| 词条 | List of Chinese criminal organizations |
| 释义 |
Criminal gangs are found throughout China but are most active in Chongqing, Shanghai, Macau, Tianjin, Shenyang, and Guangzhou as well as in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. The number of people involved in organized crime on the mainland has risen from around 100,000 in 1986 to around 1.5 million in the year 2000.[1] Since the new century, there are two academic books focusing on Chinese organized crime. Based on rich empirical work, these books offer how Chinese criminal organizations survive in the changing socio-economic and political environment. Y. K. Chu's Triads as Business[2] looks at the role of Hong Kong Triads in legal, illegal and international markets. Peng Wang's The Chinese Mafia[3] examines the rise of mainland Chinese organized crime and the political-criminal nexus (collusion between gangs and corrupt police officers) in reform and opening era of China. Triad societies{{main|Triad (underground society)}}The following is a list of Chinese triad societies:
Criminally influenced tongs
Gangs
See also
Notes1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20101212055726/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=300&catid=8&subcatid=50 ] 2. ^Chu, Y. K. (2002). The triads as business. Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415757249}} 3. ^Wang, Peng (2017). The Chinese Mafia: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198758402}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive_Index/Chinese_Criminal_Enterprises.html |title=Chinese Criminal Enterprises - US Department of State |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233824/http://usinfo.state.gov/eap/Archive_Index/Chinese_Criminal_Enterprises.html |archivedate=January 9, 2008 }} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://ited.yingwa.edu.hk/~ywc-031142/right9.html |accessdate=July 7, 2006 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 6. ^ 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/friends_of_ours/chinese-mafia/ |title=Friends of Ours: Chinese Mafia |publisher=Bitterqueen.typepad.com |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=46077&sid=&con_type=1&archive_d_str=19990213 |title=China's Business Newspaper |publisher=The Standard |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116165633/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=46077&sid=&con_type=1&archive_d_str=19990213 |archivedate=2016-01-16 |df= }} 9. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515131212/http://www.asianweek.com/2000_03_30/bay_21boysextortion.html |date=May 15, 2006 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=//www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2002/013.html |title=USAO/CDCA Press Release |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124185611/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2002/013.html |archivedate=January 24, 2007 }} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/12/17/116136 |title=`Mosquito brother' celebrates 90th birthday in style |publisher=Taipei Times |date=2015-02-12 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brockmorris.com/btigers/btigers17-9.html |title=The Long Wall |publisher=Brockmorris.com |date=1979-03-30 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/03/25/MNR6BA2.DTL |title=SAN FRANCISCO / Youths Plead Guilty In Extortion Attempt |publisher=SFGate |date=2000-03-25 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1998/05/20/MN79431.DTL |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052919/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1998%2F05%2F20%2FMN79431.DTL |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |df= }} 15. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.chineseplayground.com/sample.html |title=A MEMOIR" By Bill Lee |publisher="Chinese Playground |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brockmorris.com/btigers/btigers04-6.html |title=Bemboo Tigers |publisher=Brockmorris.com |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.brockmorris.com/btigers/btigers06-3.html |title=The Presence |publisher=Brockmorris.com |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/218463.pdf?q=ching |title=Chinese Transnational Organized Crime: The Fuk Ching |last1=Finckenauer |first1=James O. |date=December 6, 2007 |website=National Institute of Justice |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Criminal Justice Reference Service |accessdate=April 24, 2014}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nychinatown.org/articles/nytimes030511.html?20065 |title=New York City Chinatown > Newspaper Articles |publisher=Nychinatown.org |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gorillaconvict.com/blog/index.php?date=200605&PHPSESSID=c54254173cf0191e423b691aa7e80e07 |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719131926/http://www.gorillaconvict.com/blog/index.php?date=200605&PHPSESSID=c54254173cf0191e423b691aa7e80e07 |archivedate=July 19, 2011 }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/06/17/MN102196.DTL |title=Deputies Set Free Suspect in Killing In Video Arcade |publisher=SFGate |date=1999-06-17 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 22. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWg1Efv5C5UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=#PPA219,M1 |title=Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=753§ion_id=2 |accessdate=February 18, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501175835/http://news.ncmonline.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=753§ion_id=2 |archivedate=May 1, 2013 }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brockmorris.com/btigers/btigers07-2.html |title=Fireworks |publisher=Brockmorris.com |date= |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://dialogo-americas.com/en_GB/articles/rmisa/features/viewpoint/2012/04/01/feature-pr-4|title=A Looming Danger|work=Diálogo|accessdate=19 February 2015}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/ChineseOrgCrime.pdf |format=PDF |title=Transnational Activities of Chinese Crime Orgainzations |publisher=Loc.gov |accessdate=19 February 2015}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1999/08/04/MNR3BA15.DTL |title=SAN FRANCISCO / Man Who Was Mistakenly Freed Is Rearrested |publisher=SFGate |date=1999-08-04 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/19/1023864457120.html |title=Fifth Chinese restaurant attacked |publisher=smh.com.au |date=2002-06-20 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 29. ^{{cite web|last=Lane |first=Melissa |url=http://www.sfweekly.com/2005-04-27/news/gang-today-hair-tomorrow/ |title=Gang Today, Hair Tomorrow | Feature | San Francisco | San Francisco News and Events |publisher=SF Weekly |date=2005-04-27 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 30. ^{{cite web|last=Fried |first=Joseph P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/18/nyregion/tong-leader-in-chinatown-is-convicted.html |title=Tong Leader In Chinatown Is Convicted |location=New York City; Chinatown (Nyc) |publisher=NYTimes.com |date=1995-01-18 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} 31. ^{{cite web|last=Leo |first=John |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959570,00.html?iid=digg_share |title=Law: Parasites on Their Own People |publisher=TIME |date=1985-07-08 |accessdate=2015-02-19}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Chinese Triad}}
17 : Chinese gangs|Lists of organizations|Lists of organizations based in China|Organized crime groups in China|Organised crime groups in Hong Kong|Organized crime groups in Macau|Organized crime in Canada|Organized crime in Malaysia|Organized crime in Singapore|Organized crime groups in Taiwan|Organised crime groups in the United Kingdom|Organized crime groups in the United States|Organized crime-related lists|Tongs (organizations)|Transnational organized crime|Triad|China crime-related lists |
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