• Manuel de Abreu, physician, inventor of abreugraphy (mass radiography of the lungs for screening tuberculosis)
• Aziz Ab'Saber, geographer; geologist; ecologist recognized for the Theory of Refuges and Amazon studies; former president of the SBPC
• Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida, geologist
• Carlos Paz de Araújo, scientist and inventor, holds nearly 600 patents in the area of nanotechnology
• José Márcio Ayres, biologist, zoologist, primatologist
• Marcia Barbosa, physicist
• Eddy Bensoussan, physician
• Wilson Teixeira Beraldo, co-discoverer of bradykinin
• Thaisa Storchi Bergmann, astrophysicist at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul^[1]
• Carlos Augusto Bertulani, physicist
• Vital Brazil, physician and scientist, discoverer of the antivenom for snakes and other venomous animals
• Ennio Candotti, physicist and scientific leader
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sociologist and former President
• José Cândido de Melo Carvalho, biologist, zoologist, entomologist
• Carlos Chagas, biologist, zoologist, public health worker
• Evandro Chagas, physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine; son of Carlos Chagas
• Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro, mathematician and statistician
• Vera Cordeiro, social entrepreneur and physician
• Newton da Costa (1929), mathematician and logician, recognised for his works in paraconsistent logic
• Oswaldo Cruz, physician and public health champion, eliminated yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the 20th century
• Johanna Döbereiner (1924–2000), biologist, discoverer of the nitrogen fixing role of soil bacteria
• Adolpho Ducke, Croatian-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; entomologist; botanist
• Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995), father of Brazilian sociology
• Sérgio Henrique Ferreira, physician and pharmacologist, discovered the active principle of a drug for hypertension
• Carlos Chagas Filho, physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, former president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences; son of Carlos Chagas
• Hércules Florence, pioneer of photography
• Santiago Americano Freire (1908–1997), physician and professor of pharmacology, psychiatrist, writer, painter
• Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), historiographer and sociologist
• Celso Furtado, noted economist and ideologue of economy of developing nations
• Marcelo Gleiser, physicist, writer and professor of physics and astronomy at the Dartmouth College since 1991
• José Goldemberg, physicist, former Minister of Science & Technology and Dean of the University of São Paulo
• Émil Göldi, Swiss-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; naturalist
• Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Brazilian Catholic priest, pioneer of aviation, the inventor of the balloon, became known as the "flying priest"
• Jacques Hüber, Swiss-Brazilian biologist; botanist
• Ivan Izquierdo, physician and neuroscientist; discovered neural mechanisms of memory
• Jean Paul Jacob, electronic engineer, researcher and professor, research manager at the Almaden IBM Research Center, California
• Adib Jatene, heart surgeon
• Alexander Kellner, Liechtensteinian/Brazilian paleontologist
• Warwick Estevam Kerr, geneticist, researcher on the biology and genetics of bees
• Eduardo Krieger, physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• César Lattes, experimental physicist, co-discoverer of the pion, a type of subatomic particle, first president of the Brazilian National Research Council
• Napoleão Laureano, cancer researcher
• Aristides Leão, physician and physiologist, discovered Leão's depression, a phenomenon of nervous tissue
• Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima (1887–1964), doctor, entomologist
• Henrique da Rocha Lima, physician, pathologist and infectologist, discovered Rickettsia prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic typhus
• José Leite Lopes, theoretical physicist
• Adolfo Lutz, physician and pioneer of public health
• José Lutzenberger (1926–2002), ecologist and zoologist
• Roberto Landell de Moura, pioneer of telephony
• Fritz Müller, German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; botanist; naturalist; entomologist
• Miguel Nicolelis, neuroscientist, one of Scientific American's best scientists of 2004
• Jacob Palis, mathematician of international fame, current president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• Maurício Peixoto, engineer, mathematician, pioneered the studies on structural stability, author of Peixoto's theorem
• Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna, biologist, zoologist, naturalist
• José Aristodemo Pinotti, physician and gynecologist, former president of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
• Marcos Pontes, first Brazilian astronaut, Expedition 13
• André Rebouças (1838–1898), pioneer engineer, brother of Antônio Rebouças Filho
• José Reis, biologist, greatest Brazilian science writer
• Gilberto Righi, biologist, zoologist, specialist on earthworms
• Milton Santos (1926–2001), geographer, won the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize, the highest award that can be gained in the field of geography
• Alberto Santos-Dumont, aviator and inventor
• Mário Schenberg, theoretical physicist
• Helmut Sick, German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; ornithologist
• Lotar Siewerdt, agronomist; forage production
• Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva, responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease
• Maurício Rocha e Silva, physician and pharmacologist, discovered bradykinin, an active cardiovascular peptide
• Nise da Silveira (1905–1999), psychiatrist and mental health reformer
• Jorge Stolfi, computer scientist, professor at UNICAMP
• Jayme Tiomno, experimental and theoretical nuclear physicist
• Paulo Emílio Vanzolini, biologist, zoologist, herpetologist
• Glaci Zancan, biochemist^[2]
• Mayana Zatz, biologist and geneticist
• Euryclides Zerbini, heart surgeon, pioneer of first heart transplant in Brazil

Foreign scientists and engineers who lived or live in Brazil

• Alexander Grothendieck, French mathematician
• David Bohm, American physicist
• Gregory Chaitin, Argentine-American mathematician
• Louis Couty, French physiologist and pharmacologist
• Miguel Rolando Covian, Argentinian physiologist
• Orville Adalbert Derby, American geologist
• Heinz Ebert, German geologist
• Luigi Fantappiè, Italian mathematician
• Richard Feynman, American physicist
• Charles Frederick Hartt, Canadian-American geologist and paleontologist
• Hermann von Ihering, German naturalist
• Fritz Köberle, Austrian physician and pathologist
• Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff, German/Russian naturalist
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist
• Emmanuel Liais, French astronomer and naturalist
• Lucien Lison, Belgian anatomist
• Fritz Müller, German naturalist
• Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian physicist
• Ludwig Riedel, German botanist
• Oscar Sala, Italian nuclear physicist
• Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke, German botanist
• Friedrich Sellow, German botanist
• Helmut Sick, German zoologist
• Peter Szatmari, Hungarian geologist
• Gleb Wataghin, Russian/Italian physicist