| 词条 | List of birds of São Tomé and Príncipe | ||||
| 释义 |
This is a list of the bird species recorded in São Tomé and Príncipe. As São Tomé and Príncipe is a series of islands, its avifauna grows whenever a "new" species arrives or is recorded for the first time; the list comprises over 140 species, of which 22 are endemic, three have been introduced by humans, several are rare or accidental (often termed "vagrants") and several sightings-cum-identifications require confirmation ("Uncertain record" per African Bird Club). Some 10 species are globally threatened. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) for the most part follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for São Tomé and Príncipe. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
Shearwaters and petrelsOrder: Procellariiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ProcellariidaeThe procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
Austral storm petrelsOrder: Procellariiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: OceanitidaeThe storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
Northern storm petrelsOrder: Procellariiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Hydrobatidae
TropicbirdsOrder: Phaethontiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhaethontidaeTropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
Boobies and gannetsOrder: Suliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SulidaeThe sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
CormorantsOrder: Suliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhalacrocoracidaePhalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
Bitterns, herons and egretsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ArdeidaeThe family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
Ibises and spoonbillsOrder: Pelecaniformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ThreskiornithidaeThreskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
StorksOrder: Ciconiiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CiconiidaeStorks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
FlamingosOrder: Phoenicopteriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhoenicopteridaeFlamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually {{convert|3|to|5|ft|m|1}} tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly-shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. There are 6 species worldwide and 1 or 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Ducks, geese and swansOrder: Anseriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AnatidaeAnatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
OspreyOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PandionidaeThe family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Hawks, kites and eaglesOrder: Accipitriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AccipitridaeAccipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Caracaras and falconsOrder: Falconiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FalconidaeFalconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Pheasants and partridgesOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PhasianidaeThe Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. There are 3 species which have been recorded in São Tomé and Príncipe.
GuineafowlOrder: Galliformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: NumididaeGuineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. There are 6 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Rails, crakes, gallinules and cootsOrder: Gruiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: RallidaeRallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Pratincoles and coursersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: GlareolidaeGlareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Plovers and lapwingsOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CharadriidaeThe family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. There are 66 species worldwide and 2–5 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Sandpipers and alliesOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ScolopacidaeScolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. There are 13 species which have been recorded in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Skuas and jaegersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: StercorariidaeThe family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Gulls, terns, and skimmersOrder: Charadriiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaridaeLaridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
Pigeons and dovesOrder: Columbiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ColumbidaePigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Parrots, macaws and alliesOrder: Psittaciformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PsittacidaeParrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.
Cuckoos and anisOrder: Cuculiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CuculidaeThe family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 4–5 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Barn owlsOrder: Strigiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TytonidaeBarn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. There are 16 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Typical owlsOrder: Strigiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: StrigidaeThe typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. There are 195 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
SwiftsOrder: Apodiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ApodidaeSwifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. There are 98 species worldwide and 3–5 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
KingfishersOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: AlcedinidaeKingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. There are 4 species which have been recorded in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Typical rollersOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CoraciidaeRollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
HoopoesOrder: Coraciiformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Upupidae
Swallows and martinsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: HirundinidaeThe family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Wagtails and pipitsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MotacillidaeMotacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
Thrushes and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: TurdidaeThe thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. There are 2 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Cisticolas and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: CisticolidaeThe Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub. There are 111 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Acrocephalid warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: Acrocephalidae
Old World warblersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SylviidaeThe family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Old World flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MuscicapidaeOld World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. There are 2 species which have been recorded in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Monarch flycatchersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: MonarchidaeThe monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. There are 99 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Sunbirds and spiderhuntersOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: NectariniidaeThe sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed. There are 131 species worldwide and 5 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
White-eyesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ZosteropidaeThe white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. There are 96 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Old World oriolesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: OriolidaeThe Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. There are 29 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
ShrikesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: LaniidaeShrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. There are 31 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
DrongosOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: DicruridaeThe drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. There are 24 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
StarlingsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: SturnidaeStarlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. There are 125 species worldwide and 2 or 3 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Weavers and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: PloceidaeThe weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. There are 116 species worldwide and 10 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Waxbills and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: EstrildidaeThe estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. There are 141 species worldwide and 4 or 5 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
IndigobirdsOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: ViduidaeThe indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. There are 20 species worldwide and 1 or 2 species which occur in São Tomé and Príncipe.
Siskins, crossbills and alliesOrder: Passeriformes{{nbsp|3}}Family: FringillidaeFinches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
See also
References
| last = Lepage | first = Denis | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?region=st&pg=checklist&list=clements | title = Checklist of birds of São Tomé and Príncipe | format = | work = Bird Checklists of the World | publisher = Avibase | accessdate = 27 April 2007
| title=Birds of the World: a Checklist | first= James F. | last = Clements | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-934797-16-1 | pages = 880
| last = African Bird Club | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2007 | url = http://www.africanbirdclub.org/countries/SãoTome/news.html | title = São Tomé e Príncipe: News | work = | publisher = ABC | accessdate = 2 March 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} {{Africa topic|List of birds of}}{{São Tomé and Príncipe topics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Birds Of Sao Tome And Principe}} 3 : Birds of the Gulf of Guinea|Lists of biota of São Tomé and Príncipe|Lists of birds by country |
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