| 词条 | List of birds of Mongolia | ||||
| 释义 |
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Mongolia. The avifauna of Mongolia include a total of 427 species, of which four are rare or accidental. One species listed is extirpated in Mongolia and is not included in the species count. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Accidental species are included in the total species count for Mongolia. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
LoonsOrder: Gaviiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GaviidaeLoons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. There are 5 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
GrebesOrder: Podicipediformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PodicipedidaeGrebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. There are 20 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Mongolia.
CormorantsOrder: Suliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
PelicansOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PelecanidaePelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. There are 8 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Bitterns, herons and egretsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ArdeidaeThe family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
Ibises and spoonbillsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ThreskiornithidaeThreskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
StorksOrder: Ciconiiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CiconiidaeStorks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
Ducks, geese and swansOrder: Anseriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AnatidaeAnatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. There are 32 species which occur in Mongolia.
OspreyOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PandionidaeThe family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Hawks, kites and eaglesOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AccipitridaeAccipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Caracaras and falconsOrder: Falconiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FalconidaeFalconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. There are 62 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in Mongolia.
GrouseOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TetraonidaeGrouse are game birds, similar to quails and partridges. There are 6 species which have been recorded in Mongolia.
Pheasants and partridgesOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhasianidaeThe Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. There are 156 species worldwide and 11 species which occur in Mongolia.
CranesOrder: Gruiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GruidaeCranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". There are 15 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in Mongolia.
Rails, crakes, gallinules and cootsOrder: Gruiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RallidaeRallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
BustardsOrder: Otidiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: OtididaeBustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
Painted-snipeOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RostratulidaePainted-snipe are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
IbisbillOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: IbidorhynchidaeThe ibisbill is related to the waders, but is sufficiently distinctive to be a family unto itself. The adult is grey with a white belly, red legs, a long down curved bill, and a black face and breast band.
Avocets and stiltsOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RecurvirostridaeRecurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. There are 9 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Mongolia.
Pratincoles and coursersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GlareolidaeGlareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Plovers and lapwingsOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CharadriidaeThe family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. There are 66 species worldwide and 13 species which occur in Mongolia.
Sandpipers and alliesOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ScolopacidaeScolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Gulls, terns, and skimmersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaridaeLaridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
SandgrouseOrder: Pterocliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PteroclidaeSandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes. There are 16 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Pigeons and dovesOrder: Columbiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ColumbidaePigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. There are 308 species worldwide and 8 species which occur in Mongolia.
Cuckoos and anisOrder: Cuculiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CuculidaeThe family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
Typical owlsOrder: Strigiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: StrigidaeThe typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
NightjarsOrder: Caprimulgiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CaprimulgidaeNightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
SwiftsOrder: Apodiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ApodidaeSwifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. There are 3 species which have been recorded in Mongolia.
KingfishersOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlcedinidaeKingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. There are 93 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Mongolia.
Typical rollersOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CoraciidaeRollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
HoopoesOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: UpupidaeHoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. There are 2 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Woodpeckers and alliesOrder: Piciformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PicidaeWoodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
LarksOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlaudidaeLarks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Swallows and martinsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: HirundinidaeThe family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in Mongolia.
Wagtails and pipitsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MotacillidaeMotacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. There are 54 species worldwide and 15 species which occur in Mongolia.
KingletsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RegulidaeThe kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
WaxwingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: BombycillidaeThe waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. There are 3 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
DippersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CinclidaeDippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. There are 5 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
WrensOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TroglodytidaeThe wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. There are 80 species worldwide (of which all but one are New World species) and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
AccentorsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PrunellidaeThe accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows. There are 13 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in Mongolia.
Thrushes and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TurdidaeThe thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Locustellid warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Locustellidae
Acrocephalid warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Acrocephalidae
Phylloscopid warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Phylloscopidae
Old World warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SylviidaeThe family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Old World flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MuscicapidaeOld World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
LaughingthrushesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Leiothrichidae
Bearded reedlingOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Panuridae
Long-tailed titsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AegithalidaeLong-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. There are 9 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Chickadees and titmiceOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ParidaeThe Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
NuthatchesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SittidaeNuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. There are 24 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
WallcreeperOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TichodromidaeThe wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage.
TreecreepersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CerthiidaeTreecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. There are 6 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
Penduline titsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RemizidaeThe penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. There are 13 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Mongolia.
Old World oriolesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: OriolidaeThe Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. There are 29 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Mongolia.
ShrikesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaniidaeShrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
Crows, jays, ravens and magpiesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CorvidaeThe family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. There are 120 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in Mongolia.
StarlingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SturnidaeStarlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Longspurs and arctic buntingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Calcariidae
Buntings, sparrows, seedeaters and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: EmberizidaeThe emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
Siskins, crossbills and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FringillidaeFinches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. There are 137 species worldwide and 26 species which occur in Mongolia.
SparrowsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PasseridaeSparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
See also
References
| last = Lepage | first = Denis | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?region=mn&pg=checklist&list=clements | title = Checklist of birds of Mongolia | format = | work = Bird Checklists of the World | publisher = Avibase | accessdate = 27 April 2007
| title=Birds of the World: a Checklist | first= James F. | last = Clements | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-934797-16-1 | pages = 880 External links
4 : Lists of birds by country|Lists of birds of Asia|Birds of Mongolia|Lists of biota of Mongolia |
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