| 释义 |
- Checklist Capila - dawnflies Caprona - angles Carcharodus - mallow skipper Celaenorrhinus - spotted flats Chamunda - olive flat Coladenia - pied flats Ctenoptilum - tawny angle Darpa - hairy angle Gerosis - yellow-breast flats Gomalia - marbled skipper Lobocla - marbled flat Mooreana - yellow flat Odina - zigzag flat Odontoptilum - chestnut angle Pseudocoladenia Pyrgus - grizzled skippers Sarangesa - small flats Satarupa - white flats Seseria - white flats Spialia - grizzled skippers Tagiades - snow flats Tapena - black angle
- See also
- Cited references
- References
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}This is a list of the butterflies of India belonging to the subfamily Pyrginae of the family Hesperiidae and an index to the species articles. The butterflies of this subfamily are commonly referred to as flats because of their habit of holding the wings flat at all times. They are also known as "angles", "elfs" or "grizzled skippers". This list forms part of the full List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae) which itself is part of the complete List of butterflies of India. A total of 69 species belonging to 21 genera are found in India. ChecklistCapila - dawnfliesEvans (1932) had listed the various species of Capila under a number of different genera: - Orthopaetus group (dawnflies)
- Lidderdale's dawnfly, Capila lidderdali (Elwes, 1888)[1][2][3]
- Fulvous dawnfly, Capila phanaeus (Hewitson, 1867)[1][2][4]
- Capila group (striped dawnflies)
- Pale striped dawnfly, Capila zennara (Moore, 1865)[1][2][5]
- Striped dawnfly, Capila jayadeva (Moore, 1865)[1][2][6]
- Crossiura group (fringed dawnfly)
- Fringed dawnfly, Capila pennicillatum (de Nicéville, 1893)[1][2][7]
- Calliana group (white dawnfly)
- White dawnfly, Capila pieridoides (Moore, 1878)[1][2] (Calliana pieridoides as per LepIndex[8])
Caprona - angles- Golden angle, Caprona ransonnetti (Felder, 1868)[9][10][11][12]
- Spotted angle, Caprona agama (Moore, 1857)[9][10]
Carcharodus - mallow skipper- Mallow skipper, Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780)
- Carcharodus dravira (Moore, [1875])
Celaenorrhinus - spotted flats- Malabar spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus ambareesa (Moore, 1865)[13]
- White-banded flat, Celaenorrhinus asmara (Butler, [1879])[13]
- Large streaked flat, Celaenorrhinus aspersa Leech, 1891[13]
- Dark yellow-banded flat, Celaenorrhinus aurivittata (Moore, [1879])[13]
- Himalayan yellow flat, Celaenorrhinus dhanada (Moore, 1865)[13]
- Velvet flat, Celaenorrhinus ficulnea (Hewitson, 1868)[13]
- Common spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, 1848)[13]
- Pied flat, Celaenorrhinus morena Evans, 1949[14]
- Small banded flat, Celaenorrhinus nigricans (de Nicéville, 1885)[13]
- Large spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus patula de Nicéville, 1889[13]
- Mussoorie pied flat, Celaenorrhinus pero Leech, 1894[13]
- Multispotted flat, Celaenorrhinus pulomaya (Moore, 1865)[13]
- Common spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus putra (Moore, 1865)
- Double spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889[13]
- Celaenorrhinus ratna Frühstorfer, 1909[13]
- Tamil spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus ruficornis (Mabille, 1878)[13]
- Black flat, Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus (Felder, 1868)[13]
- de Nicéville's spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus sumitra (Moore, 1865)
- Scarce banded flat, Celaenorrhinus badia (Hewitson, 1877)[13]
- Bhutan flat, Celaenorrhinus flavocincta (de Nicéville, 1887)[15]
- Himalayan spotted flat, Celaenorrhinus munda (Moore, 1884)[13]
Chamunda - olive flat- Olive flat, Chamunda chamunda (Moore, 1865)[16]
Coladenia - pied flats- Brown pied flat, Coladenia agni (de Nicéville, 1883)[17]
- Tricolour pied flat, Coladenia indrani (Moore, 1865)[17]
- Elwes' pied flat, Coladenia agnioides Elwes & Edwards, 1897[17]
Ctenoptilum - tawny angle- Tawny angle, Ctenoptilum vasava (Moore, 1865)[18]
Darpa - hairy angle- Hairy angle, Darpa hanria (Moore, 1865)[19]
- Darpa striata (Druce, 1873)
- Darpa pteria (Hewitson, 1868)[19]
Gerosis - yellow-breast flats- Common yellow-breast flat, Gerosis bhagava (Moore, [1866])[20]
- Dusky yellow-breast flat, Gerosis phisara (Moore, 1884)[20]
- Chinese yellow-breast flat, Gerosis sinica (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)[20]
Gomalia - marbled skipper- African mallow/marbled skipper, Gomalia elma (Trimen, 1862)[21]
Lobocla - marbled flat- Marbled flat, Lobocla liliana (Atkinson, 1871)[22]
Mooreana - yellow flat- Yellow flat, Mooreana trichoneura (M. t. pralaya, (Moore, 1865))[23]
Odina - zigzag flat- Zigzag flat, Odina decoratus Hewitson, 1867[24]
- Odina hieroglyphica (Butler, 1870)[24]
Odontoptilum - chestnut angle- Chestnut/banded angle, Odontoptilum angulatum (Felder, 1862)[25]
Pseudocoladenia- Fulvous pied flat, Pseudocoladenia dan (Fabricius, 1787)[26] previously Coladenia dan
- Pseudocoladenia festa (Evans, 1949)[26]
- Pseudocoladenia fatua (Evans, 1949)[26]
Pyrgus - grizzled skippers- Pyrgus alpinus (Erschoff, 1874)[27]
- Pyrgus cashmirensis Moore, 1874[27]
Sarangesa - small flats- Common small flat, Sarangesa dasahara (Moore, 1865)[29]
- Spotted small flat, Sarangesa purendra (Moore, 1882)[29]
- Tiny flat, Sarangesa sati de Nicéville, 1891[29]
Satarupa - white flats- Large white flat, Satarupa gopala (Moore, 1865)[30]
- Satarupa splendens Tytler, 1914[30]
Seseria - white flats- Himalayan white flat, Seseria dohertyi Watson, 1863[31]
- Sikkim white flat, Seseria sambara (Moore, 1865)[31]
Spialia - grizzled skippers- Indian grizzled skipper or Indian skipper, Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793)[32]
- Desert grizzled skipper, Spialia doris (Walker, 1870)[32]
- Zebra grizzled skipper, Spialia zebra (Butler, 1888)[32]
Tagiades - snow flats- Flat, Tagiades cohaerens Mabille, 1914[33] (T. c. cynthia Evans, 1934)
- Ceylon snow flat, Tagiades distans Moore[33]
- Immaculate/large/suffused snow flat, Tagiades gana (Moore, 1865)[33][34]
- Common snow flat, Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1781)[33]
- Water snow flat, Tagiades litigiosa (Möschler, 1878)[33]
- Spotted snow flat, Tagiades menaka (Moore, 1865)[33]
- Tagiades parra Frühstorfer, 1910[33]
- Tagiades toba de Nicéville, 1896[33]
Tapena - black angle- Black angle, Tapena thwaitesi Moore, 1881[35][36][37]
See also- Pyrginae
- Hesperiidae
- List of butterflies of India
- List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae)
Cited references1. ^1 2 3 4 5 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Capila.
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Brower, Andrew V. Z. 2007. Capila Moore 1866. Version 4 March 2007 (under construction). Page on genus Capila in [The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/]
3. ^{{LepIndex |id=181752 |name=Capila lidderdali}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
4. ^{{LepIndex |id=181757 |name=Capila phanaeus}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
5. ^{{LepIndex |id=181768 |name=Capila zennara}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
6. ^{{LepIndex |id=181751 |name=Capila jayadeva}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
7. ^{{LepIndex |id=181754 |name=Capila pennicillatum}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
8. ^{{LepIndex |id=181633 |name=Calliana pieridoides}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
9. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Caprona.
10. ^1 TOL web page on genus Caprona
11. ^{{LepIndex |id=181795 |name=Caprona ransonnettii }} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
12. ^{{LepIndex |id=181774 |name=Caprona agama}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Celaenorrhinus.
14. ^{{LepIndex |id=182137 |name=Celaenorrhinus morena}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
15. ^{{LepIndex |id=182090 |name=Celaenorrhinus flavocincta}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
16. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Chamunda.
17. ^1 2 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Coladenia.
18. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Ctenoptilum.
19. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Darpa.
20. ^1 2 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Gerosis.
21. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Gomalia.
22. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Lobocla.
23. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Mooreana.
24. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Odina.
25. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Odontoptilum.
26. ^1 2 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera on genus Pseudocoladenia.
27. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera - page on genus Pyrgus .
28. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera on genus Tapena.
29. ^1 2 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Sarangesa.
30. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Satarupa.
31. ^1 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Seseria.
32. ^1 2 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Spialia.
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera Page on genus Tagiades.
34. ^Haribal, 1994:200 Mentions Tagiades parra gala Evans, 1949
35. ^Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera. Page on genus Tapena.
36. ^{{LepIndex |id=188830 |name=Tapena thwaitesi}} Retrieved April 21, 2018.
37. ^TOL web page on genus Tapena thwaitesi
ReferencesPrint- {{cite book |last=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932 }}
- {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647 }}
- {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }}
- {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }}
- {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
Online- {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |accessdate=2016-10-15 }}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ |title=Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera }}
{{Butterflies and moths of India}} 3 : Lists of butterflies of India|Pyrginae|Lepidoptera of India |