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词条 List of Canadian monarchs
释义

  1. Sovereigns of Canada

     The French Crown (1534–1763)  The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)  The Canadian Crown (1931–present) 

  2. Consorts

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Monarchy of Canada sidebar}}{{Canadian politics}}

Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over the French and British colonies of Canada, followed by the Dominion of Canada, and finally the present-day sovereign state of Canada.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia), and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] However, some sources instead put this date at 1535 when the word "Canada" was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada,[19] which was founded in the name of King Francis I.[20][21] Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns.[4][5][17][21][22][23][24][25] Since the first claim by Henry VII,[26] there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns.[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867,[34][35][36][37] the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention,[38] and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.[39] Since then,[28] the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch.{{#tag:ref|The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."[40]|group=N|name=ECApp}} Although the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI,[41] it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.

Sovereigns of Canada

The French Crown (1534–1763)

No.Portrait Regnal nameReign Full name Consort
Sovereigns of New France
1Francis I
(1497–1547)
House of Valois		24 July 153431 March 1547FrancisEleanor of Austria
Territorial claim: 1534: in Francis' name, Jacques Cartier laid claim to New France ( Canada (New France) and Acadia).[42]
2Henry II
(1519–1559)
House of Valois		31 March 154710 July 1559HenryCatherine de' Medici
3Francis II
(1544–1560)
House of Valois		10 July 15595 December 1560FrancisMary, Queen of Scots
4Charles IX
(1550–1574)
House of Valois		5 December 156030 May 1574Charles MaximilianElisabeth of Austria
5Henry III
(1551–1589)
House of Valois		30 May 15742 August 1589Alexandre ÉdouardLouise of Lorraine
6Henry IV
(1553–1610)
House of Bourbon		2 August 158914 May 1610Henri de BourbonMargaret of Valois,
Marie de' Medici
7Louis XIII
(1601–1643)
House of Bourbon		14 May 161014 May 1643LouisAnne of Austria
8Louis XIV
(1638–1715)
House of Bourbon		14 May 16431 September 1715Louis-DieudonnéMaria Theresa of Spain,
Françoise d'Aubigné
Territorial changes: 1655: acquired concrete claim to Placentia.
Note: 1713: ceded Acadia, Placentia, and Hudson Bay to Anne.
9Louis XV
(1710–1774)
House of Bourbon		1 September 171510 February 1763LouisMarie Leszczyńska
Territorial changes: 1763: ceded the Colony of Canada, along with the rest of New France, to George III.

The English and British Crowns (1497–1931)

No.Portrait Regnal nameReign Full name Consort
Sovereigns of the colony of Canada
1Henry VII
(1457–1509)
House of Tudor		24 June 149721 April 1509HenryElizabeth of York
Territorial changes: 1497: in Henry's name, John Cabot laid claim to lands that soon came to be called "Canada".[27] The English Crown did not concretely exercise this claim until the reign of King George III, when the colony of Canada was officially ceded from France to Great Britain.
2Henry VIII
(1491–1547)
House of Tudor		21 April 150928 January 1547HenryCatherine of Aragon (1509), Anne Boleyn (1533), Jane Seymour (1536), Anne of Cleves (1540), Catherine Howard (1540), Catherine Parr (1543)
3Edward VI
(1537–1553)
House of Tudor		28 January 15476 July 1553EdwardNone
4Mary I
(1516–1558)
House of Tudor		19 July 155317 November 1558MaryPhilip II of Spain (co-sovereign)
5Elizabeth I
(1533–1603)
House of Tudor		17 November 155824 March 1603ElizabethNone
Territorial changes: 1583: in Elizabeth's name, Humphrey Gilbert laid claim to the island of Newfoundland.
6James I
(1566–1625)
House of Stuart		24 March 160327 March 1625Charles JamesAnne of Denmark
7Charles I
(1600–1649)
House of Stuart		27 March 162530 January 1649CharlesHenrietta Maria of France
Cromwellian Era30 January 164929 May 1660
8Charles II
(1630–1685)
House of Stuart		29 May 16606 February 1685CharlesCatherine of Braganza
Note: 1670: created Rupert's Land.
9James II
(1633–1701)
House of Stuart		6 February 16851 December 1688JamesMary of Modena
Vacant1 December 168813 February 1689
10William III
(1650–1702)
House of Orange-Nassau		13 February 16898 March 1702WilliamMary II of England
(co-monarch)
11Anne
(1665–1714)
House of Stuart		8 March 17021 August 1714AnnePrince George of Denmark
Note: 1713: acquired Acadia, Placentia, and Hudson Bay from Louis XIV of France.
12George I
(1660–1727)
House of Hanover		1 August 171411 June 1727George LouisSophia Dorothea of Celle
13George II
(1683–1760)
House of Hanover		11 June 1727
old calendar		25 October 1760
new calendar		George AugustusCaroline of Ansbach
14George III
(1738–1820)
House of Hanover		25 October 176029 January 1820George William FrederickCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Territorial changes: 1763: acquired Canada from Louis XV of France; changed its name to Province of Quebec.
1778: in George's name, James Cook laid claim to lands that later came to be called Vancouver Island.
1791: created the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada out of the Province of Quebec.
1818: ceded Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel to the United States; acquired the Louisiana Purchase north of the 49th parallel from the United States.
15George IV
(1762–1830)
House of Hanover		29 January 182026 June 1830George Augustus FrederickCaroline of Brunswick
16William IV
(1765–1837)
House of Hanover		26 June 183020 June 1837William HenryAdelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
17Victoria
(1819–1901)
House of Hanover		20 June 18371 July 1867Alexandrina VictoriaAlbert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Territorial changes: 1840: united Lower and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada.
1846: acquired concrete claim to the Columbia District north of the 49th parallel and Vancouver Island.
Sovereigns of the Dominion of Canada{{#tag:ref|In 1867, the separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick joined to form the Dominion of Canada. Subsequently, each of the other colonies in British North America eventually joined the union as provinces. Other provinces were created by the Dominion from its territories. Over time, Canada gradually gained increasing independence from the United Kingdom due to continued evolution in constitutional practice. However, it remained under the British Crown until 1931, when the Canadian Crown is generally accepted as having been created due to the enactment of the Statute of Westminster. The Dominion of Newfoundland continued as a separate British colony under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.|group=N}}
17Victoria
(1819–1901)
House of Hanover		1 July 186722 January 1901Alexandrina VictoriaAlbert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Canadian governors general:The Viscount Monck, the Lord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lorne, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord Stanley of Preston, the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto
Canadian prime ministers: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John Abbott, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes: 1867: united the Province of Canada (and created out of it Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada.
1870: created the province of Manitoba.
Joined Rupert's Land (1870), British Columbia (1871), Prince Edward Island (1873), and the British Arctic Territories (1880) into the union.
18Edward VII
(1841–1910)
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha		22 January 19016 May 1910Albert EdwardAlexandra of Denmark
Canadian governors general: The Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey
Canadian prime minister: Wilfrid Laurier
Territorial changes: 1905: created the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan from part of the Northwest Territories.
19George V
(1865–1936)
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (until 1917)
House of Windsor (after 1917)		6 May 191011 December 1931George Frederick Ernest AlbertMary of Teck
Canadian governors general: The Earl Grey, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, the Duke of Devonshire, the Lord Byng of Vimy, the Marquess of Willingdon, the Earl of Bessborough
Canadian prime ministers: Wilfrid Laurier, Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Richard B. Bennett
Territorial changes: 1931: granted Royal Assent to the Statute of Westminster 1931, thereby creating the Canadian Crown and leaving Newfoundland as the only part of Canada's current territory left under the British Crown.

The Canadian Crown (1931–present)

In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the Statute of Westminster 1931.

No.Portrait Regnal nameReign Full name Consort
Sovereigns of Canada
1George V
(1865–1936)
House of Windsor		11 December 193120 January 1936George Frederick Ernest AlbertMary of Teck
Governors general: The Earl of Bessborough, the Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime ministers: Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
2Edward VIII
(1894–1972)
House of Windsor		20 January 193611 December 1936Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick Davidnone
Governor general: The Lord Tweedsmuir
Prime minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King
3George VI
(1895–1952)
House of Windsor		11 December 19366 February 1952Albert Frederick Arthur GeorgeElizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Governors general: The Lord Tweedsmuir, the Earl of Athlone, the Viscount Alexander of Tunis
Prime ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent
Territorial change: 1949: merged Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) into Canada, thereby putting all of Canada's current territory under the Canadian Crown.
4Elizabeth II
(born 1926)
House of Windsor		6 February 1952PresentElizabeth Alexandra MaryPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Governors general: The Viscount Alexander of Tunis, Vincent Massey, Georges Vanier, Roland Michener, Jules Léger, Edward Schreyer, Jeanne Sauvé, Ray Hnatyshyn, Roméo LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, Michaëlle Jean, David Johnston, Julie Payette
Prime ministers: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, Justin Trudeau

Consorts

{{See also|List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh#Royal and noble titles and styles}}

The Canadian monarchs' consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian Royal Family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of Queen Consort; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any Royal Family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that Prince Philip, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of Prince Consort.[43][44]

Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson after his abdication. Though Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (the current wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the throne of Canada), will technically become queen consort in the United Kingdom, Clarence House has stated that, due to public opinion regarding her relationship with the Prince of Wales, she will be styled there as Princess Consort.[45][46][47]

See also

{{Portal|Canadian politics|British Empire|Commonwealth realms|New France|Royalty}}
  • History of monarchy in Canada
  • History of Canada
  • Timeline of Canadian history
  • Constitutional history of Canada
  • List of Governors General of Canada
  • List of current heads of state and government

Notes

1. ^{{Cite book| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| authorlink=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=2| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012| ref=harv| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140303/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2012-11-10| dead-url=yes| df=}}
2. ^{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1331826436671/1335290506351| title=Crown in Canada – The Monarch| date=1 June 2012| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=20 October 2013}}
3. ^{{Cite web| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/index-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The Canadian Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=14 May 2009}}
4. ^1 {{Cite book| last=Kenney| first=Jason| author-link=Jason Kenney| date=23 April 2007| contribution=Speech to the Lieutenant Governors Meeting| contribution-url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pc-ch/minstr/arc_disc-spch/kenney/2007/20070423-eng.cfm| editor-last=Department of Canadian Heritage| editor-link=Department of Canadian Heritage| title=Speeches > The Honourable Jason Kenney| place=Regina| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=27 January 2010}}
5. ^1 {{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| author-link=Michael Valpy| title=The monarchy: Offshore, but built-in| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=13 November 2009| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/the-monarchy-offshore-but-built-in/article4292569/?page=all| accessdate=14 November 2009| location=Toronto}}
6. ^{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=6}}
7. ^{{Cite book|last=Monet |first=Jacques |contribution=The Canadian Encyclopedia |title=Government > Parliamentary Institutions > Governor General |editor-last=Marsh |editor-first=James Harley |place=Toronto |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350 |accessdate=5 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211042131/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003350 |archivedate=11 February 2010 |df= }}
8. ^{{Cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=5 March 2010}}
9. ^{{cite journal| last=Coyne| first=Andrew| authorlink=Andrew Coyne| title=Defending the royals| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Roger's Communications| location=Toronto| date=13 November 2009| url=http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/11/13/defending-the-royals/| issn=0024-9262| accessdate=18 February 2010}}
10. ^{{citation| url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/1193941--celebrating-the-diamond-jubilee-of-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-canada| last=Editorial| title=Celebrating the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada| date=26 May 2012| newspaper=Toronto Star| accessdate=27 May 2012}}
11. ^{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1396018229970/| title=The Royal Family| publisher=The Queen's Printer for Canada| date=24 September 2014| accessdate=9 December 2015| author=Government of Canada}}
12. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/discover/section-06.asp| title=Discover Canada – Canada's History| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| date=1 July 2012| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Government of Canada}}
13. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/john-cabot/| title=John Cabot| publisher=Historica Canada| date=1 July 2008| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}
14. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| title=The First Voyages of the Europeans| publisher=University of Ottawa| accessdate=20 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094354/http://www.slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=first_voyages| archive-date=2014-02-03| dead-url=yes| df=}}
15. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/documents/explorers/John%20Cabot.html| title=The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography| publisher=Canada History| year=1990| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Croxton, Derek}}
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1497.html| title=John Cabot's Voyage of 1497| publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage| year=1997| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Memorial University of Newfoundland}}
17. ^1 {{Cite book| last=Harper| first=Stephen| author-link=Stephen Harper| year=2008| publication-date=2012| contribution=Letter| contribution-url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| editor-last=MacLeod| editor-first=Kevin S.| editor-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| page=vii| place=Ottawa| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=28 November 2012}}
18. ^{{Cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last=Bousfield| first=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=5 March 2010}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521 |title=Origin of the Name - Canada |publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada |date=18 June 2013 |accessdate=6 October 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412211144/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363629314164/1363629390521 |archivedate=12 April 2015 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131020155041/http://www.irpp.org/en/po/the-dollar/the-true-white-north-reflections-on-being-canadian/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-10-20 |title=The true white north: reflections on being Canadian |publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy |date=February 2008 |accessdate=20 October 2013 |author=Robertson, Colin }}
21. ^1 {{Cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Senate/Monarchy/senmonarchy_00-e.htm| last=Parliament of Canada| authorlink=Parliament of Canada| title=Canada: A Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=25 September 2009}}
22. ^{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| pp=2–3, 39}}
23. ^{{cite journal| last=Monet| first=Jacques| title=Crown and Country| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| volume=Summer 2007| issue=26| page=8| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=2007| format=PDF| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| accessdate=15 June 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625225416/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2007/Summer_2007_CMN.pdf| archivedate=25 June 2008}}
24. ^{{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=9}}
25. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| title=Queen and Canada| publisher=The British Monarchy| accessdate=12 November 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-monarchy-and-canadian-independence/| title=The Monarchy and Canadian Independence| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| year=2004| accessdate=21 October 2013|author1=Bousfield, Arthur |author2=Toffoli, Garry |lastauthoramp=yes}}
27. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://crht.ca/the-sovereigns-of-canada/| last=Bousfield| first=Arthur| last2=Toffoli| first2=Garry| title=The Sovereigns of Canada| publisher=Canadian Royal Heritage Trust| accessdate=30 September 2013}}
28. ^1 {{Harvnb| MacLeod| 2012| p=78}}
29. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereign/| title=Sovereigns Who have Reigned Over Canada| publisher=Historica Canada| work=The Canadian Encyclodpdia| accessdate=28 November 2013}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| title=Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Ontario| date=22 August 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013649/http://www.lgontario.ca/en/biographies/pages/kings-and-queens.aspx| archivedate=September 15, 2013 }}
31. ^{{cite web| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| title=The Kings and Queens of Canada| publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| year=2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=Heritage Canada| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727185830/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-monarchie-monarchy/STAGING/texte-text/kingsandQueens_1363036597604_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| archive-date=2013-07-27| dead-url=yes| df=}}
32. ^{{cite book| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Dundurn| author=Tidridge, Nathan| year=2011| location=Toronto| pages=233–236}}
33. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| title=Canada’s Monarchy throughout History| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| accessdate=12 November 2015| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103031222/http://www.monarchist.ca/en/history| archivedate=3 January 2011| df=}}
34. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/confederation/| title=Confederation| publisher=Historica Canada| date=22 September 2013| accessdate=20 January 2014| author=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/101/102-eng.cfm| last=Department of Canadian Heritage| authorlink=Department of Canadian Heritage|title=Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Promotion > The crown in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=8 September 2009}}
36. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1867 – 1931: Becoming a Nation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217201837/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution13_e.html| archivedate=17 December 2011| df=}}
37. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx| last=Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=8 September 2009}}
38. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html| last=Heard| first=Andrew| title=Canadian Independence| publisher=Simon Fraser University| year=1990| accessdate=21 October 2013}}
39. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| title=Constitutional History, 1931 – 1982: Toward Renewal and Patriation| publisher=Canadiana| accessdate=27 September 2013| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114080534/http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/constitution/constitution15_e.html| archivedate=14 January 2014| df=}}
40. ^{{cite court| litigants=R v Foreign Secretary, Ex parte Indian Association (as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999] HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998)| vol=QB 892 at 928| court=English Court of Appeal| date=June 1999| url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1999/30.html}}
41. ^{{cite journal|last=Galbraith |first=William |title=Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit |journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review |volume=12 |issue=3 |publisher=Library of Parliament |location=Ottawa |year=1989 |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121205052132/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=130&art=820 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=3 January 2009 }}
42. ^{{cite book|author1=David A. Lanegran|author2=Carol Louise Urness|title=Minnesota on the Map: A Historical Atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yzj62yMyV8YC&pg=PA10|year=2008|publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press|isbn=978-0-87351-593-1|pages=10–}}
43. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/peerage/page62-6c.aspx| title=Burke's Peerage and Gentry > The Royal Family > HRH The Duke of Edinburgh| publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry and The Origins Network| accessdate=27 October 2008}}
44. ^LCO 6/3677 Title of Prince: HRH Philip Duke of Edinburgh
45. ^{{cite news| title=Prince Charles to marry Camilla| publisher=BBC| date=10 February 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4252795.stm| accessdate=3 January 2009}}
46. ^{{cite news| title=Charles-Camilla civil marriage seen as compromise|publisher=CTV| date=10 February 2005| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1108054095201_8| accessdate=3 January 2009}}
47. ^{{cite news| title=Camilla's 'flexible role'| publisher=News24| date=11 February 2005| url=http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1661193,00.html| accessdate=3 January 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105130253/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1661193,00.html| archive-date=2005-11-05| dead-url=yes| df=}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • Government of Canada: The Kings and Queens of Canada: The Crown in Canadian History
  • Senate of Canada: Canada, A Constitutional Monarchy
{{Canadian monarchy}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Canadian monarchs, List of}}

4 : Monarchy in Canada|Lists of monarchs|Lists of queens|Heads of state of Canada
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