“List of California native plants”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

California native plants are plants that existed in California prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonists in the late 18th century.^[1] California includes parts of at least three phytochoria. The largest is the California Floristic Province, a geographical area that covers most of California, portions of neighboring Oregon, Nevada, and Baja California, and is regarded as a "world hotspot" of biodiversity.^[2]^[3]

Introduction

In 1993 The Jepson Manual estimated that California was home to 4,693 native species and 1,169 native subspecies or varieties, including 1,416 endemic species. A 2001 study by the California Native Plant Society estimated 6,300 native plants. These estimates continue to change over time.^[4]

Of California's total plant population, 2,153 species, subspecies, and varieties are endemic and native to California alone, according to the 1993 Jepson Manual study.^[5] This botanical diversity stems not only from the size of the state, but also its diverse topographies, climates, and soils (e.g. serpentine outcrops). Numerous plant groupings exist in California, and botanists work to structure them into identifiable ecoregions, plant communities, vegetation types, and habitats, and taxonomies.^[5]^[6]

California native plants include some that have widespread horticultural use. Sometimes the appreciation began outside of California—lupines, California fuchsias, and California poppies were first cultivated in British and European gardens for over a century.^[7]

Selected trees

Coniferous trees

Sequoias and redwoods

Pine trees

Other conifers

Oak trees

Riparian trees

Other trees and tree-like shrubs

Selected shrubs

Selected desert plants

Selected perennials

Sunny habitats

Shady habitats

Ferns

Selected bulbs

Selected annuals and wildflowers

Selected vines

Selected grasses

Selected succulents

Environmental challenges

Some California native plants are in rapid decline in their native habitat due to urban sprawl, agriculture, overgrazing, recreational impacts, pollution, and invasive non-native species (invasive exotics) colonization pressures (animals and other kingdoms of life, as well as plants).^[17]

California also has 1,023 species of non-native plants, some now problematic invasive species such as yellow starthistle, that were introduced during the Spanish colonization, the California Gold Rush, and subsequent immigrations and import trading of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnps.org/cnps/nativeplants/|title=What is a native plant?|publisher=California Native Plant Society|accessdate=2009-06-02}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Ornduff|first1=Robert|last2=Faber|first2=Phyllis M. |last3=Keeler-Wolf|first3=Todd|title=Introduction to California Plant Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo7vkLC2GB4C|accessdate=28 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23704-9}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/california_floristic/|title=California Floristic Province|work=Biodiversity Hotspots|publisher=Conservation International|accessdate=2009-06-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204152251/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/california_floristic|archivedate=2008-12-04|df=}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Ornduff|first1=Robert|last2=Faber|first2=Phyllis M. |last3=Keeler-Wolf|first3=Todd|title=Introduction to California Plant Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo7vkLC2GB4C|accessdate=28 January 2013|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23704-9}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|editor-last=Hickman|editor-first=J.C.|year=1993|title=The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California|publisher=University of California Press|chapter=Appendix I|page=1315}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Munz|first1=Philip Alexander |last2=Keck|first2=David Daniels |title=A California Flora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbi4Jx2YR6gC&pg=PP7|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=1 June 1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02405-2}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=Carol|last2=Fross|first2=David|last3=O'Brien|first3=Bart|title=California native plants for the garden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc0fAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Cachuma Press|isbn=978-0-9628505-8-5}}
8. ^{{cite book|title=Oaks of California|first1=Bruce M.|last1=Pavlik|first2=Pamela|last2=Muick|first3=Sharon|last3=Johnson|publisher=Cachuma Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0962850516}}
9. ^Jepson Manual Quercus agrifolia
10. ^Jepson Manual Salix lasiolepsis
11. ^{{cite book|first=Glenn|last=Keator|title=Complete Garden Guide to the Native Shrubs of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-YMAQAACAAJ|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=1 March 1994|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-8118-0402-8}}
12. ^{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Fross|first2=Dieter|last2=Wilken|title=Ceanothus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3S1_EpwYRqAC|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=1 February 2006|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-762-7}}
13. ^{{cite book|first=Glenn|last=Keator|title=Complete Garden Guide to the Native Perennials of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47i1pwAACAAJ|accessdate=28 January 2013|year=1990|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-87701-699-1}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theodorepayne.org|title=Theodore Payne Foundation for Wildflowers and Native Plants}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnga.org/index.html|title=California Native Grasslands Association|accessdate=9 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308031035/http://www.cnga.org/index.html|archivedate=8 March 2012|df=}}
16. ^{{cite book|first=Beecher|last=Crampton|title=Grasses in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdJtSVlf5ycC|accessdate=28 January 2013|year=1974|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02507-3}}
17. ^{{cite book|agency=National Audubon Society|title=Field Guide to California|first1=Peter|last1=Alden|first2=Fred|last2=Heath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtsTAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=28 January 2013|date=26 May 1998|publisher=Knopf|isbn=978-0-679-44678-1}}