New York City: Wesley Augustus Williams.[98]
  • First African American to star in an international motion picture: Josephine Baker in La Sirène des tropiques.[99]

1928

  • First post-Reconstruction African American elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Oscar Stanton De Priest (Republican; Illinois)[100]
  • First African-American woman to serve in a state legislature: Minnie Buckingham Harper, West Virginia[101]

1929

  • First African-American sportscaster: Sherman "Jocko" Maxwell (WNJR, Newark, New Jersey)[102]

1930s

1931

  • First African-American composer to have symphony performed by leading orchestra: William Grant Still, Symphony No. 1, by Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra[103]
  • First African-American woman to graduate from Yale Law School: Jane Matilda Bolin

1932

  • First African American on a presidential ticket in the 20th century: James W. Ford (Communist Party USA, as vice-presidential candidate running with William Z. Foster)[104]

1934

  • First African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat: Arthur W. Mitchell (Illinois)[105]
  • First trade union set up for African-American domestic workers by Dora Lee Jones{{Relevance inline|sentence|x|date=June 2013}}

1935

  • First known interracial jazz group: Benny Goodman Trio (Benny Goodman, Teddy Wilson, Gene Krupa)[106]

1936

  • First African American to conduct a major U.S. orchestra: William Grant Still (Los Angeles Philharmonic)[107]
  • First African-American women selected for the Olympic Games: Tidye Pickett and Louise Stokes.[108] Stokes did not compete; Picket competed in the 80-meter hurdles)[109]{{rp|86}}

1937

  • First African-American federal magistrate: William H. Hastie (later the first African-American governor of the United States Virgin Islands)[110]

1938

  • First African-American woman federal agency head: Mary McLeod Bethune (National Youth Administration)[111]
  • First African-American woman elected to a state legislature: Crystal Bird Fauset (Pennsylvania General Assembly)

1939

  • First African American to star in her own television program: Ethel Waters, The Ethel Waters Show, on NBC[112]

1940s

1940

  • First African American to win an Oscar: Hattie McDaniel (Best Supporting Actress, Gone with the Wind, 1939)[113]
  • First African American to be portrayed on a U.S. postage stamp: Booker T. Washington[114]
  • First African-American flag officer: BG Benjamin O. Davis Sr., U.S. Army[115]{{#tag:ref|His son, Benjamin O. Davis Jr., was the first African-American general in the United States Air Force.|group="Note"|name="Davis, Jr."}}

1941

  • First African American to give a White House Command Performance: Josh White[116]

1942

  • First African American to be awarded the Navy Cross: Doris Miller
  • First African-American member of the U.S. Marine Corps: Alfred Masters[117]

1943

  • Martin A. Martin, first African American to become a member of the Trial Bureau of the United States Department of Justice, was sworn in on May 31, 1943.[118]
  • First African-American artists to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Mills Brothers ("Paper Doll"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on November 6 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959){{Relevance inline|sentence|date=June 2013}}

1944

  • First African-American commissioned officers in the U.S. Navy: The "Golden Thirteen"[119]
  • First African American commissioned as a U.S. Navy officer from the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps: Samuel Gravely.[120]{{#tag:ref|Gravely was also the first African American to command a U.S. Navy warship (1962), and the first promoted to the rank of admiral (1971).|group="Note"|name="gravely"}}
  • First African American to co-pastor with a white minister at the first interracial church: Dr. Howard Thurman with Dr. Alfred Fisk, Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, San Francisco{{Relevance inline|sentence|x|date=June 2013}}
  • First African American to receive a contract with a major American opera company: Camilla Williams[121]
  • First known African-American comic book artist: Matt Baker in Jumbo Comics #69 for Fiction House[122]
  • First African-American reporter to attend a U.S. presidential news conference: Harry McAlpin[123]

1945

  • First African-American member of the New York City Opera: Todd Duncan{{Relevance inline|sentence|date=June 2013}}
  • First African-American U.S. Marine Corps officer: Frederick C. Branch[124]

1947

  • First African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers).[125] (See also: Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1884)
  • First African-American consensus college All-American basketball player: Don Barksdale[126]
  • First African-American artist to receive sole credit for a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Count Basie ("Open the Door, Richard"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on February 22 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Nat King Cole, 1950; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959){{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
  • First African-American full-time faculty member at a predominantly white law school: William Robert Ming (University of Chicago Law School)[21]
  • First comic book produced entirely by African-Americans: All-Negro Comics[127]
  • First African-American female member of the U.S. House and Senate press galleries: Alice Allison Dunnigan (See also: 1948)

1948

  • First African-American man to receive an Oscar: James Baskett (Honorary Academy Award for his portrayal of "Uncle Remus" in Song of the South, 1946)[128] (See also: Sidney Poitier, 1964)
  • First African-American U.S. Navy aviator: Jesse L. Brown[129]
  • First African-American composer to have an opera performed by a major U.S. company: William Grant Still (Troubled Island, New York City Opera)[130]
  • First African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal: Alice Coachman{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=700}}
  • First African American since Reconstruction to enroll at a traditionally white university of the South: Silas Hunt (University of Arkansas Law School)[131]{{#tag:ref|L. Clifford Davis applied to the law school in 1946, and after several failed attempts was granted admission in September 1947, but was unable to enroll in classes. Hunt later enrolled on February 2, 1948.[132]|group=Note}}
  • First known African-American star of a regularly scheduled network television series: Bob Howard, The Bob Howard Show[112][133][134][135] (See also: 1956)
  • First African American to star in network television sitcom: Amanda Randolph, The Laytons[112][136]
  • First African-American female reporter to travel with a U.S. president (Harry S. Truman's election campaign): Alice Allison Dunnigan[123] (See also: 1947)

1949

  • First African-American graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy: Wesley Brown[137]
  • First African American to hold rank of Ambassador of the United States: Edward R. Dudley, ambassador, and previously minister, to Liberia[138] (See also: 1869)
  • First African American to win an MVP award in Major League Baseball: Jackie Robinson (Brooklyn Dodgers, National League)[139] (See also: Elston Howard, 1963)
  • First African-American owned and operated radio station: WERD, established October 3, 1949 in Atlanta, Georgia by Jesse B. Blayton, Sr.[140]
  • First African-American woman president of an NAACP chapter nationwide: Florence LeSueur of Boston's NAACP chapter.[141]

1950s

1950

  • First African American to win a Tony Award: Juanita Hall (Best Featured Actress in a Musical, South Pacific)[142]
  • First African American to win Pulitzer Prize: Gwendolyn Brooks (Book of poetry, Annie Allen, 1949)[143]
  • First African American to win Nobel Peace Prize: Ralph Bunche[144]
  • First African American to receive a "lifetime" appointment as federal judge: William H. Hastie, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit[145]
  • First African-American woman to compete on the world tennis tour: Althea Gibson[146]
  • First African-American solo singer to have a #1 hit on the Billboard charts: Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa"), topped "Best Sellers in Stores" chart on July 15 (See also: Mills Brothers, 1943; Count Basie, 1947; Tommy Edwards, 1958; The Platters, 1959){{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
  • First African-American delegate to the United Nations: Edith S. Sampson[147] (See also: 1961)
  • First African-American NBA basketball players: Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton (New York Knicks), Chuck Cooper (Boston Celtics), and Earl Lloyd (Washington Capitols).[148] Note: Harold Hunter was the first to sign an NBA contract, signing with the Washington Capitols on April 26, 1950.[149][150] However, he was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally.[151]{{#tag:ref|Clifton was the first to sign an NBA contract and subsequently play, Cooper was the first to be drafted by an NBA team, and Lloyd was the first to play in an NBA regular-season game because his team's opening game was one day before the others.|group=Note}} (See also: 1902)

1951

  • First African American named to the College Football Hall of Fame: Duke Slater, University of Iowa (1918–1921){{sfn|Smith|2003|p=676}}
  • First African-American quarterback to become a regular starter for a professional football team: Bernie Custis (Hamilton Tiger-Cats) [152]

1952

  • First African-American driver in NASCAR: Wendell Scott (See also: 2015)
  • First African-American woman elected to a U.S. state senate: Cora Brown, (Michigan)[153]
  • First African-American U.S. Marine Corps aviator: Frank E. Petersen[154]
  • First African-American woman to be nominated for a national political office: Charlotta Bass, Vice President (Progressive Party) (See also: 2000)
[155]

1953

  • First African-American basketball player to play in the NBA All-Star Game: Don Barksdale in the 1953 NBA All-Star Game[126]
  • First African-American quarterback to play in the National Football League during the modern (post-World War II) era: Willie Thrower (Chicago Bears)[156]

1954

  • First African-American U.S. Navy Diver: Carl Brashear[157]
  • First African-American woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress: Dorothy Dandridge (Carmen Jones, 1954).[158]{{#tag:ref|At that time, nominations were announced in November of the year of release, instead of early the following year.|group="Note"|name="dandridge-nomination"}}
  • First individual African-American woman as subject on the cover of Life magazine: Dorothy Dandridge, November 1, 1954[158]
  • First African-American page for the U.S. Supreme Court, and first to be enrolled in the Capitol Page School: Charles V. Bush[159]

1955

  • First African-American member of the Metropolitan Opera: Marian Anderson[160]
  • First African-American male dancer in a major ballet company: Arthur Mitchell (New York City Ballet); also first African-American principal dancer of a major ballet company (NYCB), 1956.[161] (See also: 1969)
  • First African-American singer to appear in a telecast opera: Leontyne Price in NBC's production of Tosca{{Relevance inline|sentence| x|date=October 2013}}
  • First African-American pilot of a scheduled US airline: August Martin (cargo airline Seaboard & Western Airlines)[162][163] (See also: 1964)
  • First African American to serve as a presidential executive assistant: E. Frederic Morrow, appointed by President Eisenhower as Administrative Officer for Special Projects.[164]

1956

  • First African-American star of a nationwide network TV show: Nat King Cole of The Nat King Cole Show, NBC (See also: 1948)
  • First African-American U.S. Secret Service agent: Charles Gittens[165][166]
  • First African American to win the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in Major League Baseball, in the award's inaugural year: Don Newcombe (Brooklyn Dodgers)[167]

1957

  • First African-American woman Wimbledon Tennis Champion: Althea Gibson
  • First African-American assistant coach in the NFL: Lowell W. Perry (See also: 1966)[168]
  • First African American to win the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival: John Kitzmiller (Dolina Miru)[169]
  • First African American to win Major League Baseball's Gold Glove, in the award's inaugural year: Willie Mays (New York Giants)[170][171]

1958

  • First African American to reach number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100: Tommy Edwards ("It's All in the Game"), September 29 (See also: The Platters, 1959){{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
  • First African-American flight attendant: Ruth Carol Taylor (Mohawk Airlines)[172]

1959

  • First African-American Grammy Award winners, in the award's inaugural year: Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie (two awards each)[173]
  • First African-American television journalist: Louis Lomax
  • First African-American group to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100: The Platters ("Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"), January 19 (See also: Tommy Edwards, 1958)
  • First African American to win a major national player of the year award in college basketball: Oscar Robertson, USBWA Player of the Year[174] (in that award's inaugural year)

1960s

1960

  • First African-American U.S. presidential candidate: Rev. Clennon King, on the Independent Afro-American party
  • First African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South: Ruby Bridges

1961

  • First African American to win the Heisman Trophy: Ernie Davis
  • First African American to serve on a U.S. district court: James Benton Parsons, appointed to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
  • First African-American tenor to sing leading roles for the Metropolitan Opera: George Shirley
  • First African-American delegate to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Edith S. Sampson (See also: 1950)
  • First African-American to go over Niagara Falls: Nathan Boya a.k.a. William FitzGerald
  • First African-American to join the PGA Tour: Charlie Sifford [175]

1962

  • First African American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Jackie Robinson (See also: Satchel Paige, 1971)
  • First African-American coach in Major League Baseball: John Jordan "Buck" O'Neil (Chicago Cubs)
  • First African-American attorney general of a state: Edward Brooke (Massachusetts) (See also: 1966)

1963

  • First African-American bank examiner for the United States Department of the Treasury: Roland Burris
  • First African American named as Time magazine's Man of the Year: Martin Luther King Jr.[176]
  • First African-American police officer of the NYPD to be named a precinct commander: Lloyd Sealy, commander of the NYPD's 28th Precinct in Harlem.[69]
  • First African American to be named American League MVP: Elston Howard (New York Yankees) (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1949)
  • First African-American chess master: Walter Harris[177][178]
  • First African American to appear as a series regular on a primetime dramatic television series: Cicely Tyson, "East Side/West Side" (CBS).
  • First African-American to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award: Diahann Carroll, for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role, for episode "A Horse Has a Big Head, Let Him Worry" of Naked City (See also: 1968)
  • First African Americans inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: New York Renaissance, inducted as a team. (See also: Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
  • First African American to graduate from the U.S. Air Force Academy: Charles V. Bush.

1964

  • First African-American pilot for a major commercial airline: David Harris, American Airlines[179]{{#tag:ref|Harris' milestone came a year after Marlon Green, who had been rejected as a Continental Airlines applicant in 1957, won the United States Supreme Court case "Colorado Anti-Discrimination Commission v. Continental Airlines, Inc. 372 U.S. 714 no. 146" which found Green had been unlawfully discriminated against.[180]|group="Note"|name="airline"}} (See also: 1955 and Marlon Green)
  • First movie with African-American interracial marriage: One Potato, Two Potato,[181] actors Bernie Hamilton and Barbara Barrie, written by Orville H. Hampton, Raphael Hayes, directed by Larry Peerce
  • First African-American baseball player to be named the Major League Baseball World Series MVP: Bob Gibson, St. Louis Cardinals[182]

1965

  • First African-American nationally syndicated cartoonist: Morrie Turner (Wee Pals)
  • First African-American title character of a comic book series: Lobo (Dell Comics).[183][184] (See also: The Falcon, 1969, and Luke Cage, 1972)
  • First African-American star of a network television drama: Bill Cosby, I Spy (co-star with Robert Culp)
  • First African-American cast member of a daytime soap opera: Micki Grant who played Peggy Nolan Harris on Another World until 1972.
  • First African-American Playboy Playmate centerfold: Jennifer Jackson (March issue)
  • First African-American U.S. Air Force General: Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (Three-star General)
  • First African-American woman Ambassador of the United States: Patricia Roberts Harris, ambassador to Luxembourg
  • First African-American NFL official: Burl Toler, field judge/head linesman
  • First African-American to win a national chess championship: Frank Street, Jr. (U.S. Amateur Championship)[185]
  • First African-American United States Solicitor General: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1967)

1966

  • First African American male to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and first African American to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Bill Cosby, I Spy
  • First African-American coach in the National Basketball Association: Bill Russell (Boston Celtics)
  • First African-American mayor of a U.S. city: Robert C. Henry, (Springfield, Ohio, appointed by city commission)
  • First African-American model on the cover of a Vogue (British Vogue) magazine: Donyale Luna
  • First post-Reconstruction African American elected to the U.S. Senate (and first African American elected to the U.S. Senate by popular vote): Edward Brooke (Republican; Massachusetts) (See also: 1962)
  • First African American Cabinet secretary: Robert C. Weaver (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
  • First African-American Major League Baseball umpire: Emmett Ashford
  • First African-American NFL broadcaster: Lowell W. Perry{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} (CBS, on Pittsburgh Steelers games) (See also: 1957)
  • First African-American fire commissioner of a major U.S. City: Robert O. Lowery of the New York City Fire Department

1967

  • First African American elected mayor of a large US city: Carl B. Stokes (Cleveland, Ohio)
  • First African American appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States: Thurgood Marshall (See also: 1965)
  • First African American selected for astronaut training: Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.
  • First African American to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Emlen Tunnell
  • First African-American interracial kiss on network television: entertainers Nancy Sinatra (Caucasian) and Sammy Davis Jr. (African American) on Sinatra's variety special Movin' With Nancy, airing December 11 on NBC[186] (See also: 1968)

1968

  • First African-American interracial kiss on a network television drama: Uhura, played by Nichelle Nichols (African American), and Captain Kirk, played by William Shatner (white Canadian): Star Trek: "Plato's Stepchildren" (See also: 1967)
  • First African-American woman elected to U.S. House of Representatives: Shirley Chisholm (New York)
  • First African-American appointed as a United States Assistant Secretary of State: Barbara M. Watson
  • First African American to start at quarterback in the modern era of professional football: Marlin Briscoe (Denver Broncos, AFL)
  • First African-American commissioned officer awarded the Medal of Honor: Riley L. Pitts
  • First fine-arts museum devoted to African-American work: Studio Museum in Harlem
  • First African-American actress to star in her own television series where she did not play a domestic worker: Diahann Carroll in Julia (see also: 1963)
  • First African-American woman as Presidential candidate: Charlene Mitchell (See also: Shirley Chisholm, 1972)
  • First African-American woman reporter for The New York Times: Nancy Hicks Maynard
  • First African-American starring character of a comic strip: Danny Raven in Danger! by Al McWilliams and John Saunders.[187][188]

1969

  • First African-American superhero: The Falcon, Marvel Comics' Captain America #117 (September 1969).[189][184] (See also: Lobo, 1965 and Luke Cage, 1972)
  • First African-American graduate of Harvard Business School: Lillian Lincoln
  • First African-American director of a major Hollywood motion picture: Gordon Parks (The Learning Tree)
  • First African-American founder of a classical training school and company of ballet: Arthur Mitchell, Dance Theatre of Harlem (See also: 1955)
  • First African-American woman to appear on the Grand Ole Opry: Linda Martell
  • First African American to own a commercial airliner: Warren Wheeler (Wheeler Airlines)[190]

1970s

1970

  • First African-American woman to win a Primetime Emmy Award: Gail Fisher, for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, for Mannix (see also: 1971)
  • First African American to head an Episcopal diocese: John Melville Burgess, diocesan bishop of Massachusetts[191]
  • First African-American U.S. Navy Master Diver: Carl Brashear (See also: 1954; 1968)
  • First African-American member of the New York Stock Exchange: Joseph L. Searles III [192]
  • First African-American NCAA Division I basketball coach: Will Robinson (Illinois State University)[193]
  • First African-American contestant in the Miss America pageant: Cheryl Browne (Miss Iowa)

1971

  • First African-American pitcher to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Satchel Paige (See also: Jackie Robinson, 1962)
  • First African-American president of the New York City Board of Education: Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr.
  • First African-American to win a Golden Globe Award: Gail Fisher for Mannix (see also: 1970)
  • First African-American female jockey in the United States: Cheryl White[194]
  • First African-American to appear by herself on the cover of Playboy: Darine Stern (October issue)

1972

  • First African American to campaign for the United States presidency in a major political party and to win a U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Shirley Chisholm (Democratic Party, New Jersey primary) (See also: 1968)
  • First African-American superhero to star in own comic-book series: Luke Cage, Marvel Comics' Luke Cage, Hero for Hire #1 (June 1972).[195][184] (See also: Lobo, 1965, and the Falcon, 1969)
  • First African-American National Basketball Association general manager: Wayne Embry
  • First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a mainstream comics magazine: "The Men Who Called Him Monster", by writer Don McGregor (See also: 1975) and artist Luis Garcia, in Warren Publishing's black-and-white horror-comics magazine Creepy #43 (Jan. 1972) (See also: 1975)[196]
  • First African-American interracial male kiss on network television: Sammy Davis Jr. (African American) and Carroll O'Connor (Caucasian) in All in the Family[197]
  • First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame: Team-owner and coach Bob Douglas, in the category of "contributor" (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; player Bill Russell, 1975; coach Clarence Gaines, 1982)
  • First African-American woman Broadway director: Vinnette Justine Carroll (Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope)
  • First African-American comic-book creator to receive a "created by" cover-credit: Wayne Howard (Midnight Tales #1)

1973

  • First African-American artistic director of a professional regional theater: Harold Scott (Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park)
  • First African-American Bond villain: Yaphet Kotto, playing Mr. Big/Dr. Kananga, Live and Let Die.
  • First African-American Bond Girl in a James Bond movie: Gloria Hendry (playing Rosie Carver), Live and Let Die.
  • First African American elected mayor of Los Angeles: Tom Bradley
  • First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Air Force: John D. Robinson
  • First African-American woman mayor of a U.S. metropolitan city: Doris A. Davis, Compton, California

1974

  • First African-American model on the cover of American Vogue magazine: Beverly Johnson

1975

  • First African American elected mayor, and first mayor, of Washington, D.C.: Walter Washington
  • First African-American game show host: Adam Wade (CBS' Musical Chairs)
  • First African-American four-star general: Daniel James Jr.
  • First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player: Bill Russell (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Clarence Gaines, 1982)
  • First African-American interracial couple in a TV-series cast: The Jeffersons, actors Franklin Cover (Caucasian) and Roxie Roker (African-American) as Tom and Helen Willis, respectively; series creator: Norman Lear
  • First African-American interracial romantic kiss in a color comic book: Amazing Adventures #31 (July 1975), feature "Killraven: Warrior of the Worlds", characters M'Shulla Scott and Carmilla Frost, by writer Don McGregor and artist P. Craig Russell[198] (See also: 1972)
  • First African-American manager in Major League Baseball: Frank Robinson (Cleveland Indians)
  • First African-American model on the cover of Elle magazine: Beverly Johnson
  • First African-American psychologist in the U.S. Navy: John D. Robinson
  • First African American to play in a men's major golf championship: Lee Elder (The Masters)
  • First African American to be named Super Bowl MVP in NFL: Franco Harris (Pittsburgh Steelers). Of mixed heritage, Harris was also the first Italian American to win the award.
  • First African-American women named as Time magazine's Person of the Year: Barbara Jordan and Addie L. Wyatt [199]

1976

  • First African-American woman elected officer of international labor union: Addie L. Wyatt
  • First African American appointed as a judge in Federal District Court in Virginia: Robert H. Cooley III (1939–1998), appointed to the Eastern District[200]

1977

  • First African American, and first woman, appointed director of the Peace Corps: Carolyn R. Payton
  • First African American drafted to play professional basketball, first woman to dunk in a professional women's game: Cardte Hicks [201]
  • First African-American woman in the U.S. Cabinet: Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
  • First African-American woman whose signature appeared on U.S. currency: Azie Taylor Morton, the 36th Treasurer of the United States
  • First African-American publisher of mainstream gay publication: Alan Bell (Gaysweek)[202][203]
  • First African-American woman to join the Daughters of the American Revolution: Karen Batchelor[204]
  • First African-American Major League Baseball general manager: Bill Lucas (Atlanta Braves)
  • First African-American woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest: Pauli Murray.[205]

1978

  • First African-American broadcast network news anchor: Max Robinson
  • First African-American woman pilot for a major commercial airline: Jill E. Brown, Texas International Airlines[206]

1979

  • First African-American U.S. Marine Corps general officer: Frank E. Petersen
  • First African American to win a Daytime Emmy Award for lead actor in a soap opera: Al Freeman Jr. (Ed Hall in One Life to Live)
  • First African-American woman ordained in the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), the largest of three denominations that later combined to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Earlean Miller[207]

1980s

1980

  • First African-American-oriented cable channel: Black Entertainment Television[208]

1981

  • First African American to play in the NHL: Val James (Buffalo Sabres)[209]

1982

  • First African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Charles Fuller for A Soldier's Play
  • First African American inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach: Clarence Gaines (See also: New York Renaissance, 1963; Bob Douglas, 1972; Bill Russell, 1975)
  • First African-American U.S. Army four-star General: Roscoe Robinson Jr.
  • First African-American woman to become a principal dancer of a major American ballet company: Debra Austin at Pennsylvania Ballet

1983

  • First African-American astronaut: Guion Bluford (Challenger mission STS-8).[210][211]
  • First African-American mayor of Chicago: Harold Washington
  • First African-American Miss America: Vanessa L. Williams
  • First African-American owners of a major metropolitan newspaper: Robert C. and Nancy Hicks Maynard, (Oakland Tribune)

1984

  • First African American to win a delegate-awarding U.S. presidential primary/caucus: Jesse Jackson (Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia and one of two separate Mississippi contests).
  • First African-American New York City Police Commissioner: Benjamin Ward

1985

  • First African American to become a member of the U.S. Navy's Blue Angels precision flying team: Donnie Cochran. Also first African American to command the team (1994).
  • First African-American woman general: Sherian Cadoria

1986

  • First African-American Formula One racecar driver: Willy T. Ribbs[212] (See also: Ribbs, 1991)
  • First African-American musicians inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in the inaugural class: Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, and Little Richard

1987

  • First African-American woman, and first woman, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Aretha Franklin
  • First African American Radio City Music Hall Rockette: Jennifer Jones
  • First African American man to sail around the world: Teddy Seymour

1988

  • First African-American woman elected to a U.S. judgeship, and first appointed to a state supreme court: Juanita Kidd Stout
  • First African-American candidate for President of the United States to obtain ballot access in all 50 states: Lenora Fulani
  • First African-American NFL referee: Johnny Grier

1989

  • First African-American NFL coach of the modern era: Art Shell, Los Angeles Raiders
  • First African-American mayor of New York City: David Dinkins
  • First African-American Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: Colin Powell
  • First African-American woman, and first woman, ordained bishop in the Episcopal Church: Barbara Clementine Harris
  • First African-American Chairman of the Democratic National Committee: Ron Brown

1990s

1990

  • First elected African-American governor: Douglas Wilder (Virginia) (See also: P. B. S. Pinchback, 1872)
  • First African American elected president of the Harvard Law Review: Barack Obama[213] (See also: 2008, 2009)
  • First African-American Miss USA: Carole Gist
  • First African-American Playboy Playmate of the Year: Renee Tenison
  • First African-American woman to become a principal dancer at Houston Ballet: Lauren Anderson (Houston Ballet)[214]

1991

  • First African American nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director: John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood
  • First African American to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 auto race: Willy T. Ribbs (See also: Ribbs, 1986)
  • First African-American woman mayor of Washington, D.C.: Sharon Pratt Kelly
  • First African-American NBA Coach of the Year: Don Chaney (Houston Rockets)

1992

  • First African-American woman astronaut: Dr. Mae Jemison (Space Shuttle Endeavour)
  • First African-American woman elected to U.S. Senate: Carol Moseley Braun (Illinois)
  • First African-American woman to moderate a Presidential debate: Carole Simpson (second debate of 1992 campaign)
  • First African-American Major League Baseball manager to reach (and win) the World Series: Cito Gaston (Toronto Blue Jays) 1992 World Series

1993

  • First African-American woman appointed U.S. Secretary of Energy: Hazel R. O'Leary
  • First African American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature: Toni Morrison
  • First African-American woman named Poet Laureate of the United States: Rita Dove; also the youngest person named to that position
  • First African American appointed Surgeon General of the United States: Joycelyn Elders
  • First African American appointed Director of the National Drug Control Policy: Lee P. Brown
  • First African-American United States Secretary of Commerce: Ron Brown
  • First African American to serve as home plate umpire for World Series game: Charlie Williams for Game 4 of the 1993 World Series
  • First African American to be inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry: Charley Pride{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

1994

  • First African-American woman director of a major-studio movie: Darnell Martin (Columbia Pictures' I Like It Like That)
  • First African American to win the United States Amateur Championship: Tiger Woods[232]

1995

  • First African-American inductee to the National Radio Hall of Fame: Hal Jackson
  • First African-American Sergeant Major of the Army: Gene C. McKinney
  • First African-American Miss Universe: Chelsi Smith

1996

  • First African-American U.S. Navy four-star admiral: J. Paul Reason[215]

1997

  • First African American to win a men's major golf championship: Tiger Woods (The Masters)[232]
  • First African-American model to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition: Tyra Banks
  • First African-American UFC champion: Maurice Smith
  • First African-American actor to star in the lead role in a comic-book adaptation movie (Spawn): Michael Jai White
  • First African-American Director of the National Park Service: Robert Stanton[216]

1998

  • First African American appointed U.S. Secretary of Labor: Alexis Herman
  • First African-American woman rear admiral in the U.S. Navy: Lillian Fishburne
  • First African-American Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard: Vincent W. Patton III
  • First African American to play in the Presidents Cup: Tiger Woods[217]

1999

  • First African American to be awarded the International Grandmaster title in chess: Maurice Ashley
  • First African-American Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps: Alford L. McMichael
  • First African-American CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Franklin Raines of Fannie Mae[218]
  • First African-American woman university president: Shirley Ann Jackson at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[219]

21st century

2000s

2000

  • First African American nominated for Vice President of the United States by a Federal Election Commission-recognized and federally funded political party: Ezola B. Foster (See also: 1952; FEC established 1975)
  • First African American to be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame: Charley Pride[220]

2001

  • First African-American Secretary of State: Colin Powell
  • First African-American president of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: The Most Reverend Wilton Daniel Gregory
  • First African-American president of the Unitarian Universalist Association: Rev. William G. Sinkford
  • First African-American president of an Ivy League university: Ruth J. Simmons at Brown University
  • First African-American woman to win the ASCAP Pop Music Songwriter of the Year award: Beyoncé Knowles
  • First African-American woman National Security Advisor: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2005)
  • First African-American billionaire: Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television (see also 2002)
  • First African-American woman billionaire: Sheila Johnson

2002

  • First African American to become majority owner of a U.S. major sports league team: Robert L. Johnson (Charlotte Bobcats, NBA)[221] (see also 2001)
  • First African-American woman combat pilot in the U.S. Armed Services: Captain Vernice Armour, USMC (See also: 2008)
  • First African American to be ranked #1 in tennis: Venus Williams
  • First African American to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena Williams
  • First African-American Arena Football League head coach to win ArenaBowl: Darren Arbet (San Jose SaberCats), ArenaBowl XVI
  • First African-American general manager in the National Football League: Ozzie Newsome (Baltimore Ravens)
  • First African-American woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress: Halle Berry

2003

  • First African American to win a Career Grand Slam in tennis: Serena Williams (See also: Althea Gibson, 1956; Arthur Ashe, 1968)
  • First African-American American Bar Association president: Dennis Archer[222]

2004

  • First African-American to win Broadway theater's Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play: Phylicia Rashad
  • First African-American inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame: Charlie Sifford

2005

  • First African-American woman Secretary of State: Condoleezza Rice (See also: 2001)
  • First African-American woman U.S. Coast Guard aviator: Jeanine Menze

2006

  • First African American to command a United States Marine Corps division: Major General Walter E. Gaskin
  • First African American to reach the peak of Mount Everest: Sophia Danenberg
  • First African-American woman to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism: Merle Kodo Boyd[223]

2007

  • First known African-American woman to reach the North Pole: Barbara Hillary[224]
  • First African-American White House Chief Usher: Stephen Rochon[225]
  • First African American NFL coach to win a Super Bowl: Tony Dungy (Super Bowl XLI)

2008

  • First African American to be nominated as a major-party U.S. presidential candidate: Barack Obama, Democratic Party[226]
  • First African American elected President of the United States: Barack Obama[227]
  • First African American to referee a Super Bowl game: Mike Carey (Super Bowl XLII)
  • First African-American woman elected Speaker of a state House of Representatives: California Rep. Karen Bass
  • First African American to be appointed to the United States Senate by a state governor: Roland Burris
  • First African-American woman combat pilot in the United States Air Force: Major Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell (See also: 2002)

2009

  • First African-American First Lady of the United States: Michelle Obama
  • First African-American chair of the Republican National Committee: Michael Steele
  • First African-American United States Attorney General: Eric Holder
  • First African-American woman United States Ambassador to the United Nations: Susan Rice
  • First African-American United States Trade Representative: Ron Kirk
  • First African-American woman Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency: Lisa P. Jackson
  • First African-American White House Social Secretary: Desirée Rogers
  • First African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin: Duke Ellington (District of Columbia quarter).[228]
  • First African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for History: Annette Gordon-Reed, An American Family
  • First African-American Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Charles F. Bolden Jr.
  • First African-American woman rabbi: Alysa Stanton
  • First African-American woman CEO of a Fortune 500 company: Ursula Burns, Xerox Corporation.
  • First African-American doubles team to be named year-end world champion by the International Tennis Federation: Serena and Venus Williams

2010s

2010

  • First African-American to win Stanley Cup: Dustin Byfuglien with Chicago Blackhawks.[229]

2011

  • First African-American Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons: Charles E. Samuels Jr.[230]

2012

  • First African American to be re-elected President of the United States: Barack Obama[231]
  • First African-American Combatant Commander of United States Central Command: Lloyd Austin[232]
  • First African American elected president of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC): Fred Luter[233][234]
  • First African American to direct an animated film with a budget in excess of $100 million: Peter Ramsey (Rise of the Guardians)

2013

  • First African-American U.S. Senator from the former Confederacy since Reconstruction: Tim Scott[235]
  • First African-American president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Cheryl Boone Isaacs[236]
  • First African-American United States Secretary of Homeland Security: Jeh Johnson[237]

2014

  • First African-American woman four-star admiral: Michelle J. Howard[238]
  • First African-American senator to be elected in the South since Reconstruction: Tim Scott, elected in South Carolina[239]
  • First African-American woman to be nominated for Best Director by the Golden Globe Awards: Ava DuVernay for Selma[240]

2015

  • First African-American woman Attorney General of the United States: Loretta Lynch[241]
  • First African-American to lead a major intelligence agency: Vincent R. Stewart, Defense Intelligence Agency[242]
  • First African-American to be inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame: Wendell Scott[243] (See also: 1952)
  • First African-American commissioner of a major North American sports league: Jeffrey Orridge, Canadian Football League[244]
  • First African-American elected as presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church: Bishop Michael Curry[245]
  • First African-American woman American Bar Association president: Paulette Brown[246]

2016

  • First African-American president of a major broadcast TV network: Channing Dungey
  • First African-American Librarian of Congress: Dr. Carla Hayden[247]

2017

  • First African-American CEO of a Major league Baseball team: Derek Jeter[248]

2018

  • First African-American artist commissioned for US president portrait to be displayed in the Smithsonian: Kehinde Wiley
  • First African-American artist commissioned for US first-lady portrait to be displayed in the Smithsonian: Amy Sherald
  • First African-American president of the American Psychiatric Association: Altha Stewart[249]
  • First African-American woman to be major party nominee for state governor: Stacey Abrams[250]
  • First African-American superintendent of the United States Military Academy: Darryl A. Williams
  • First African-American woman U.S. Marine Corps general officer: Lorna Mahlock

2019

  • First African American to win an Academy Award for Best Costume Design: Ruth Carter for Black Panther[251]
  • First African American to win an Academy Award for Best Production Design: Hannah Beachler for Black Panther[251]

See also

{{Portal|African American}}
  • List of African-American pioneers in desegregation of higher education
  • List of African-American sports firsts
  • List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
  • List of African-American U.S. state firsts
  • List of black Academy Award winners and nominees
  • List of black Golden Globe Award winners and nominees
  • List of black Primetime Emmy Award winners and nominees
  • List of first African-American mayors
  • Timeline of African-American history
  • Timeline of the civil rights movement

Notes

1. ^Juguo, Zhang (2001). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Quest for the Abolition of the Color Line. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-93087-1}}
2. ^Herbst, Philip H (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. p. 57. {{ISBN|978-1-877864-97-1}}
3. ^Sailes, Gary Alan (1998). "Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier in Team Sports". African Americans in Sport: Contemporary Themes, Transaction Publishers. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0440-2}}
4. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Oxford University Press. | isbn = 9780195138832 | editors = William L Andrews, Frances Smith Foster, Trudier Harris (eds.) | last = O'Neale | first = Sondra | title = Hammon, Jupiter | encyclopedia = The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature | location = Oxford | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XtCY7cijMC&pg=PA185 }}
5. ^He was of mixed race, one-quarter African and three-quarters European, and listed in the US Census as white.
6. ^{{cite book|last=Shields|first=John C.|title=Phillis Wheatley and the Romantics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_uijyUc9psC&pg=PA1|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=July 27, 2010 | publisher = University of Tennessee Press | isbn=978-1-57233-712-1|page=1}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Raboteau|first=Albert J.|authorlink=Albert J. Raboteau|title=Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3AQUK-6A2cC&pg=PA139|accessdate=28 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517413-7|page=139}}
8. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2713524 | issn = 0022-2992 | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 172–196 | last = Brooks | first = Walter H. | title = The Priority of the Silver Bluff Church and its Promoters | journal = The Journal of Negro History | date =April 1, 1922 | jstor = 2713524 }}
9. ^This claim is contested by the First Baptist Church, Petersburg, Virginia (1774) and the First Colored Baptist Church, renamed First African Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia (recognized 1788, first congregation 1773).
10. ^{{cite book|last=Haverington|first=Christine|title=Middletown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq3eOzFLP4cC&pg=PA8|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=July 2012|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-9248-0|page=8}}
11. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 9781851095445 | volume = 2 | editors = Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.) | last = Jacobs | first = Claude F. | title = James Derham (b. 1762) | encyclopedia = Slavery in the United States: a social, political, and historical encyclopedia | location = Santa Barbara, Calif | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4X44KbDBl9gC&pg=PA253 }}
12. ^{{Cite book |last=Cooley |first=Timothy Mather |title=Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, A.M., for Many Years Pastor of a Church in Rutland, Vt., and Later in Granville, New York |orig-year=1837 |location=New York |publisher=Negro Universities Press |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5z8XAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=May 15, 2017 }}
13. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Church Publishing, Inc. | isbn = 0898697832 | pages = 235–236 | last = Shattuck | first = Gardiner H. |author2=David Hein | title = Jones, Absalom | encyclopedia = The Episcopalians | date = 2005-08-01 }}
14. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 1851097694 | pages = 455–457 | last = Alexander | first = Leslie M. | title = Jennings, Thomas L. | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of African American History | location = Santa Barbara, California }}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.afroammuseum.org/bhtn_site1.htm|title= Whaling Museum and Peter Foulger Museum |publisher= Museum of African American History |accessdate=2014-06-05 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005710/http://www.afroammuseum.org/bhtn_site1.htm | archivedate= June 7, 2014 | deadurl=no}}
16. ^1 {{cite book|last=Melish|first=Joanne P.|title=Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "race" in New England, 1780–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-lvNC9wyD4C&pg=PA40|accessdate=28 May 2013|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3413-6|page=40}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Byrd|first1=W. Michael|last2=Clayton|first2=Linda A.|title=An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZPP62hXBX0C&pg=PA305|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=21 August 2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-90410-7|page=305}}
18. ^{{cite web |title=Long Road to Justice: The African American Experienced in the Massachusetts Courts |url=http://www.masshist.org/longroad/03participation/profiles/allen.htm |publisher=The Massachusetts Historical Society |year=1845 |accessdate=February 15, 2008 | archivedate= August 28, 2014| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140828231158/http://www.masshist.org/longroad/03participation/profiles/allen.htm | deadurl=no}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas J.|title=Black physicians in the Jim Crow South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QoMDMGoyXqsC&pg=PA47|accessdate=28 May 2013|year=2003|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=978-1-61075-072-1|page=47}}
20. ^{{cite book|last1=Anzovin|first1=Steven|last2=Podell|first2=Janet|title=Famous first facts about American politics|year=2001|publisher=H.W. Wilson|isbn=978-0-8242-0971-1|page=136}}
21. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Sandra|last2=Johnson|first2=Richard Greggory|title=The black professoriat: negotiating a habitable space in the academy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SCVzkPnkQ0C&pg=PA2|accessdate=28 May 2013|year=2011|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-1027-6|pages=2–4}}
22. ^Because it was published in the U.K., the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document Our Nig as a novelized autobiography, and argue that The Curse of Caste is the first fully fictional novel by an African American to be published in the U.S.
23. ^{{cite news |first=Dinitia |last=Smith|title=A Slave Story Is Rediscovered, and a Dispute Begins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/28/books/28slav.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |pages=B7|work=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2006 |accessdate=February 15, 2008}}
24. ^{{cite news |first=Sven|last= Birkerts|title=Emancipation Days |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/books/review/Birkerts.t.html |work=The New York Times |date=October 29, 2006 |accessdate=February 15, 2008}}
25. ^{{cite book|last=Zack|first=Naomi|title=American mixed race: the culture of microdiversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9vLpONQLXMC&pg=PA66|accessdate=29 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8013-9|page=66}}
26. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Foner |editor1-first=Philip Sheldon |editor1-link=Philip Sheldon Foner |editor2-last=Branham |editor2-first=Robert James |title=Lift every voice: African American oratory, 1787–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhSFxq5ZxqEC&pg=PA384 |accessdate=29 May 2013 |series=Studies in rhetoric and communication |year=1998 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=978-0-8173-0906-0 |pages=384–385}}
27. ^{{cite book|last=Rubio|first=Philip F.|title=There's Always Work at the Post Office: African American Postal Workers and the Fight for Jobs, Justice, and Equality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ak227Hia_AC&pg=PA20|accessdate=29 May 2013|year=2010|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-9573-3|page=20}}
28. ^{{cite book|last=Logan|first=Rayford W.|title=Howard University: The First Hundred Years, 1867 – 1967|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fkje44kbjaAC&pg=PA5|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=1969|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-0263-5|page=5}}
29. ^{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Cynthia L.|last2=Nunn|first2=Eleanor F..|title=Historically Black Colleges and Universities: a reference handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AZbKPWSCH0C&pg=PA2|accessdate=29 May 2013|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-422-6|page=2}}
30. ^Founded earlier; not fully owned and operated by African Americans until 1863
31. ^{{cite book|first=Vernon L. |last=Farmer|first2=Evelyn Shepherd |last2=Wynn|title=Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR6iOVCUri0C&pg=PA11|access-date=May 3, 2013|year=2012|publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-39224-5 |pages=11–12}}
32. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 9780195167771 | volume = 2 | pages = 373–375 | editor-first = Paul | editor-last = Finkelman | last = Konhaus | first = Timothy | title = Delany, Martin Robison | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass | location = New York | year = 2006 }}
33. ^{{Cite book | publisher = The Lawbook Exchange | isbn = 9781584776901 | volume = 1 | pages = 913–948 | editors = Steve Sheppard (ed.) | last = Finkelman | first = Paul | title = The History of Legal Education in the United States: commentaries and primary sources | chapter = Not Only the Judges' Robes Were Black: African-American Lawyers as Social Engineers | location = Clark, N.J | year = 2007 }}
34. ^{{Cite news | issn = 1091-2339 | last = Sharfstein | first = Daniel J. | title = Orindatus Simon Bolivar Wall | publisher = Slate.com | accessdate = 2013-05-30 | date = February 22, 2011 | url = http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2011/02/orindatus_simon_bolivar_wall.html | archivedate = April 6, 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406231935/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2011/02/orindatus_simon_bolivar_wall.html | deadurl=no}}
35. ^{{cite book|last=Holland|first=Jesse J.|title=Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History In and Around Washington,|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eest66wNX2UC&pg=PA149|accessdate=28 May 2013|year=2007|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-5192-1|page=149}}
36. ^{{cite book|last=Lynch|first=Matthew|title=Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0wbFAxaAAgC&pg=RA1-PA230|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=October 31, 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39792-9|pages=1–2}}
37. ^{{cite news|last=Stodghill|first=Ron|title=Driving Back Into History|work=The New York Times|page=1|date=25 May 2008|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/travel/25trail.html}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://artandhistory.house.gov/highlights.aspx?action=view&intID=252 |title=John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House| publisher= Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives|date= November 2, 2012| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407043453/http://artandhistory.house.gov/highlights.aspx?action=view&intID=252 | archivedate= April 7, 2011}}
39. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 0765621061 | editors = James George Ryan and Leonard C. Schlup (eds.) | last = Bartley | first = Abel A. | title = Bassett, Ebenezer Don Carlos | encyclopedia = Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age | date = January 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC&lpg=PA32&vq=bassett&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=29 May 2013}}
40. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 0313024626 | pages = 220–222 | editors = Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu (ed.) | last = Linda Joyce Brown | title = Coppin, Fanny Jackson | encyclopedia = Writing African American Women | date = April 2006 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbyBKRvoot8C&lpg=PA220&dq=Fanny%20Jackson%20Coppin%20first%20principal&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q=Fanny%20Jackson%20Coppin%20first%20principal&f=false | accessdate = 29 May 2013}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.npl.org/Pages/ProgramsExhibits/Exhibits/aafirsts.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516010101/http://www.npl.org/Pages/ProgramsExhibits/Exhibits/aafirsts.html|title=African-American Firsts Remembered: Lest We Forget|accessdate=November 5, 2008|publisher=The Newark Public Library |year=2000|first=Mary D. |last=Teasley | first2= Deloris, curators |last2= Walker-Moses, | archivedate=May 16, 2014 | deadurl=yes}}
42. ^{{cite book|last1=Sollors|first1=Werner|authorlink1=Werner Sollors|last2=Titcomb|first2=Caldwell|authorlink2=Caldwell Titcomb|last3=Underwood|first3=Thomas A.|title=Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-american Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0j5rGZB9kJIC&pg=PA37|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=1993|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-7973-6|page=37}}
43. ^{{cite book|last=Wasniewski|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Wasniewski|title=Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cNiPp-D260C&pg=PA54|accessdate=27 May 2013|date=27 August 2012|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-086948-8|pages=54–61}}
44. ^Revels, the Mississippi State Senate's Adams County representative, was elected by the U.S. Senate in January 1870 to fill an unexpired term.
45. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Institute for Southern Studies, University of South Carolina | editors = Walter B. Edgar (ed.) | last = Hine | first = William C. | title = Rainey, Joseph Hayne (1832–1887)| encyclopedia = South Carolina Encyclopedia | location = Columbia, South Carolina | accessdate = 2013-05-28 | url = http://www.scencyclopedia.org/rainey.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110220838/http://www.scencyclopedia.org/rainey.htm | archivedate= November 10, 2013 | deadurl=no }}
46. ^Rainey, a South Carolina state senator, was elected to fill the seat vacated by B. Franklin Whittemore. Rainey took his seat on December 12, 1870. John Willis Menard was actually the first African-American elected to the House (1868) but he was denied his seat.
47. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn = 9780684815787 | last = Harley | first = Sharon | title = The timetables of African-American history: a chronology of the most important people and events in African-American history | location = New York | year = 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_XGuHENU57cC&pg=PA168 | accessdate = 27 May 2013}}
48. ^{{cite book|last=Dray|first=Philip|authorlink=Philip Dray|title=Capitol men: the epic story of Reconstruction through the lives of the first Black congressmen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTGb8kNQ1OsC&pg=PA132|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-56370-8|page=132}}
49. ^{{cite book|last1=Deskins|first1=Donald R.|authorlink1=Donald R. Deskins|last2= Walton|first2=Hanes|last3=Puckett|first3=Sherman C.|title=Presidential Elections: 1789 – 2008 ; County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5gKaGkXH84C&pg=PA349|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=2010|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=978-0-472-11697-3|page=349}}
50. ^Douglass did not seek the nomination or campaign after being nominated.
51. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Potter|first=Joan|title=African American Firsts: Famous, Little-known, and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcGvB-9FALgC&pg=PA26|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=2009|publisher=Kensingston Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-7582-4166-5|pages=26–27}}
52. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nteu.org/BHMBios.aspx | title= NTEU Celebrates Black History Month: Joseph H. Rainey (1832–1887) | publisher = National Treasury Employees Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120307005723/http://www.nteu.org/BHMBios.aspx | archivedate=March 7, 2012}}
53. ^1 {{Cite news | volume = 12 | issue = 11 | pages = 28‒35 | last = Militelio | first = Leo | title = The First Negro Catholic Bishop | work = Negro Digest | date = September 1963 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cDoDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA28&dq=James%20Augustine%20Healy%20first&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=James%20Augustine%20Healy%20first&f=false }}
54. ^{{Cite book | publisher = World Scientific Publishing Company Incorporated | isbn = 9789810249090 | last = Mickens | first = Ronald E. | title = Edward Bouchet: The First African-American Doctorate | year = 2002 }}
55. ^{{Cite book | publisher = U of Nebraska Press | isbn = 0803268904 | last = Flipper | first = Henry | title = The Colored Cadet at West Point | year = 1878 }}
56. ^{{cite news | title = Boston's first black officer receives his long-overdue honors | work=The Boston Globe | date= June 27, 2010 | first = Jack | last = Nicas | accessdate = November 13, 2012 | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/06/27/bostons_first_black_officer_receives_his_long_overdue_honors/ | archivedate = January 12, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112060846/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/06/27/bostons_first_black_officer_receives_his_long_overdue_honors/ | deadurl=no}}
57. ^{{cite book|last=Hoffbeck|first=Steven R.|title=Swinging For The Fences: Black Baseball In Minnesota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sxmqc5KkhykC&pg=PA14|accessdate=4 July 2013|year=2005|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society|isbn=978-0-87351-517-7|page=14}}
58. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Infobase Publishing | isbn = 1438107609 | last = Darraj | first = Susan Muaddi | title = Mary Eliza Mahoney | date = 2009-01-01 }}
59. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | editor-last1=Gates | editor-first1=Henry Louis | editor-last2=Higginbotham | editor-first2=Evelyn Brooks | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&pg=PA387 | editorlink1=Henry Louis Gates | accessdate=May 29, 2013 | year=2004 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-988286-1 | pages=387–388 | last = O'Toole | first = James M. | title = Healy, Michael | encyclopedia = African American Lives }}
60. ^{{cite book|last1=Sewell|first1=George Alexander|last2=Dwight|first2=Margaret L.|title=Mississippi Black History Makers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z74vTOrw5mYC&pg=PA16|accessdate=May 29, 2013|date=January 20, 2012|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-428-2|pages=16–17}}
61. ^{{cite book|last=Hine|first=Darlene Clark|title=Black women in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psZaAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=29 May 2013|volume=1|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515677-5|page=385}}
62. ^{{cite book|last=Gendin|first=Sidney|editor=Joseph Dorinson|others=Joram Warmund|title=Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports, and the American Dream|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR8-35MjEyoC&pg=PA22|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-7656-3338-5|pages=22–29|chapter=Moses Fleetwood Walker: Jackie Robinson's accidental predecessor}}
63. ^1 {{cite book | last = Sluby | first = Patricia Carter | title = The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: patented ingenuity | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz-DTSXeLRYC&pg=PA126 | accessdate = May 29, 2013 | year = 2004 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, Conn. | isbn = 978-0-275-96674-4 | page = 126}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2007/04/16/william-h-greene-was-the-first-black-cuny-graduate-and-first-black-member-of-u-s-signal-corps-a-victor-and-a-victim/|title=William H. Greene was the First Black CUNY Graduate and First Black Member of U.S. Signal Corps, a Victor and a Victim|website=CUNY Newswire|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}
65. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a350395.pdf|title=A Historic Context for the African-American Military Experience|last=Smith|first=Steven D.|last2=Zeidler|first2=James A.|publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers|year=1998|isbn=|location=|page=113}}
66. ^1 http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/L/LYNCH,-John-Roy-(L000533)/#biography
67. ^{{Cite journal | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 379–388 | title = Notes and comment | journal = The Catholic Historical Review | accessdate = 2013-05-30 | year = 1919 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V8htL2FcRjQC&pg=PA380 }}
68. ^Brooks, Tim (2004). Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 15–71
69. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nycpolicemuseum.org/html/tour/aah/aahweb.htm |publisher=The New York City Police Museum | title=A History of African Americans in the NYPD | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222023510/http://www.nycpolicemuseum.org/html/tour/aah/aahweb.htm | archivedate = December 22, 2008}}
70. ^{{cite book|last=Tardif|first=Elyssa|title=Providence's Benefit Street|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHHhL4j3WQgC&pg=PA70|accessdate=31 May 2013|year=2013|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-9923-6|page=70}}
71. ^{{cite book|last=Kinshasa|first=Kwando M.|title=African American Chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3Gr1Y8lDhEC&pg=PA71|accessdate=31 May 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33797-0|page=71}}
72. ^{{cite book|first=Robert Henry |last=Miller|title=The Story of "Stagecoach" Mary Fields|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfARAAAACAAJ|accessdate=31 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Silver Burdett Press|isbn=978-0-382-24399-8}}
73. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Infobase Publishing | isbn = 1438107781 | pages = 218 | last = Aaseng | first = Nathan | title = Taylor, Marshall Walker | encyclopedia = African-American Athletes | location = New York | series = Facts on File library of American history | date = 2003-01-01 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iSxylfm58foC&pg=PA218 }}
74. ^{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Deborah|title=Guest of Honor: Booker T. Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, and the White House Dinner That Shocked a Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeNhj3nM08QC|accessdate=1 June 2013|date=5 February 2013|publisher=Atria Books|isbn=978-1-4391-6982-7}}
75. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Scarecrow Press | isbn = 0810875063 | last = Grasso | first = John | title = Lew, Harry Haskell "Bucky" | encyclopedia = Historical Dictionary of Basketball | date = 2010-11-15 }}
76. ^{{cite book|last=Marlowe|first=Gertrude Woodruff|title=A right worthy grand mission: Maggie Lena Walker and the quest for Black economic empowerment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1CQTAAAAYAAJ|accessdate= June 1, 2013|year=2003|publisher=Howard University Press|isbn=978-0-88258-210-8}}
77. ^{{cite book|last=Conner|first=Floyd|title=The Olympic's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of the Olympics' Gold Medal Gaffes, Improbable Triumphs, and Other Oddities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ48Zp5MVCsC&pg=PT58|accessdate=1 June 2013|date=31 October 2001|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-397-7|page=58}}
78. ^{{Cite journal | volume = 52 | issue = 3 | pages = 464–480 | last = Manolis | first = Paul G | title = Raphael (Robert) Morgan, the First Black Orthodox Priest in America | journal = Theologia Athinai | year = 1981 }}
79. ^{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Charles R.|title=Black Jack: The Ballad of Jack Johnson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzNbv3IiagIC|accessdate=1 June 2013|date=22 June 2010|publisher=Roaring Brook Press|isbn=978-1-59643-473-8}}
80. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0195167775 | volume = 1 | pages = 121–129 | editors = Paul Finkelman (ed.) | last = Susan Love Brown | title = Economic Life | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass | location = New York | year = 2006 }}
81. ^{{cite book |title=Report of the Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association, Volume 37 |publisher=E.C. Markley & Son |date=1912 |pages=93–95 |chapter=Special Report of the Executive Committee Concerning the Vote by the Committee to Elect Messrs. William H. Lewis, Butler R. Wilson and William R. Morris to Membership in the Association, and the Rescission Thereof |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nILAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93}}
82. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.blackpast.org/aah/lewis-william-henry-1868-1949 | title=Lewis, William Henry (1868–1949) | first= Steven J. | last= Jager | publisher = BlackPast.org | accessdate= April 24, 2015 | archivedate = January 12, 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112051816/http://www.blackpast.org/aah/lewis-william-henry-1868-1949 | deadurl=no}}
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85. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0011-1422 | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 173‒176 | last = Heinl | first = Nancy G. | title = Col. Charles Young: Pointman | work = The Crisis | date = May 1977 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tOYtK_4g_iAC&pg=PA173 }}
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87. ^{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Carroll L.|last2=Pruitt-Logan|first2=Anne S.|title=Faithful to the Task at Hand: The Life of Lucy Diggs Slowe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ax6Hq6K4N4MC&pg=PA2|accessdate= June 2, 2013|year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-1-4384-4260-0|page=2}}
88. ^{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Colin|title=Negro with a Hat : The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBlxVYgwwSMC&pg=PA220|accessdate=2 June 2013|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970986-1|page=220}}
89. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Theoharis|editor-first=Athan|editor-link=Athan Theoharis|title=The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQduXa4JdoC&pg=PA335|accessdate=2 June 2013|year=1999|publisher=Oryx Press|location=Phoenix, Ariz.|isbn=978-0-89774-991-6|page=335}}
90. ^{{cite book|last1=Segrave|first1=Kerry|title=Policewomen : a history|date=2014|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=9780786477050|page=148|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9iAgAAQBAJ|accessdate=25 June 2017}}
91. ^{{cite book|last1=Corsianos|first1=Marilyn|title=Policing and gendered justice : examining the possibilities|date=2009|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=9780802096791|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab4YN0w_R8YC&dq|accessdate=24 June 2017}}
92. ^1 {{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0195167775 | volume = 1 | pages = 234–237 | editors = Paul Finkelman (ed.) | last = Wilson | first = Joseph |author2=David Addams | title = Football | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619–1895 | location = New York | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&pg=PA235 }}
93. ^{{cite book|last1=Lyght|first1=Ernest S.|last2=Keaton|first2=Jonathan D.|authorlink2=Jonathan D. Keaton|title=Our Father: Where Are the Fathers?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ6r3Wb_xj4C&pg=PT41|accessdate=4 June 2013|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Abingdon Press|isbn=978-1-4267-4853-0|page=41}}
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95. ^{{cite book|last=Malveaux|first=Julianne|editor=Thomas D. Boston|title=A Different Vision: Africa American Economic Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMwRwp9QImAC&pg=PA123|accessdate=4 June 2013|volume=1|year=1997|publisher=Routledge Chapman & Hall|isbn=978-0-415-12715-8|pages=123–|chapter=Missed Opportunity: Sadie Teller Mossell Alexander and the Economics Profession}}
96. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0021-5996 | volume = 90 | issue = 10 | pages = 60–61 | title = William Dehart Hubbard First Black to Win Gold in an Individual Event | work = Jet | date = 1996-07-22 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wDsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60 }}
97. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0021-5996 | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | page = 16 | title = Clifton R. Wharton Sr. Dies; Foreign Service Pioneer, 90 | work = Jet | date = May 14, 1990 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3K8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 }}
98. ^{{cite news |title=The Clash of New York's Irish and Italians, and the City's First Black Firefighter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/nyregion/the-clash-of-new-yorks-irish-and-italians-and-the-citys-first-black-firefighter.html |quote=Wesley Williams, who was inspired by Battle, enlisting as a firefighter in 1919. ... |newspaper=New York Times |date=August 7, 2015 |accessdate=2015-09-17 }}
99. ^{{cite book | last=Baker | first=Josephine |author2=Bouillon, Joe | title=Josephine | edition=First | location=New York | publisher=Harper & Row | year=1977 | isbn=978-0-06-010212-8}}
100. ^{{Cite book | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | isbn = 9780160801945 | pages = 278–285 | editors = Matthew Wasniewski (ed.) | author1 = Committee on House Administration | authorlink1= United States House Committee on House Administration| author2 = Office of History and Preservation | authorlink2 = Clerk of the United States House of Representatives| title = Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 | chapter = Oscar Stanton De Priest, 1871–1951 | location = Washington | year = 2008 }}
101. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wvpublic.org/post/may-15-1886-west-virginias-first-african-american-female-legislator-born-putnam-co |title=May 15, 1886: West Virginia's First African-American Female Legislator Born in Putnam Co. |date=May 15, 2017 |publisher=West Virginia Public Broadcasting |accessdate=February 2, 2019 }}
102. ^{{cite news |first=Bruce|last= Weber|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/sports/19maxwell.html|title=Sherman L. Maxwell, 100, Sportscaster and Writer, Dies |work= The New York Times|date=July 19, 2008 |accessdate=August 13, 2008}}
103. ^{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Biography|last=|first=|publisher=Gale|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7876-9124-0|location=Detroit, MI|pages=455-456}}
104. ^{{cite book|last=Howard|first=Walter T.|title=Black Communists Speak on Scottsboro: A Documentary History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYLodO-yfXEC&pg=PA156|accessdate=5 June 2013|date=5 April 2008|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-599-8|page=156}}
105. ^{{cite book|last=Nordin|first=Dennis S.|title=The New Deal's Black Congressman: A Life of Arthur Wergs Mitchell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fF_kj1lQKosC&pg=PA87|accessdate=5 June 2013|year=1997|publisher=University of Missouri Press|location=Columbia, Mo. |isbn=978-0-8262-1102-6|page=87}}
106. ^{{cite web | last = Baker | first = David | title = Important Firsts: Groups and Their Leaders, and Groups and Personnel | work = Jazz in America | publisher = The Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz | accessdate = 2013-06-06 | url = http://jazzinamerica.org/JazzResources/ImportantFirsts | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5ue58HIbd?url=http://jazzinamerica.org/JazzResources/ImportantFirsts | archivedate= 2010-12-01}}
107. ^{{cite book|last1=Strunk|first1=William Oliver|last2=Treitler|first2=Leo|authorlink2=Leo Treitler|title=Source Readings in Music History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtCYwFm2mTwC&pg=PA1421|accessdate=5 June 2013|year=1998|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-03752-4|page=1421}}
108. ^{{cite news| url =http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-11-23/news/8603270982_1_mrs-phillips-united-states-olympic-team-auditorium| title=Tidye Ann Phillips, Olympian And Principal| work=Chicago Tribune| date=November 23, 1986|first= Kenan |last=Heise| accessdate= November 25, 2015| archivedate= November 25, 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125215515/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-11-23/news/8603270982_1_mrs-phillips-united-states-olympic-team-auditorium| deadurl=no}}
109. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/OlympicTrials/HistoryOfTheOlympicTrials.pdf |title=The History of the United States Olympic Trials – Track & Field |last=Hymans| first=Richard |publisher=USA Track & Field |year=2008 |accessdate=October 20, 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120620000346/http://usatf.org/statistics/champions/OlympicTrials/HistoryOfTheOlympicTrials.pdf | archivedate=June 20, 2012| deadurl=no}}
110. ^{{Cite conference | publisher = Tennessee State University Library | conference = Annual Local Conference on Afro-American Culture and History | editors = Linda T. Wynn, Gayle Brinkley-Johnson (eds.) | last = Wynn | first = Linda T. |author2=Bobby L. Lovett | title = William Henry Hastie (1904–1976) | booktitle = A Profile of African Americans in Tennessee History | location = Nashville, USA | accessdate = 2013-03-01 | date =December 14, 1995 | url = http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/hastie.htm | archivedate=November 10, 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214838/http://ww2.tnstate.edu/library/digital/hastie.htm | deadurl=no }}
111. ^{{cite book|editor-last=Norton|editor-first=Mary Beth|editor-link=Mary Beth Norton|title=A People and a Nation: since 1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vq0ROs8GVfAC&pg=PA694|accessdate=June 5, 2013|edition=7th|year=2005|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-39177-6|page=694}}
112. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Primetime Blues|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/bogle-blues.html|isbn=978-0-374-23720-2|first=Donald|last=Bogle|authorlink=Donald Bogle|year=2001|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=New York|pages=9–14|accessdate=October 10, 2013}}
113. ^{{cite book|first=Carlton|last= Jackson|title=Hattie: The Life of Hattie McDaniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9XIE6TAZwwC|accessdate=5 June 2013|year=1993|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56833-004-4}}
114. ^{{cite book|last=Smock|first=Raymond W.|authorlink=Raymond W. Smock|title=Booker T. Washington: Black Leadership in the Age of Jim Crow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5w2NK7xPskQC&pg=PA11|accessdate=5 June 2013|date=16 June 2009|publisher=Ivan R. Dee|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-61578-007-5|page=11}}
115. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 076562107X | editors = James Gilbert Ryan, Leonard C. Schlup (eds.) | last = Whitten | first = David O. | title = Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Sr. | encyclopedia = Historical Dictionary of The 1940s | date = January 1, 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3Hx4ASLKUC&pg=PA98 }}
116. ^{{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Lawrence Jeffrey|authorlink=Lawrence Jeffrey Epstein|title=Political Folk Music in America from Its Origins to Bob Dylan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xlu-lidpKeMC&pg=PA94|accessdate=5 June 2013|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5601-7|page=94}}
117. ^{{cite news|first=Janette |last=Williams |title=Political activist Isabell Masters, whose presidential ambitions started in Pasadena, dies at 98 |url=http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/news/ci_18940389 |work=Pasadena Star-News |location=Pasadena, California |date=September 20, 2011 |accessdate=October 8, 2011 |archivedate=January 12, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112111738/http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/general-news/20110920/political-activist-isabell-masters-whose-presidential-ambitions-started-in-pasadena-dies-at-98 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
118. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/owi2001029109/PP/|title=Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog image caption|publisher=Library of Congress | location = Washington, D.C. | archivedate= October 18, 2014 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20141018005037/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/owi2001029109/PP/ | deadurl=no}}
119. ^{{cite book|last=Stillwell|first=Paul|title=The Golden Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4cEZs2rRawC&pg=PR8|accessdate=8 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-61251-162-7|page=8}}
120. ^{{cite book|last1=Gravely|first1=Samuel Lee|authorlink1=Samuel L. Gravely, Jr.|last2=Stillwell|first2=Paul|title=Trailblazer: the U.S. Navy's first Black admiral|date=15 October 2010|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-338-3}}
121. ^{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Kirstin|title=Chronology of Women's History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFY3CxmHk4cC&pg=PA263|accessdate=5 June 2013|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28803-6|page=263}}
122. ^Matt Baker at the Grand Comics Database. [https://www.webcitation.org/6Y29c4kwK?url=http://www.comics.org/credit/name/matt%20baker/sort/chrono/ Archived] from the original on April 24, 2015. Artist credits were not routinely given in comic books in the 1940s, so comprehensive credits are difficult if not impossible to ascertain.
123. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://journalisms.theroot.com/black-journalists-the-world-needs-you-1797797490 |title=Black Journalists, 'The World Needs You' |first=Richard |last=Prince |date=August 13, 2017 |work=The Root |accessdate=August 13, 2017}}
124. ^{{cite book|last=Walton|first=Ben L.|title=Great Black War Fighters: Profiles in Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBfvpigKudsC&pg=PA13|accessdate=5 June 2013|date=May 2012|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-61897-108-1|page=13}}
125. ^{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Nikki L. M.|last2=Stentiford|first2=Barry M.|title=The Jim Crow Encyclopedia: Greenwood Milestones in African American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLjYbzkGWk8C&pg=PA693|accessdate=8 June 2013|date=30 September 2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34181-6|page=693}}
126. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Parks|first1=Gregory|last2=Bradley|first2=Stefan M.|title=Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LMpbMeHlhoC&pg=PA361|accessdate=8 June 2013|year=2002|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington. Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-3421-5|page=361}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackradionetwork.com/rare_1st_africanamerican_published_comic_book__all_negro_1_1947_comes_to_auction |title=1st African-American Published Comic – All Negro #1- (1947) Comes to Auction|publisher= Metropolis Collectibles Inc. / ComicConnect Corp. press release via BlackRadioNetwork.com| date=February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702143035/http://www.blackradionetwork.com/rare_1st_africanamerican_published_comic_book__all_negro_1_1947_comes_to_auction | archivedate=July 2, 2011| deadurl=no|accessdate=July 1, 2011}}
128. ^{{cite book|last=Sperb|first=Jason|title=Disney's Most Notorious Film: Race, Convergence, and the Hidden Histories of Song of the South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DljESN41YSAC&pg=PA96|accessdate=June 24, 2013|year=2012|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=978-0-292-74981-8|page=96}}
129. ^{{cite book|last=Hardesty|first=Von|title=Black Wings: Courageous Stories of African Americans in Aviation and Space History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1BDNA02mrcC&pg=PA130|accessdate=June 24, 2013|year=2008|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-126138-1|page=130}}
130. ^{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Catherine Parsons|title=William Grant Still|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2fARj362kcC|accessdate=June 24, 2013|series= American composers|year=2008|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=978-0-252-03322-3|page=68}}
131. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Central Arkansas Library System | last = Richard A. Buckelew | title = Silas Herbert Hunt (1922–1949) | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture | location = Little Rock, Arkansas | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | date = October 3, 2012 | url = http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1676 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406121713/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1676 | archivedate= April 6, 2015 | deadurl =no}}
132. ^{{Cite journal | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–156 | last = Kilpatrick | first = Judith | title = Desegregating the University of Arkansas School of Law: L. Clifford Davis and the Six Pioneers | journal = The Arkansas Historical Quarterly | accessdate = 2013-05-28 | year = 2009 | url = http://arkansasblacklawyers.uark.edu/articles/ahq68-2.pdf | archivedate= June 11, 2014 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065229/http://arkansasblacklawyers.uark.edu/articles/ahq68-2.pdf | deadurl=no}}
133. ^{{cite book|last=Hill|first=George H.|title=Ebony Images: Black Americans and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brhkAAAAMAAJ&q=bob+howard#search_anchor|accessdate=June 24, 2013|year=1986|publisher=Daystar Publishing Company|location=Carson, California|isbn=978-0-933650-01-5|page=24}}
134. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/one-first-tv-shows-hosted-black-man | title=One of the first TV shows hosted by a black man| publisher =African American Registry | accessdate= October 5, 2013 | archivedate= December 23, 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141223164719/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/one-first-tv-shows-hosted-black-man | deadurl=no}}
135. ^While considered a network for regulatory reasons, CBS TV was viewable only locally in 1948. By 1956, CBS and other networks were viewable nationwide.
136. ^{{cite book|last=O'Dell|first=Cary|title=June Cleaver Was a Feminist!: Reconsidering the Female Characters of Early Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ4vOPcCM40C&pg=PA217|accessdate=June 24, 2013|date=December 15, 2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-7177-5|page=217}}
137. ^{{Cite book | publisher = New York University Press | isbn = 0814740138 | last = Schneller | first = Robert John | title = Breaking the color barrier: the U.S. Naval Academy's first black midshipmen and the struggle for racial equality | location = New York | year = 2005 }}
138. ^{{cite book|last=Lusane|first=Clarence|authorlink=Clarence Lusane|title=Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice: Foreign Policy, Race, and the New American Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2CE41Nj3QgC&pg=PA18|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-275-98309-3|page=18}}
139. ^{{cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Aaron|title=42: The Jackie Robinson Story: The Movie Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSMqk72sc3cC&pg=PT133|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=2013|publisher=Scholastic Inc.|isbn=978-0-545-54113-8|page=133}}
140. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/blayton-sr-jesse-b-1879-1977 |title=Blayton, Jesse B., Sr. (1879–1977) | first= Nick | last=Manos|publisher=BlackPast.org| accessdate=November 2, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110011410/http://www.blackpast.org/aah/blayton-sr-jesse-b-1879-1977 | archivedate = November 10, 2014|deadurl=no}}
141. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1991-06-29|title=Florence Lesueur, ex-president, director of NAACP branch; at 93|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7666720.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210614/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7666720.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2018-02-19|journal=|publisher=The Boston Globe|volume=|pages=|subscription=yes|via=Highbeam Research}}
142. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theroot.com/photos/2011/06/black_tony_award_winners_over_the_years.html|title=The Great Black Way? Black Tony Award Winners| date= June 9, 2011|first=Joshua R. |last=Weaver|publisher=TheRoot.com |archivedate= February 22, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032006/http://www.theroot.com/photos/2011/06/black_tony_award_winners_over_the_years.html | deadurl=no}}
143. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Oryx Press | isbn = 9781573561112 | editor-last1 = Clarage | editor-first1 = Elizabeth C | editor2 = Elizabeth A Brennan | title = Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners | location = Phoenix, Ariz. | year = 1999 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=63nvmt4HqTEC&pg=PA522 |page=522}}
144. ^{{cite book|last=Henry|first=Charles P.|title=Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?|year=1999|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3582-4}}
145. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges_milestones.html | title= History of the Federal Judiciary > Milestones of Judicial Service > First African American Judges | publisher = Federal Judicial Center | location = Washington, D.C. | archivedate = March 10, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150310215728/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges_milestones.html | deadurl=no}}
146. ^{{Cite book | publisher = Ivan R. Dee | isbn = 9781566637145 | last = Harris | first = Cecil | title = Charging the net: a history of Blacks in tennis from Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe to the Williams sisters | location = Chicago | year = 2007 }}
147. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0362-4331 | last = Cook | first = Joan | title = Edith Sampson, 1st Black Woman Elected to Bench in Illinois, Is Dead; Advised to Become Lawyer | work = The New York Times | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | date = October 11, 1979| url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50613FE3E5C11728DDDA80994D8415B898BF1D3 | archivedate=November 10, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214813/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50613FE3E5C11728DDDA80994D8415B898BF1D3| deadurl=no}}
148. ^{{cite web|title=1950–51 Season Overview: NBA's Color Line is Broken|url=http://www.nba.com/history/season/19501951.html|publisher=National Basketball Association |accessdate=March 9, 2013 | archivedate= March 20, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320095356/http://www.nba.com/history/season/19501951.html | deadurl=no}}
149. ^{{cite news | last = Howell | first = Dave | title = Six Who Paved the Way | publisher = National Basketball Association | url = http://www.nba.com/pistons/news/bhm_sixwhopavedtheway.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6G6dT0QAi?url=http://www.nba.com/pistons/news/bhm_sixwhopavedtheway.html|archivedate=April 24, 2013|deadurl=no}}
150. ^{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Jeremy|title=9. Firsts For African-Americans|publisher=ESPN |url=http://espn.go.com/nba/dailydime/_/page/dime-100117/daily-dime|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6G6dceCkA?url=http://espn.go.com/nba/dailydime/_/page/dime-100117/daily-dime|archivedate=April 24, 2013|deadurl=no}}
151. ^{{cite news | first = Sam | last = McDowell | title = Sumner grad Harold Hunter, first African-American to sign with NBA team, dies at 86 | url = http://www.kansascity.com/2013/03/08/4109211/sumner-grad-harold-hunter-first.html | work = Kansas City Star | location = Kansas City, Missouri | date=March 9, 2013| accessdate=2013-03-30 | archivedate=March 12, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130312014711/http://www.kansascity.com/2013/03/08/4109211/sumner-grad-harold-hunter-first.html}}
152. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/football/argos/2011/08/12/meet_bernie_custis_footballs_first_africanamerican_quarterback.html |title=Meet Bernie Custis, football's first African-American quarterback |work=Toronto Star | date=August 12, 2011| accessdate= 2015-04-12 | archivedate= April 2, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144249/http://www.thestar.com/sports/football/argos/2011/08/12/meet_bernie_custis_footballs_first_africanamerican_quarterback.html | deadurl=no}}
153. ^{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Jessie Carney|title=Notable Black American Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA63|accessdate=25 June 2013|volume=II|year=1996|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-8103-9177-2|page=63}}
154. ^{{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=Frank E.|authorlink1=Frank E. Petersen|last2=Phelps|first2=J. Alfred|title=Into the Tiger's Jaw: America's First Black Marine Aviator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOueMQEACAAJ|accessdate=June 25, 2013|series=Leatherneck Classics|year= 2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|isbn=978-1-61251-190-0}}
155. ^{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Henry Louis|authorlink1=Henry Louis Gates|last2=Higginbotham|first2=Evelyn Brooks|title=African American Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dXw6gR2GgkC&pg=PA56|accessdate=25 June 2013|date=23 March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988286-1|page=56}}
156. ^{{cite web|title=Thrower was first black QB to play in NFL|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/obit/s/2002/0221/1338084.html|date=February 22, 2002|publisher=ESPN Classic|series=Associated Press|accessdate=May 16, 2010| archivedate=November 10, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214501/http://espn.go.com/classic/obit/s/2002/0221/1338084.html | deadurl =no}}
157. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Facts On File | isbn = 9781438130965 | pages = 40–42 | editors = Catherine Reef (ed.) | title = Brashear, Carl Maxie | encyclopedia = African Americans in the Military | location = New York | series = A to Z of African Americans | accessdate = 2013-06-27 | year = 2010 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bq8dVn_W2XQC&pg=PT61 }}
158. ^1 {{cite book|last=Otfinoski|first=Steven|title=African Americans in the Performing Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnXQSqTx2h0C&pg=PT59|accessdate=26 June 2013|edition=Revised|series=A to Z of African Americans|year=2010|publisher=Facts On File|location= New York |isbn=978-1-4381-2855-9|pages=51–52|chapter=Dandridge, Dorothy}}
159. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0021-5996 | volume = 16 | issue = 10 | page = 8 | title = Charles Bush, First Negro Air Force Cadet | work = Jet | date = July 1959 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HEIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 }}
160. ^{{cite book|last=Keiler|first=Allan|title=Marian Anderson: A Singer's Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVi0eYa8GZgC|accessdate=29 July 2013|year= 2002|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07067-9|page=274}}
161. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spelman.edu/bush-hewlett/BlackPresence/bios.html |publisher=(Biographical capsule) Spelman College|title=The Black Presence in American Dance: Arthur Mitchell|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20041214144521/http://www.spelman.edu/bush-hewlett/BlackPresence/bios.html| archivedate=December 14, 2004}}
162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.seaboardairlines.org/seabhist.htm|title=Seaboard World Airlines Formerly Seaboard & Western Airlines |publisher=SeaboardAirlines.org|date=n.d.|first=Capt. Ken, ed.| last=Kahn|archivedate=July 18, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718205056/http://www.seaboardairlines.org/seabhist.htm|deadurl=no|quote=On November 3rd, 1955 Seaboard & Western became the first airline in the nation to hire an African-American pilot, August Martin.}}
163. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avstop.com/history/blackairlines/augustmartin.htm|title=Black Airline Pilots: August Martin (1919–1968)|publisher=AvStop.com / Aviation Online|date=n.d.|archivedate=November 22, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122035331/http://avstop.com/history/blackairlines/augustmartin.htm|deadurl=no|quote=Between 1946 and 1955, he flew only part time for such airlines as Buffalo Skylines, El Al Airlines and World Airways. ... In 1955, August Martin gained a foothold in the world of US aviation when he was hired by Seaboard World Airlines as the first Black captain of a US scheduled air carrier. During a thirteen-year period with Seaboard, Martin got a chance to pilot the DC-3, DC-4, Lockheed Constellation and Canadair CL-44.}}
164. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/21/obituaries/e-frederic-morrow-88-aide-in-eisenhower-administration.html | work=The New York Times | title=E. Frederic Morrow, 88, Aide In Eisenhower Administration | date=July 21, 1994 | accessdate=March 6, 2014 | last=Saxon|first= Wolfgang}}
165. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/charles-gittens-1st-black-secret-service-agent-dies/2011/08/09/gIQAiyOU5I_story.html | title=Charles Gittens, 1st black Secret Service agent, dies| agency= Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post | date= August 9, 2011 | archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/60rTwuw4x?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/charles-gittens-1st-black-secret-service-agent-dies/2011/08/09/gIQAiyOU5I_story.html| archivedate=August 11, 2011}}
166. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/first-black-secret-service-agent-dies/2011/08/10/gIQAFhYT7I_story.html | title= Charles L. Gittens, first black Secret Service agent, dies at 82 | work = The Washington Post | date = August 10, 2011|last= Wilber |first= Del Quentin |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/60rU61rc4?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/first-black-secret-service-agent-dies/2011/08/10/gIQAFhYT7I_story.html | archivedate = August 11, 2011}}
167. ^{{Cite encyclopedia | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 9780313338519 | pages = 99–108| first=Lew |last=Freedman | authorlink=Lew Freedman | title = Don Newcombe | encyclopedia = African American Pioneers of Baseball: A Biographical Encyclopedia | year = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iIWWgB0G0YUC&pg=PA99 }}
168. ^{{cite news|title=Lowell Perry, 69, Football Star and Ford Aide|first=Richard|last= Goldstein|date=January 11, 2001|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/11/sports/lowell-perry-69-football-star-and-ford-aide.html}}
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/artist/john-kitzmiller|title=John KITZMILLER|website=Festival de Cannes 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-02-16}}
170. ^{{cite book|last=Heaphy|first=Leslie A.|title=Black Baseball and Chicago: Essays on the Players, Teams, and Games of the Negro Leagues' Most Important City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jH043iKJlF8C&pg=PA200|date=1 January 2006|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2674-4|page=200}}
171. ^While two black players won Gold Gloves that year, only Mays is African-American. The other, Minnie Miñoso, is Afro-Cuban.
172. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.alaskasworld.com/NEWS/2005/11/16_black_fa.asp |accessdate=November 7, 2011| work=Alaska's World|title=Promoting Diversity|date=November 16, 2005|first=Don|last=Conrard|publisher=Alaska Airlines|archivedate=March 24, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324094852/http://www.alaskasworld.com/NEWS/2005/11/16_black_fa.asp}}
173. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=&year=1958&genre=All | title= Winners —1958: First Annual Grammy Awards | publisher= The Recording Academy | accessdate= April 24, 2015| archivedate= April 24, 2015| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424184338/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=&year=1958&genre=All | deadurl=no}} Presented May 4, 1959, for recordings made in 1958.
174. ^In 1998, the award would be renamed the Oscar Robertson Trophy after its first recipient.
175. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/sports/golf/charlie-sifford-is-given-the-presidential-medal-of-freedom.html?_r=0|title= A Pioneer's Tribute Is Both a Reward and a Reminder: Charlie Sifford Is Given the Presidential Medal of Freedom|work=The New York Times}}
176. ^{{cite news |title= Person of the Year: Martin Luther King Jr. |url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1963.html |work=Time |date=January 3, 1963 |accessdate=February 17, 2008| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101125021508/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1963.html| archivedate=November 25, 2010}}
177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thechessdrum.net/historicmoments/HM_BlackChess/index.html |first=Gregory |last=Kearse | title=Historic Moments: A Legacy of Excellence| publisher= Chess Life via TheChessDrum.net| date= July 1998 |accessdate=April 21, 2010 | archivedate= January 11, 2015 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150111104203/http://www.thechessdrum.net/historicmoments/HM_BlackChess/index.html | deadurl=no }}
178. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chess.com/article/view/chess-quiz |title=Chess Quiz [Question #47] |publisher=Chess.com |accessdate=April 21, 2010 | archivedate= January 12, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112060651/http://www.chess.com/article/view/chess-quiz | deadurl=no}}
179. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?articleID=20080228_5_E3_spanc46213|title=AA Honors First Black Airline Pilot|first= D. R.|last=Stewart|work=Tulsa World|location = Oklahoma|date=February 28, 2008| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120913163014/http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?articleID=20080228_5_E3_spanc46213 |archivedate=September 13, 2012 |deadurl=no}}
180. ^{{Cite court| vol = 372| pinpoint = 714| reporter = U.S.| court = Supreme Court| litigants = Colorado Anti-Discrimination Comm'n v. Continental Air Lines, Inc.| date = 1963-04-22| url = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2245319904809963785| accessdate = 2013-05-27}}
181. ^{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=David |url=http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/black-1.jsp |title=Black Cinema |publisher=GreenCine.com |date=n.d. |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zzGrcfON?url=http://www.greencine.com/static/primers/black-1.jsp |archivedate=July 7, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }} Update of {{cite web |author=Hudson |url=http://www.greencine.com/article?action=view&articleID=76 |title=SFBFF: Experience and Empowerment |date=June 10, 2003 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zzGyGfDq?url=http://www.greencine.com/article?action=view&articleID=76 |archivedate=July 7, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }} Note: Asian-American interracial marriage had previously been portrayed.
182. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/postmvp.shtml|title=Postseason World Series MVP Awards & All-Star Game MVP Award Winners| publisher= Baseball-Reference.com| archivedate= March 15, 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150315125838/http://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/postmvp.shtml | deadurl=no}}
183. ^{{cite book|last1=Duncan|first1=Randy|last2=Smith|first2=Matthew J.|title=Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_bRZ_et8BIC&pg=PA83|accessdate=27 May 2013|date=29 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39924-4|page=83}}
184. ^1 2 The first Black superhero, Marvel's Black Panther, introduced in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), is African, not African-American. This is also true of the first Black character to star in his own mainstream comic-book feature, Waku, Prince of the Bantu, who headlined one of four features in the multiple-character omnibus series Jungle Tales (September 1954 – September 1955), from Marvel's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics.
185. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thechessdrum.net/drummajors/F_Street.html |title=NM Frank Street, Jr. |publisher=The ChessDrum.net |accessdate=April 21, 2010 | archivedate=February 25, 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120225045227/http://www.thechessdrum.net/drummajors/F_Street.html | deadurl=no}}
186. ^{{cite video | people = Nancy Sinatra | title = Movin' with Nancy | medium = DVD Commentary Track | publisher = Image Entertainment | location = Chatsworth, California | date = May 2, 2000}}
187. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/25/obituaries/a-s-mcwilliams-77-comic-strip-cartoonist.html | title = A. S. McWilliams, 77, Comic Strip Cartoonist | work = The New York Times | date=March 25, 1993| accessdate= 2014-04-12}}
188. ^{{cite book | editor-last=Horn | editor-first= Maurice|editorlink=Maurice Horn | title = 100 Years of American Newspaper Comics |publisher = Gramercy Books | location= New York York | year= 1996 | pages = 91–92 | isbn= 0-517-12447-5}}
189. ^{{cite book|last=Boyd|first=Todd|authorlink=Todd Boyd|title=African Americans and Popular Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evxm9Wd6P6EC&pg=RA2-PA162|accessdate=27 May 2013|year=2008|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-06408-1|page=162}}
190. ^{{cite magazine |last= Weston|first= Martin|date= April 1976 |title= First Black Airline Gets Off The Ground|url= https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Q-YDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|magazine= Ebony|location= |publisher= |access-date = 29 September 2018}}
191. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.diomass.org/about/history-diocese |title=History of the Diocese |work= |publisher=Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts |accessdate=February 12, 2013| archivedate= April 21, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421074746/http://www.diomass.org/about/history-diocese | deadurl=no }}
192. ^Bell, Gregory S. (2002). "Joe Searles". In [https://books.google.com/books?id=u0ZjUFT5AfQC&client=firefox-ahttps://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3VOOzRGesC&pg=PA143&sig=A_1wg6yUqWhMJlKoSkxWyy3UTwQ In the Black: A History of African Americans on Wall Street]. John Wiley and Sons. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-0-471-21485-4}}. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
193. ^At the time, the NCAA had not yet adopted its three-division system. Illinois State was in the NCAA University Division, which became Division I in 1973. The NCAA retroactively considers University Division members to have been Division I members.
194. ^{{cite web |url=https://theundefeated.com/features/cheryl-white-first-black-female-jockey-in-the-united-states/ |title=Cheryl White was first out of the gate |first=Rhiannon |last=Walker |date=May 3, 2018 |publisher=The Undefeated |accessdate=May 7, 2018 }}
195. ^{{cite book|last1=Bould|first1=Mark|last2=Butler|first2=Andrew M.|authorlink2=Andrew M. Butler|last3=Roberts|first3=Adam|authorlink3=Adam Roberts (British writer)|author4=Sherryl Vint|title=The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nciFCJ7Z5ygC&pg=PA131|accessdate=28 May 2013|date=30 March 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-87131-7|page=131}}
196. ^The earliest known humorous interracial kiss was in the story "Home Cooking" in Premier Magazine's satirical comic book Nuts #1 (March 1954), per its listing at the Grand Comics Database.
197. ^{{cite episode |title=Sammy's Visit | episodelink=List of All in the Family episodes#Season 2: 1971–1972 | series=All in the Family | serieslink=All in the Family | credits= | network=CBS | airdate=February 12, 1972 | season=2 | number=34 |accessdate=February 15, 2008}} In the comedy All in the Family, at the last moment as a picture is taken, Sammy Davis, Jr., playing himself, chides the bigoted but celebrity-fawning Archie Bunker with a humorous kiss on the cheek.
198. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA666&lpg=PA666&dq=%22Killraven%22+%22%2B%22amazing+adventures%22#v=onepage&q=%22Killraven%22%20%22%2B%22amazing%20adventures%22&f=false | title=Comics through Time : A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas| editor-first= M. Keith |editor-last=Booker|publisher= Greenwood Publishing | year=2014| page= 666| chapter=Killraven| isbn= 978-0313397509|first=Mark|last=O'English}}
199. ^{{cite news|title=A Dozen Who Made a Difference |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947599-5,00.html |work=Time |date=January 5, 1976 |accessdate=February 14, 2008 |archivedate=December 22, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222110742/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C947599-5%2C00.html |deadurl=no |df= }}
200. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.monticello.org/getting-word/people/robert-h-cooley-iii |title=Getting Word: African American Families of Monticello — Robert H. Cooley III| publisher= Monticello | location = Charlottesville, Virginia | archivedate=December 23, 2014| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223163817/http://www.monticello.org/getting-word/people/robert-h-cooley-iii | deadurl=no}}
201. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/basketball/aces-wnba/pioneers-cardte-hicks-musiette-mckinney-embrace-las-vegas-aces/|title=Pioneers Cardte Hicks, Musiette McKinney embrace Las Vegas Aces|publisher=Las Vegas Review Journal|accessdate=April 2, 2018}}
202. ^Seabaugh, Cathy (February 1994). "BLK: Focused Coverage for African-American Gays & Lesbians". Chicago Outlines.
203. ^Chestnut, Mark (June 1992). "BLK: Getting Glossy". Island Lifestyle.
204. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/28/archives/a-detroit-black-womans-roots-lead-to-a-welcome-in-the-dar-black.html | work=The New York Times | title=A Detroit Black Woman's Roots Lead to a Welcome in the D.A.R.; Black Woman's Roots Lead to a Welcome in D.A.R | first=William K. | last=Stevens | date=December 28, 1977}}
205. ^{{cite web | title =Pauli Murray.biography | work =bio.: People | publisher =A+E Networks | url = http://www.biography.com/people/pauli-murray-214111 | accessdate = October 17, 2013}}
206. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=QAXWwVrc9TsC&pg=PA42&dq=Jill+Elaine+Brown#v=onepage&q=Jill%20Elaine%20Brown&f=false |pages= 42–44 | chapter= Jill E. Brown |title=Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science | first1=Betty Kaplan|last1= Gubert |first2= Miriam |last2=Sawyer| publisher=Greenwood |year=2001|isbn= 978-1573562461}}
207. ^{{cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Maureen|title=Rev. Earlean Miller, first African-American woman ordained a Lutheran pastor, dead at 78 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/31617537-418/rev-earlean-miller-first-african-american-woman-ordained-a-lutheran-pastor-dead-at-78.html|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=December 15, 2014|accessdate=December 18, 2014 | archivedate= December 18, 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203901/http://www.suntimes.com/news/obituaries/31617537-418/rev-earlean-miller-first-african-american-woman-ordained-a-lutheran-pastor-dead-at-78.html#.VTqXxWRViko}}
208. ^{{cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Gail|date=October 29, 2005|title=From One Man's Vision To An Empire: BET|journal=Billboard |volume=117|issue=44|page=24|issn=0006-2510|url=https://books.google.com/?id=BhUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=bet+1981+first+network#v=onepage&q=bet%201981%20first%20network&f=false}}
209. ^The NHL had fielded black players for more than 20 years, with the first being Willie O'Ree in 1958, but all previous black players were Black Canadians and not African Americans. In 1996, Mike Grier (Edmonton Oilers) became the first to have been both born and exclusively trained in the U.S., per {{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2008-01-14-cover-oree_N.htm |title=Willie O'Ree still blazing way in NHL 50 years later |first=Kevin |last=Allen |newspaper=USA Today |date=January 14, 2008 |accessdate=June 23, 2014| archivedate= October 26, 2012| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026114016/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/nhl/2008-01-14-cover-oree_N.htm | deadurl=no}}
210. ^{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Stanley P.|last2=Tripp|first2=L. Octavia|last3=Amram|first3=Fred|title=African-American Astronauts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiLsdEvu4VMC&pg=PA13|accessdate=27 May 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-1-56065-695-1|page=13}}
211. ^Cosmonaut Arnaldo Mendez was the first person of African descent in space, in 1980.
212. ^Lewis Hamilton became the first black Formula One racer in 2006, but he is a British citizen of Grenadan ancestry, and not an African American. Ribbs did not compete in a race, but drove a Formula One car professionally in January 1986 as a tester for the Brabham–BMW at Estoril, Portugal.
213. ^{{Cite news|title=First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html?pagewanted=2|date=February 6, 1990|first=Fox|last=Butterfield|authorlink=Fox Butterfield|work=The New York Times|postscript=|accessdate=May 2, 2011}}
214. ^{{cite news| title = Dance: Where Are All the Black Swans?| work = The New York Times| last = Kourlas| first= Gia | date = May 6, 2007 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/06/arts/dance/06kour.html?pagewanted=all | accessdate = February 22, 2012 }}
215. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb1998/n02191998_9802198.html |title=Reason Is Navy's First Black Four-Star Admiral |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=February 19, 1998 |accessdate=October 30, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061027080316/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb1998/n02191998_9802198.html |archivedate = October 27, 2006}}
216. ^Historic Listing of National Park Service Officials, USDI, NPS, May 1, 1991, by Harold Danz. Updates after publication by Public Affairs.
217. ^1 2 Woods' mixed ancestry — ¼ Chinese, ¼ Thai, ¼ African-American, ⅛ white, and ⅛ Native American — also makes him the first Asian American to achieve this feat. He is also the first of only four golfers of primarily non-European descent to win a men's major, with the others being Vijay Singh (an Indian Fijian), Michael Campbell (a Māori from New Zealand), and Y.E. Yang (South Korean).
218. ^{{Cite news | last = Farmer| first = Paula| title = The First African American To Head A Fortune 500 Company, Franklin D. Raines Takes Over Fannie Mae | work = The Black Collegian |date=August 1999 | url = http://www.black-collegian.com/issues/1999-08/fdraines.shtml| accessdate = November 7, 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120217173108/http://www.black-collegian.com/issues/1999-08/fdraines.shtml | archivedate= February 17, 2012}}
219. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.html |title=Profile of Shirley Ann Jackson, Ph.D.|publisher=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute| date= September 10, 2014 |accessdate=March 1, 2014 | archivedate= April 7, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407124823/http://www.rpi.edu/president/profile.html | deadurl=no}}
220. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/699474764|title=Encyclopedia of African American music|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Price, Emmett George., Kernodle, Tammy L. (Tammy Lynn), 1969-, Maxile, Horace Joseph.|isbn=9780313342004|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=699474764}}
221. ^Announced as Bobcats owner in December 2002, although team did not begin play until {{nbay|2004|start}}.
222. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.news.ku.edu/2004/04N/FebNews/Feb16/archerlawschool.html |title=First black American Bar Association president to visit KU Feb. 18 |publisher=Archive.news.ku.edu |date=2004-02-16 |accessdate=2015-08-05}}
223. ^{{cite book|author=James Ishmael Ford|title=Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kut6gcyTNEC&pg=PA166|accessdate=15 October 2013|year=2006|publisher=Wisdom Publications|isbn=978-0-86171-509-1|pages=166–}}
224. ^{{cite news |first=Meghan|last= Barr |title=Cancer Survivor, 75, Skis to North Pole |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003696398_northpole07.html |work=The Seattle Times | location = Washington |date=May 6, 2007|accessdate=February 17, 2008 | archivedate= April 24, 2015 | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150424194053/http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/75-year-old-cancer-survivor-skis-to-north-pole/ | deadurl=no}}
225. ^{{cite web|url=http://imdiversity.com/featured-article/rear-admiral-stephen-rochon-1st-african-american-chief-usher-at-the-white-house-2/ |title=Rear Admiral Stephen Rochon 1st African American Chief Usher at the White House |publisher=IMDiversity |date=2013-09-16 |accessdate=2015-08-29}}
226. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |title= Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium |publisher=National Public Radio |date=July 7, 2008 |accessdate=December 22, 2010 |last=Liasson| first= Mara| last2= Norris| first2=Michele | archivedate= March 16, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150316164750/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 | deadurl=no}}
227. ^ {{cite news |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=February 20, 2009 |date=November 4, 2008 |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |title= Barack Obama elected 44th president | last=Johnson|first= Alex }}
228. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html?iref=mpstoryview |title=Duke Ellington becomes first African American on U.S. coin |publisher=CNN |date=February 24, 2009 |accessdate=April 21, 2010 | archivedate=December 23, 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141223172556/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html?iref=mpstoryview | deadurl=no}}
229. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.regalmag.com/black-hockey-player-helps-chicago-win-stanley-cup-a-490.html|title=Black Hockey Player Helps Chicago Win Stanley Cup|publisher=regalmag.com}}
230. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/about/agency/bio_dir.jsp| title = Charles E. Samuels, Jr. | publisher=Federal Bureau of Prisons }}
231. ^{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Robert|title=Obama reelected as president|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 6, 2012 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Y2HyIx3o?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html | archivedate= April 24, 2015|deadurl=no}}
232. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15719 |title=Secretary Panetta Statement on Intent to Nominate CENTCOM Commander |accessdate=February 13, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415112849/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=15719 |archivedate=April 15, 2013 |df= }}
233. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2012/06/the_rev_fred_luter_is_unoppose.html |title = Spirit of change: An influential local preacher is set to become the first black leader of the Southern Baptist Convention |first = Bruce |last = Nolan |date = 2012-06-17 |accessdate = 2012-06-18 |newspaper = The Times-Picayune| location = New Orleans |issue = Metro Edition|pages = A1, A10}} Cf. {{cite news|first = Dayne|last = Sherman|date = 2012-06-24|title = Southern Baptist Convention in black, white|url = http://hammondstar.com/articles/2012/06/26/opinion/columnists/8231.txt|newspaper = Sunday Star|location = Hammond, Louisiana|pages = 4A, 5A|accessdate = 2012-06-24}}
234. ^{{cite news|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/13/southern-baptists-fred-luter_n_1592507.html |first = Travis |last = Oller |publisher = The Huffington Post |title = Rev. Fred Luter Jr. to be Southern Baptists first black president |date = 2012-06-13 |accessdate = 2012-06-18}}
235. ^{{Cite news | issn = 0099-9660 | last = Moore | first = Stephen | title = Tim Scott: Meet the New Senator From South Carolina | work =The Wall Street Journal | accessdate = 2013-05-29 | date = December 21, 2012| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578193322865708896 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112134123/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578193322865708896 | archivedate= January 12, 2015 | deadurl=no}}
236. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/awards/cheryl-boone-isaacs-elected-president-of-academy-of-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences-1200569440/ |title=Cheryl Boone Isaacs Elected President of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |work=Variety | date=July 30, 2013 | first=Jon |last= Weisman | archivedate= April 24, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424200710/http://variety.com/2013/film/awards/cheryl-boone-isaacs-elected-president-of-academy-of-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences-1200569440/ | deadurl=no}}
237. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/jeh-johnson-confirmed-as-secretary-of-homeland-security/2013/12/16/deb5d64c-669d-11e3-8b5b-a77187b716a3_story.html|title=Jeh Johnson confirmed as secretary of homeland security| first= Paul | last= Kane |date = December 16, 2013 | work=The Washington Post | accessdate= April 24, 2015 | archivedate= April 24, 2015| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Y2InRhgK?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/jeh-johnson-confirmed-as-secretary-of-homeland-security/2013/12/16/deb5d64c-669d-11e3-8b5b-a77187b716a3_story.html | deadurl=no}}
238. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/01/adm-michelle-howard-becomes-first-four-star-woman-in-navy-history/|title= Adm. Michelle Howard becomes first four-star woman in Navy history|last1=Lamothe|first1=Dan|date=July 1, 2014|work=The Washington Post |accessdate=July 6, 2014 | archivedate= April 24, 2015| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Y2IyJ17f?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/07/01/adm-michelle-howard-becomes-first-four-star-woman-in-navy-history/ | deadurl=no}}
239. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/11/05/historical-firsts-from-the-election/18523511/|title=Political firsts: How history was made this midterm election|first=Lindsay |last=Deutsch| work=USA Today |date=November 5, 2014|publisher=|accessdate=November 7, 2014 | archivedate= April 24, 2015 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6Y2JALz7d?url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2014/11/05/historical-firsts-from-the-election/18523511/ | deadurl=no}}
240. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/ava-duvernay-becomes-first-african-american-woman-nominated-for-best-director-golden-globe-20141211|title=Ava DuVernay Becomes First African American Woman Nominated for Best Director Golden Globe|first=Melissa|last= Silverstein|date=December 11, 2014|publisher=Indiewire.com | archivedate= December 18, 2014| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141218091600/http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/ava-duvernay-becomes-first-african-american-woman-nominated-for-best-director-golden-globe-20141211 | deadurl=no}}
241. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2015/0423/Loretta-Lynch-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-to-become-attorney-general-video |title=Loretta Lynch makes history as first black woman to become attorney general (+video)| first=Francine |last=Kiefer |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=April 23, 2015 |accessdate=2015-04-24 | archivedate= April 24, 2015 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150424075038/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2015/0423/Loretta-Lynch-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-to-become-attorney-general-video | deadurl=no}}
242. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marines.mil/News/NewsDisplay/tabid/3258/Article/562290/marine-corps-officer-takes-defense-intelligence-agency-reins.aspx|title= Marine Corps officer takes Defense Intelligence Agency reins| first= Terri Moon|last= Cronk| publisher= United States Marines | date=January 26, 2015 | archivedate= February 26, 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226142652/http://www.marines.mil/News/NewsDisplay/tabid/3258/Article/562290/marine-corps-officer-takes-defense-intelligence-agency-reins.aspx | deadurl=no}}
243. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/shake-and-bake/remembering-wendell-scott-s-lone-nascar-win-51-years-later-120114|title= Remembering Wendell Scott's lone NASCAR win 51 years later| first= Jay |last=Pennell| date= January 2, 2015|publisher=Fox Sports | archivedate= April 24, 2015 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424203128/http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/shake-and-bake/remembering-wendell-scott-s-lone-nascar-win-51-years-later-120114 | deadurl=no}}
244. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/football/2015/03/17/cfl-to-name-new-commissioner-today.html|title=CFL names Jeffrey Orridge as new commissioner|last=Rush|first=Curtis|date=17 March 2015|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=17 March 2015}}
245. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=http://wivb.com/2015/06/30/wny-native-becomes-first-black-leader-of-episcopal-church/ |title=WNY native becomes first black leader of Episcopal Church |publisher=wivb.com |accessdate=2015-07-01}}
246. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcca.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=Feature.showFeature&FeatureID=554 |title=Paulette Brown, first African-American female ABA President |publisher=MCCA |date= |accessdate=2015-08-05}}
247. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/9/14/12916522/carla-hayden-librarian-of-congress |title=Carla Hayden is officially sworn in as the first woman and African-American librarian of Congress |publisher=Vox.com| first= Victoria M. |last=Massie | date=September 14, 2016|accessdate=2016-09-14| archivedate= September 21, 2016| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160921040511/http://www.vox.com/2016/9/14/12916522/carla-hayden-librarian-of-congress| deadurl=no}}
248. ^{{Cite news|url= https://tvone.tv/63239/derek-jeter-becomes-first-black-ceo-of-major-league-baseball-team-is-okay-with-players-kneeling/|title=Derek Jeter becomes first African-American CEO of a Major league Baseball team|last=|first=|date=|work=www.tvone.tv|access-date=October 13, 2017}}
249. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/news/american-psychiatric-association-first-african-american-president-dr-altha-stewart/article/767281/|title=New APA President Takes Office as the First African-American to Lead the Organization|date=21 May 2018|publisher=}}
250. ^{{cite news|last1=Bradner|first1=Eric|title=Stacey Abrams wins Democratic primary in Georgia. She could become the nation's first black woman governor.|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/22/politics/georgia-governor-race-stacey-abrams/index.html|accessdate=May 23, 2018|work=CNN|date=May 22, 2018}}
251. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/arts/black-women-oscar-winners.html|title=Hannah Beachler and Ruth E. Carter Make Oscar History for Black Women|work=New York Times|quote=But on Sunday night, two African-American women won Oscars in nonacting categories: Hannah Beachler for production design and Ruth E. Carter for costume design, both for their work on “Black Panther.” They became the first African-American women to win Oscars in their categories, and the first to win in a nonacting category since Irene Cara in 1984}}

References

Footnotes

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book

|last=Smith
|first=Jessie Carney
|title=Black Firsts
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR9jS-rtonQC
|accessdate=29 May 2013
|edition=2
|year=2002
|publisher=Visible Ink Press
|location=Detroit
|isbn=978-1-57859-258-6
|ref=harv}}
  • {{Cite book

| edition = Rev. and expanded
| publisher = Dafina Books
| isbn = 0758202431
| last = Potter
| first = Joan
| title = African-American Firsts: famous, little-known and unsung triumphs of Blacks in America
| location = New York
| year = 2002
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dfbxF9dKhoAC
| accessdate = 30 May 2013
| ref = harv}}{{refend}}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=http://blackoncampus.com/timeline/ |title=Timeline: Black Firsts in Higher Education |first=Ajuan |last=Mance |date=November 5, 2009 |publisher=Blackoncampus.com }}
  • {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/14/opinion/sunday/president-obama-martin-luther-king-racial-barrier.html |title=No Racial Barrier Left to Break (Except All of Them) |first=Khalil Gibran |last=Muhammad |authorlink=Khalil Gibran Muhammad |date=January 15, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22425001/vp/31951708 |title=Remarks by the President to the NAACP Centennial Convention |first=Barack |last=Obama |authorlink=Barack Obama |date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=NBC News |format=Video }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-naacp-centennial-convention-07162009 |title=Remarks by the President to the NAACP Centennial Convention |first=Barack |last=Obama |date=July 16, 2009 |publisher=White House }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/life-after-the-first/2016/04/29/f6ba5fa4-d0d8-11e5-b2bc-988409ee911b_story.html |title=Obama Legacy: Life After the First |first=William |last=Wan |date=April 29, 2016 |work=The Washington Post }} — Interviews with six African-American "firsts", including the first black governor, the first black billionaire, and the first black Ivy League president.
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/04/african-american-firsts-i_n_251130.html |title=African-American Firsts in New York |first=David |last=Weiner |authorlink=David Weiner |date=May 25, 2011 |origyear=Originally posted September 3, 2009 |work=The Huffington Post }}

2 : Lists of firsts|African American-related lists
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