“List of birds of Niue”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Niue. The avifauna of Niue include a total of twenty-nine species, of which one has been introduced by humans and nine are rare or accidental.^[1] Two species are globally threatened.^[2] There are no endemic species surviving today but there are endemic subspecies of the Polynesian triller and Polynesian starling.^[3] There are 15 breeding species of which eleven are landbirds and four are seabirds. Studies of fossil birds suggest that Niue's avifauna was formerly more diverse.^[3] Birds recorded from subfossil remains predating Polynesian settlement of the island include the Niue night heron (Nycticorax kalavikai), Tongan megapode (Megapodius pritchardii) and the Niue rail (Gallirallus huiatua).^[4]

This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition.^[5] The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Niue. There are unconfirmed reports of the red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda), Pacific black duck (Anas superciliosa) and sharp-tailed sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) but these are not included in the list.^[1]

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.

Shearwaters and petrels

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Tropicbirds

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

Frigatebirds

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

Herons and egrets

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

Pheasants and partridges

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.

Rails

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Plovers

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

Sandpipers and allies

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

Pigeons and doves

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

Parrots

Cuckoos

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.

Barn owls

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Swifts

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

Cuckooshrikes

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

Starlings

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

See also

References

1. ^¹Watling, Dick (2001) A Guide to the Birds of Fiji & Western Polynesia, Environmental Consultants (Fiji), Suva.
2. ^{{cite web | last = Lepage | first = Denis | year = | url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?region=nu&pg=checklist&list=clements | title = Checklist of birds of Niue | format = | work = Bird Checklists of the World | publisher = Avibase | accessdate = 30 April 2007 }}
3. ^¹Worthy T. H.; Walter, R. & Anderson A. J. (1998) Fossil and archaeological avifauna of Niue Island, Pacific Ocean {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017233320/http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_45-1998/Notornis_45_3_177.pdf |date=2008-10-17 }}. Notornis, 45: 177-190.
4. ^{{cite journal |author1=Steadman, David W. |author2=Worthy, Trevor H. |author3=Anderson, Atholl J. |author4=Walter, Richard. |last-author-amp=yes |date=2000-06-01 |title= New species and records of birds from prehistoric sites on Niue, southwest Pacific. |journal=Wilson Bulletin |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=165–186 |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63789264.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070524032121/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63789264.html|dead-url= yes|archive-date= 2007-05-24|doi= 10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0165:NSAROB]2.0.CO;2}}(subscription required)
5. ^{{cite book | title=Birds of the World: a Checklist | first= James F. | last = Clements | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-934797-16-1 | page = 880 }}