请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 List of birds of Madagascar
释义

  1. Table legend

  2. List of species

  3. See also

  4. References

     Sources 

  5. External links

Madagascar is an island nation located off the southeastern coast of Africa. Because of its long separation from neighboring continents—through tectonic movement, it split from Africa about 160 million years ago, and from India around 90 million years ago—it contains many species endemic to the island.[1] Of the 287 bird species recorded on Madagascar, 105 are found nowhere else on earth, and a handful of others are shared only with the neighbouring Comoro Islands;[1] one has been declared extinct.[3]

This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) follows the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition.

Species status comments are taken from Morris and Hawkins's Birds of Madagascar: A Photographic Guide unless otherwise noted. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts. The IUCN Red List codes are those given by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; they come from the IUCN's Red List website.[2]

Table legend

{{legend|palegreen|(*) Species endemic to Madagascar|border=1px #555 solid}}{{legend|lightyellow|(%) Species introduced to Madagascar|border=1px #555 solid}}
//IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List Codes
CodeDescription
CR Critically endangered
EN Endangered
EX Extinct
LC Least concern
NR Not recognised as a species by IUCN
NT Near threatened
VU Vulnerable

List of species

Taxonomic orderCommon nameScientific nameStatusIUCN code
1 White-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata Common resident LC
2 Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor Uncommon resident LC
3 White-backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus Rare resident LC
4 Knob-billed duck Sarkidiornis melanotos Locally common resident LC
5 African pygmy goose Nettapus auritus Common resident LC
6Meller's duck* Anas melleri Uncommon resident EN
7Bernier's teal* Anas bernieri Rare resident EN
8 Red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha Common resident LC
9 Hottentot teal Spatula hottentota Locally common resident LC
10Madagascan pochard* Aythya innotata Recently rediscovered CR
11Helmeted guineafowl% Numida meleagris Common resident LC
12Madagascan partridge* Margaroperdix madagarensis Uncommon resident LC
13 Common quail Coturnix coturnix Uncommon resident LC
14 Harlequin quail Coturnix delegorguei Uncommon visitor LC
15Alaotra grebe* Tachybaptus rufolavatus Extinct[3] EX
16 Little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Locally common resident LC
17Madagascan grebe* Tachybaptus pelzelnii Uncommon resident VU
18 Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus Regular, rare breeder LC
19 Lesser flamingo Phoenicopterus minor Erratic migrant NT
20 Southern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes chrysocome Very rare vagrant VU
21 Northern rockhopper penguin Eudyptes moseleyi Very rare vagrant EN
22 Indian yellow-nosed albatross Thalassarche carteri Rare vagrant EN
23 Salvin's albatross Thalassarche salvini Rare vagrant VU
24 Shy albatross Thalassarche cauta Rare vagrant VU
25 Black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys Rare vagrant EN
26 Southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus Regular offshore NT
27 Cape petrel Daption capense Offshore migrant LC
28 Great-winged petrel Pterodroma macroptera Uncommon LC
29 Soft-plumaged petrel Pterodroma mollis Very rare vagrant LC
30 Barau's petrel Pterodroma baraui Very rare vagrant EN
31 Antarctic prion Pachyptila desolata Offshore migrant LC
32 Slender-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri Rare vagrant LC
33 Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulwerii Very rare vagrant[25] LC
34 Jouanin's petrel Bulweria fallax Very rare vagrant LC
35 Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea Very rare vagrant LC
36 Flesh-footed shearwater Ardenna carneipes Very rare vagrant LC
37 Wedge-tailed shearwater Ardenna pacificus Uncommon offshore LC
38 Tropical shearwater Puffinus bailloni Uncommon offshore LC
39 Wilson's storm petrel Oceanites oceanicus Regular migrant LC
40 White-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina Very rare vagrant LC
41 White-bellied storm petrel Fregetta grallaria Very rare vagrant LC
42 Black-bellied storm petrel Fregetta tropica Regular LC
43 White-tailed tropicbird Phaethon lepturus Visiting breeder LC
44 Red-billed tropicbird Phaethon aethereus Very rare vagrant LC
45 Red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Visiting breeder LC
46 African openbill Anastomus lamelligerus Resident LC
47 Yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis Locally common LC
48 Greater frigatebird Fregata minor Casual visitor LC
49 Lesser frigatebird Fregata ariel Casual visitor LC
50 Masked booby Sula dactylatra Very rare vagrant LC
51 Brown booby Sula leucogaster Visiting breeder LC
52 Red-footed booby Sula sula Uncommon visitor LC
53 Long-tailed cormorant Microcarbo africanus Resident LC
54 African darter Anhinga rufa Resident LC
55 Pink-backed pelican Pelecanus rufescens Rare vagrant LC
56 Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Resident LC
57 Little bittern Ixobrychus minutus Scarce breeder LC
58 Gray heron Ardea cinerea Fairly common resident LC
59 Black-headed heron Ardea melanocephala Very rare vagrant LC
60 Humblot's heron Ardea humbloti Uncommon resident EN
61 Goliath heron Ardea goliath Very rare vagrant LC
62 Purple heron Ardea purpurea Fairly common resident LC
63 Great egret Ardea alba Common resident LC
64 Dimorphic egret Egretta dimorpha Fairly common resident LC
65 Black heron Egretta ardesiaca Fairly common resident LC
66 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Common resident LC
67 Squacco heron Ardeola ralloides Common resident LC
68 Madagascar pond heron Ardeola idae Visiting breeder LC
69 Striated heron Butorides striata Fairly common resident LC
70 Black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax Uncommon resident LC
71 Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus Common resident LC
72Madagascan ibis* Lophotibis cristata Rare resident NT
73 Madagascar white ibis Threskiornis bernieri Rare resident EN
74 African spoonbill Platalea alba Uncommon resident LC
75 Osprey Pandion haliaetus Rare vagrant LC
76 Black-winged kite Elanus caeruleus LC
77Madagascan harrier-hawk* Polyboroides radiatus LC
78Madagascan serpent eagle* Eutriorchis astur EN
79Madagascar cuckoo-hawk* Aviceda madagascariensis LC
80 Bat hawk Macheiramphus alcinus LC
81Madagascar marsh harrier* Circus macrosceles VU
82Frances's sparrowhawk* Accipiter francesii LC
83Madagascan sparrowhawk* Accipiter madagascariensis NT
84Henst's goshawk* Accipiter henstii NT
85 Yellow-billed kite Milvus aegyptius NR
86Madagascan fish eagle* Haliaeetus vociferoides CR
87Madagascan buzzard* Buteo brachypterus LC
88White-breasted mesite* Mesitornis variegata Locally common resident VU
89Brown mesite* Mesitornis unicolor Uncommon resident VU
90Subdesert mesite* Monias benschi Uncommon resident VU
91Madagascar wood-rail* Canirallus kioloides LC
92Tsingy wood rail* Mentocrex beankaensis Range-restricted resident[26] NT
93Madagascan rail* Rallus madagascariensis VU
94 White-throated rail Dryolimnas cuvieri LC
95Sakalava rail* Amaurornis olivieri EN
96 Baillon's crake Porzana pusilla LC
97 African swamphen Porphyrio madagascariensis LC
98 Allen's gallinule Porphyrio alleni LC
99 Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC
100 Red-knobbed coot Fulica cristata LC
101Madagascan flufftail* Sarothrura insularis LC
102Slender-billed flufftail* Sarothrura watersi EN
103 Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus Fairly common resident LC
104 Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Very rare vagrant LC
105 Grey plover Pluvialis squatarola LC
106 Pacific golden plover Pluvialis fulva LC
107 Lesser sandplover Charadrius mongolus LC
108 Greater sandplover Charadrius leschenaultii LC
109 Kittlitz's plover Charadrius pecuarius LC
110 Common ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula LC
111Madagascan plover* Charadrius thoracicus VU
112 Three-banded plover Charadrius tricollaris LC
113 White-fronted plover Charadrius marginatus LC
114 Greater painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis LC
115Madagascan jacana* Actophilornis albinucha NT
116 Terek sandpiper Xenus cinereus LC
117 Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos LC
118 Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus LC
119 Common greenshank Tringa nebularia LC
120 Marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis LC
121 Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola LC
122 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus LC
123 Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata NT
124 Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa NT
125 Bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica LC
126 Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres LC
127 Ruff Calidris pugnax LC
128 Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea LC
129 Sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata Very rare vagrant[27] LC
130 Sanderling Calidris alba LC
131 Little stint Calidris minuta LC
132 Buff-breasted sandpiper Calidris subruficollis Very rare vagrant[28] LC
133Madagascan snipe* Gallinago macrodactyla VU
134 Red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Very rare vagrant[28] LC
135Madagascan buttonquail* Turnix nigricollis Common resident LC
136 Crab-plover Dromas ardeola Common visitor LC
137 Madagascan pratincole Glareola ocularis VU
138 Brown skua Stercorarius antarctica LC
139 Pomarine skua Sterocorarius pomarinus LC
140 Arctic skua Stercorarius parasiticus LC
141 Long-tailed skua Stercorarius longicaudus LC
142 Gray-headed gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus LC
143 Kelp gull Larus dominicanus LC
144 Brown noddy Anous stolidus LC
145 Lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris LC
146 White tern Gygis alba LC
147 Sooty tern Onychoprion fuscatus LC
148 Bridled tern Onychoprion anaethetus LC
149 Saunders's tern Sternula saundersi LC
150 Damara tern Sternula balaenarum NT
151 Gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica LC
152 Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia LC
153 Black tern Chlidonias niger LC
154 White-winged tern Chlidonias leucopterus LC
155 Whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida LC
156 Roseate tern Sterna dougallii LC
157 Black-naped tern Sterna sumatrana LC
158 Common tern Sterna hirundo LC
159 Greater crested tern Thalasseus bergii LC
160 Sandwich tern Thalasseus sandvicensis LC
161 Lesser crested tern Thalasseus bengalensis LC
162Madagascan sandgrouse* Pterocles personatus LC
163Rock pigeon% Columba livia LC
164 Malagasy turtle dove Nesoenas picturatus LC
165 Namaqua dove Oena capensis LC
166 Madagascan green pigeon Treron australis LC
167Madagascan blue pigeon* Alectroenas madagascariensis LC
168 Thick-billed cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti LC
169 Madagascar lesser cuckoo Cuculus rochii LC
170Giant coua* Coua gigas LC
171Coquerel's coua* Coua coquereli LC
172Red-breasted coua* Coua serriana LC
173Red-fronted coua* Coua reynaudii LC
174Red-capped coua* Coua ruficeps LC
175Running coua* Coua cursor LC
176Crested coua* Coua cristata LC
177Verreaux's coua* Coua verreauxi NT
178Blue coua* Coua caerulea LC
179 Madagascar coucal Centropus toulou LC
180 Barn owl Tyto alba LC
181Red owl* Tyto soumagnei VU
182Malagasy scops-owl* Otus rutilus LC
183Verreaux's eagle-owl* Bubo lacteus LC
184Madagascar owl* Asio madagascariensis LC
185 Marsh owl Asio capensis LC
186 White-browed owl Athene superciliaris LC
187Collared nightjar* Gactornis enarratus LC
188 Madagascan nightjar Caprimulgus madagascariensis LC
189 Malagasy spinetail Zoonavena grandidieri Widespread resident LC
190 Alpine swift Tachymarptis melba Widespread resident LC
191 Madagascar swift Apus balstoni Widespread resident LC
192 Little swift Apus affinis Recent colonist LC
193 African palm swift Cypsiurus parvus Widespread resident LC
194 Malagasy kingfisher Corythornis vintsioides Common resident LC
195Madagascan pygmy kingfisher* Corythornis madagascariensis Common resident LC
196 Madagascar bee-eater Merops superciliosus LC
197 European bee-eater Merops apiaster Very rare vagrant LC
198 Broad-billed roller Eurystomus glaucurus LC
199Short-legged ground roller* Brachypteracias leptosomus Resident VU
200Scaly ground roller* Brachypteracias squamigera Resident VU
201Pitta-like ground roller* Atelornis pittoides Resident LC
202Rufous-headed ground roller* Atelornis crossleyi Resident NT
203Long-tailed ground roller* Uratelornis chimaera Resident VU
204 Cuckoo-roller Leptosomus discolor LC
205 Madagascan hoopoe Upupa marginata LC
206 Madagascar kestrel Falco newtoni Resident LC
207Banded kestrel* Falco zoniventris Uncommon resident LC
208 Eleonora's falcon Falco eleonorae Winter visitor LC
209 Sooty falcon Falco concolor Winter visitor NT
210 Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus Scarce resident LC
211Greater vasa parrot* Coracopsis vasa LC
212 Lesser vasa parrot Coracopsis nigra LC
213Grey-headed lovebird* Agapornis canus LC
214Velvet asity* Philepitta castanea LC
215Schlegel's asity* Philepitta schlegeli NT
216Common sunbird-asity* Neodrepanis coruscans LC
217Yellow-bellied sunbird-asity* Neodrepanis hypoxanthus VU
218Archbold's newtonia* Newtonia archboldi LC
219Common newtonia* Newtonia brunneicauda LC
220Dark newtonia* Newtonia amphichroa LC
221Red-tailed newtonia* Newtonia fanovanae VU
222Tylas vanga* Tylas eduardi LC
223Red-tailed vanga* Calicalicus madagascariensis Fairly common resident LC
224Red-shouldered vanga* Calicalicus rufocarpalis Uncommon resident VU
225Nuthatch vanga* Hypositta corallirostris LC
226Chabert vanga* Leptopterus chabert LC
227Crossley's vanga* Mystacornis crossleyi LC
228Blue vanga* Cyanolanius madagascarinus LC
229Ward's flycatcher* Pseudobias wardi Range-restricted resident LC
230Hook-billed vanga* Vanga curvirostris LC
231Rufous vanga* Schetba rufa LC
232Helmet vanga* Euryceros prevostii VU
233Bernier's vanga* Oriolia bernieri VU
234Sickle-billed vanga* Falculea palliata LC
235White-headed vanga* Artamella viridis LC
236Pollen's vanga* Xenopirostris polleni NT
237Lafresnaye's vanga* Xenopirostris xenopirostris LC
238Van Dam's vanga* Xenopirostris damii EN
239 Ashy cuckooshrike Coracina cinerea LC
240 Eurasian golden oriole Oriolus oriolus LC
241 Crested drongo Dicrurus forficatus Common resident LC
242 Madagascar paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone mutata Common resident LC
243 House crow Corvus splendens Very rare vagrant[30] LC
244 Pied crow Corvus albus Common resident LC
245Madagascan lark* Eremopterix hova LC
246 Brown-throated martin Riparia paludicola LC
247 Sand martin Riparia riparia LC
248 Mascarene martin Phedina borbonica LC
249 Barn swallow Hirundo rustica LC
250 Madagascar bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis LC
251Madagascar brush warbler* Nesillas typica (E) LC
252Madagascan swamp warbler* Acrocephalus newtoni LC
253Brown emutail* Bradypterus brunneus LC
254Grey emutail* Amphilais seebohmi LC
255White-throated oxylabes* Oxylabes madagascariensis LC
256Long-billed bernieria* Bernieria madagascariensis LC
257Cryptic warbler* Cryptosylvicola randriansoloi LC
258Wedge-tailed jery* Hartertula flavoviridis NT
259Thamnornis* Thamnornis chloropetoides LC
260Yellow-browed oxylabes* Crossleyia xanthophrys NT
261Spectacled tetraka* Xanthomixis zosterops LC
262Appert's tetraka* Xanthomixis apperti VU
263Dusky tetraka* Xanthomixis tenebrosus VU
264Grey-crowned tetraka* Xanthomixis cinereiceps NT
265Rand's warbler* Randia pseudozosterops LC
266Common jery* Neomixis tenella LC
267Green jery* Neomixis viridis LC
268Stripe-throated jery* Neomixis striatigula LC
269 Madagascan cisticola Cisticola cherinus LC
270 Madagascar white-eye Zosterops maderaspatanus LC
271Madagascar magpie-robin* Copsychus albospecularis LC
272 Forest rock thrush* Monticola sharpei LC
273Littoral rock thrush* Monticola imerinus LC
274 Madagascan stonechat* Saxicola sibilla LC
275 Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe Very rare vagrant[20] LC
276Madagascan starling* Hartlaubius auratus Fairly common northwest, north and east LC
277Common myna% Acridotheres tristis Introduced and spreading LC
278 Wattled starling Creatophora cinerea Very rare vagrant LC
279 Souimanga sunbird Cinnyris sovimanga LC
280 Malagasy green sunbird Cinnyris notatus LC
281Madagascan wagtail* Motacilla flaviventris LC
282House sparrow% Passer domesticus LC
283Nelicourvi weaver* Ploceus nelicourvi Fairly common in suitable habitat LC
284Sakalava weaver* Ploceus sakalava LC
285Madagascar red fody* Foudia madagascariensis Very common LC
286Forest fody* Foudia omissa Fairly common LC
287Common waxbill% Estrilda astrild Introduced and local LC
288Madagascar munia* Lonchura nana Common in suitable habitat LC

See also

  • Endemic birds of Madagascar and western Indian Ocean islands
  • List of birds
  • Lists of birds by region

References

1. ^Morris & Hawkins (1998), p. 5.
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/ |title=IUCN Red List |publisher=IUCN |accessdate=15 April 2009}}
3. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 108
4. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 36
5. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 40
6. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 46
7. ^{{cite journal|first=Martin |last=Mwema |first2=Felix |last2=Razafindrajao |title=First Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens sightings in Madagascar since 1960 |journal=The Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=86–87 |date=March 2006|ref=harv}}
8. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 54
9. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=68}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3793&m=0 |title=Madagascar Crested Ibis – BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |accessdate=2009-04-15}}
11. ^{{cite web |url={{IUCNlink|144338}} |title=Haliaeetus vociferoides |publisher=IUCN|accessdate=2008-10-19}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=112}}
13. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=128}}
14. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=190}}
15. ^Morris & Hawkins 1998, p. 208
16. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=218}}
17. ^1 {{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=284}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=260}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Morris|Hawkins|1998|p=292}}
20. ^{{cite journal |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=September 2009 |page=223 |first=Paul |last=Koenig |title=Prèmiere mention du Traquet motteux Oenanthe oenanthe pour Madagascar |language=French}}
21. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02776p060.pdf |title=Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in the Mentocrex kioloides complex (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from Madagascar, with the description of a new species |first1=Steven M. |last1=Goodman |first2=Marie Jean |last2=Raherilalao |first3=Nicholas L |last3= Block |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2776 |pages=49–60}}
22. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8702000/8702598.stm |title=Bird conservation: Alaotra grebe confirmed extinct |first=Matt |last=Walker |publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=26 May 2010}}
23. ^1 {{cite journal | journal = African Bird Club Bulletin | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | date = September 2014 | pages = 216–219 | first = Theo E. W. | last = Linders | first2 = Olivier | last2 = Langrand | title = First record of House Crow for Madagascar – potential impacts and suggested management of an invasive bird species | url = http://www.africanbirdclub.org/bulletins/abc-bulletin-212-september-2014/first-record-house-crow-madagascar-potential-impacts-and | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}
24. ^1 {{cite journal | journal = African Bird Club Bulletin | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | date = March 2003 | page = 50 | first = R. | last = Patient | title = The first Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata for Madagascar | url = http://www.africanbirdclub.org/bulletins/abc-bulletin-101-march-2003/first-sharp-tailed-sandpiper-calidris-acuminata-madagascar | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}
25. ^1 {{cite journal |first=K. Praveen |last=Karanth |volume=90 |issue=6 |date=March 2006 |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf |title=Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota |journal=Current Science |pages=789–792 |ref=harv}}
26. ^1 {{cite journal | first = Dominic P. | last = Rollinson | journal = African Bird Club Bulletin | title = Rare seabird sightings off north and west Madagascar, January–February 2014| volume = 22 | issue = 2 | date = September 2015 | url = https://www.africanbirdclub.org/bulletins/abc-bulletin-222-september-2015/rare-seabird-sightings-north-and-west-madagascar-january | pages = 204–208}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite journal | journal = African Bird Club Bulletin | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | date = September 2014 | pages = 224–226 | title = First records of Buff-breasted Sandpiper and Red-necked Phalarope for Madagascar | first1 = Cuan | last1 = Rush | first2 = David | last2 = Hoddinott | url = http://www.africanbirdclub.org/bulletins/abc-bulletin-212-september-2014/first-records-buff-breasted-sandpiper-and-red-necked | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}
[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
}}

Sources

  • {{Cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Pete |first2=Frank |last2=Hawkins |title=Birds of Madagascar: A Photographic Guide |year=1998 |publisher=Pica Press |location=Mountfield, UK |isbn=1-873403-45-3}}
  • {{Cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Ian |first2=Olivier |last2=Langrand |title=Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands |year=1998 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=1-86872-956-7}}

External links

  • African Bird Club checklist of the birds of Madagascar generates downloadable PDF, which doesn't exactly match this list
  • Avibase checklist of the birds of Madagascar
{{Africa topic|List of birds of}}

3 : Lists of birds by country|Birds of Madagascar|Lists of biota of Madagascar
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 14:46:17