| 释义 |
- Distinguishing features
- Classification
- Subfamily Pierinae, whites Genus Aporia, blackveins Genus Baltia, dwarfs Genus Pieris, whites Genus Pontia, Bath whites Genus Anaphaeis, pioneers Genus Cepora, gulls Genus Ixias, Indian orange tips Genus Delias, Jezebels Genus Prioneris, sawtooths Genus Appias, puffins and albatrosses Genus Leptosia, Psyche Genus Euchloe, little whites Genus Hebomoia, great orange tip Genus Colotis, Arabs Genus Pareronia, wanderers
- Subfamily Coliadinae, yellows Genus Catopsilia, emigrants Genus Gonepteryx, brimstones Genus Dercas, sulphurs Genus Eurema, grass yellows Genus Gandaca, tree yellow Genus Colias, clouded yellows
- Life cycle
- Food plants
- References
- External links
This is a list of the pierid butterflies of India. It forms part of the full List of butterflies of India. The family Pieridae, or the whites and yellows are a family of butterflies of moderate or small size. The common names refer to the two predominant colours found on the wings of these butterflies along with markings in black. Of the 1051 species of pierids occurring in the world, 81 species in 21 genera are found in India. Distinguishing features- Outline of wings usually regular. Hindwings are never tailed.
- Forelegs are fully developed in both sexes.
- The hindwings are channelled at the abdomen to fit the abdomen.
ClassificationWorldwide, family Pieridae has four subfamilies, of which the whites and the yellows are well represented in India. - Pierinae or the whites
- Coliadinae or the yellows
Subfamily Pierinae, whitesGenus Aporia, blackveins- Tibet blackvein, Aporia peloria Hewitson, 1853
- Himalayan blackvein, Aporia leucodice (Eversmann, 1843)
- Dusky blackvein, Aporia nabellica (Boisduval, 1836)
- Bhutan blackvein, Aporia harrietae (de Nicéville, 1892)
- Great blackvein, Aporia agathon (Gray, 1832)
Genus Baltia, dwarfs - Shaw's dwarf, Baltia shawi (Bates, 1873)
- Butler's dwarf, Baltia butleri Alphéraky, 1889
Genus Pieris, whites- Chumbi white, Pieris chumbiensis de Nicéville, 1897
- Green banded white, Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Greenvein white, Pieris napi Linnaeus, 1767
- Naga white, Pieris naganum Moore, 1884
- Kashmir white, Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Large cabbage-white, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758
- Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1758
- Small cabbage white, Pieris rapae Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Pontia, Bath whites- Lesser Bath white, Pontia chloridice (Hübner, 1813)
- Lofty Bath white, Pontia callidice (Hübner, 1800)
- Eastern Bath white, Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777)
Genus Anaphaeis, pioneers- Pioneer (caper white), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius, 1793
Genus Cepora, gulls- Common gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775
- Lesser gull, Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852
Genus Ixias, Indian orange tips- White orange tip, Ixias marianne Cramer, 1779
- Yellow orange tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764
Genus Delias, Jezebels- Yellow Jezebel, Delias agostina Hewitson, 1852
- Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury, 1773
- Painted Jezebel, Delias hyparete Linnaeus, 1758
- Hill Jezebel, Delias belladonna Fabricius, 1793
- Pale Jezebel, Delias sanaca (Moore,1857)
- Dark Jezebel, Delias berinda (Moore,1872)
- Redspot Jezebel, Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836
- Redbase Jezebel, Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, ?
- Redbreast Jezebel, Delias acalis Godart, 1819
Genus Prioneris, sawtooths- Spotted sawtooth, Prioneris thestylis Doubleday, 1842
- Painted sawtooth, Prioneris sita C. Felder, 1865
- Redspot sawtooth, Prioneris clemanthe Doubleday, 1846
Genus Appias, puffins and albatrosses- Spot puffin, Appias lalage (Doubleday, 1842)
- Plain puffin, Appias indra Moore, 1857
- Western striped albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775
- Eastern striped albatross, Appias olferna Fabricius, 1775
- Chocolate albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777
- Common albatross, Appias albina Felder
- Lesser albatross, Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)
- Orange albatross, Appias nero galba (Wallace, 1867)
- Nicobar albatross, Appias panda chrysea Fruhstorfer, 1903
Genus Leptosia, Psyche - Psyche, Leptosia nina Fabricius, 1793
Genus Euchloe, little whites- Lemon white, Euchloe charlonia lucilla Butler, 1886
- Pearl white, Euchloe ausonia dephalis Hübner 1803
Genus Hebomoia, great orange tip- Great orange-tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Colotis, Arabs- Small salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius, 1775
- Blue-spotted Arab, Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819)
- White Arab, Colotis vestalis (Butler, 1876)
- Large salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804)
- Small orange-tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836
- Plain orange-tip, Colotis aurora (Cramer, 1780)
- Crimson-tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775)
Genus Pareronia, wanderers- Pale wanderer, Pareronia avatar (Moore, 1858)
- Dark wanderer, Pareronia ceylanica (C. & R. Felder, 1865)
- Common wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776)
Subfamily Coliadinae, yellowsGenus Catopsilia, emigrants- Common emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775
- Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Latreille, 1758
Genus Gonepteryx, brimstones- Common brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni Latreille, 1758
- Lesser brimstone, Gonepteryx aspasia Ménétriés, 1859
Genus Dercas, sulphurs- Tailed sulphur, Dercas verhuelli (Hoeven, 1839)
- Plain sulphur, Dercas lycorias (doubleDay, 1842)
Genus Eurema, grass yellows- Small grass yellow, Eurema brigitta Cramer, 1780
- Spotless grass yellow, Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836
- Scarce grass yellow, Eurema lacteola Distant, 1886
- One-spot grass yellow, Eurema andersonii Moore
- Common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758
- Three-spot grass yellow, Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836
- Nilgiri grass yellow, Eurema nilgiriensis
Genus Gandaca, tree yellow- Tree yellow, Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829)
Genus Colias, clouded yellows- Lemon clouded yellow, Colias thrasibulus Fabricius, 1910
- Ladakh clouded yellow, Colias ladakensis C. Felder, 1865
- Everest clouded yellow, Colias berylla Fawcett, 1904
- Fawcett's clouded yellow, Colias nina Fawcett, 1904
- Pale clouded yellow, Colias hyale Linnaeus, 1758
- Fiery clouded yellow, Colias eogene C. Felder, 1865
- Orange clouded yellow, Colias stoliczkana Moore
- Dwarf clouded yellow, Colias dubia Elwes, 1906
- Dark clouded yellow, Colias croceus Geoffroy, 1785
- Nilgiri clouded yellow, Colias nilgiriensis
Life cycle- Eggs - Tall, bottle-shaped eggs which are ribbed down the sides. They are generally white, eventually changing to yellow or orange, or, they may be blotched with red.
- Caterpillars - The caterpillars are cylindrical and smooth usually covered with hairy-ended tubercles. They are generally green and have pale longitudinal stripes. They are all generally similar and difficult to distinguish apart.
- Chrysalids - Angular with a pointed head which may be produced into a long snout. Supported by a tail hook and girth, some being suspended head upwards like the swallowtails and others being fastened horizontally to a leaf or other surface.
Food plantsThe food plants vary considerably, however there is a general trend, in that the whites mostly use capers, (family Capparidaceae) while the yellows usually prefer members of the family Leguminosae, which consist of peas, clover, Cassia and others. References- {{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932 }}
- {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647 }}
- {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
- {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
External links- LepIndex, NHM, London
- Idaho Museum of Natural History
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517130958/http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/systematics/bnet/pieridae.htm A modern classification of the Pieridae at Butterfly Net International]
- Indian Butterflies - Pieridae
{{Butterflies and moths of India}} 3 : Lists of butterflies of India|Pieridae|Lepidoptera of India |