| 词条 | Dabbawala |
| 释义 |
The dabbawalas (also spelled dabbawallas or dabbawallahs, called tiffin wallahs in older sources) constitute a lunchbox delivery and return system that delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in India, especially in Mumbai. The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning, delivered predominantly using bicycles and railway trains, and returned empty in the afternoon. They are also used by meal suppliers in Mumbai, who pay them to ferry lunchboxes with ready-cooked meals from central kitchens to customers and back.[1] The 2013 Bollywood film The Lunchbox is based on the dabbawala service. OriginsIn 1890 Bombay, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service with about a hundred men.[2] In 1930, he informally attempted to unionize the dabbawalas. Later, a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust.[3] The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier's Association.{{fact|date=April 2017}}.[3][4][5] The service was born during the British Raj in 1890s out of sheer necessity. With more and more migrants of varying communities reaching the big city in those days and no fast food culture and office canteens around to calm the hunger pangs at noon, there was a lack of an effective system to ensure that office-workers could eat at lunchtime. There was also a supply of illiterate workers, who had travelled to the cities due to agriculture not being able to support them. With insufficient education to work as clerks in British homes, but with enough sinew and energy to undertake any hard work, the idea of delivering home-made food was born. EtymologyWhen literally translated, the word "dabbawala" means "one who carries a box". "Dabba" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from {{lang-fa|دَبّه}}, while "wala" is an agentive suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word.[6] The closest meaning of the dabbawala in English would be the "tiffin box delivery man". WorkflowLunch boxes are marked in several ways:[7]
A colour-coding system identifies the destination and recipient. Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the tiffins, white cotton kurta-pyjamas, and the white Gandhi cap (topi). Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit. Fines are imposed for alcohol, tobacco, being out of uniform, and absenteeism.[8] A collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker's home or from the dabba makers. As many of the carriers are of limited literacy (the average literacy of Dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade[9]), the dabbas (boxes) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols.[10][11][12][13] The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address. Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the Navi Mumbai Metro are not used in the supply chain, as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins.[14] At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through SMS.[15] Corporate cultureMost tiffin-wallahs are related to each other, belong to the Varkari[16] sect of Maharashtra,[17] and come from the same small village near Pune. Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the tiffin-wallahs go home for the annual village festival.[18][19][20][21][22] Economic analysisEach dabbawala, regardless of role, is paid around 8,000 rupees per month (about US$131 in 2014). Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas. Tiffin-wallahs are self-employed. The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees, which guarantees a 5,000-rupee monthly income and a job for life. The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week.(2002)[23][24][25] It is frequently claimed[16] that dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries;[26] however, this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge, the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen's Association in 1998, and is not from a rigorous study. Medge told Subrata Chakravarty, the lead author of the "Fast Food" article by Forbes where this claim first appeared,[27] that dabbawalas make a mistake "almost never, maybe once every two months" and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of "one mistake in 8 million deliveries."[28] Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said: {{Quote|text="Forbes never certified the dabbawalas as being a six-sigma organization. In fact, I never used the term at all. As you know, six-sigma is a process, not a statistic. But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations, and that is what caused the confusion … . I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 tiffin boxes were sorted, transported, delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated. I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake. He said almost never, maybe once every two months. Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers. I did the math, which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries—or 16 million, since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day. That is the statistic I used. Apparently, at a conference in 2002, a reporter asked the president … whether the tiffinwallahs were a six-sigma organization. He said he didn't know what that was. When told about the 1.9 error-per-billion statistic, I'm told he said: "Then we are. Just ask Forbes". The reporter, obviously without having read my story, wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six-sigma organization. That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore."|sign=Subrata Chakravarty|source=[28]}}The New York Times reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year.[29]In 2011, dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally by Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare in his campaign against corruption.[30] Studies and accoladesVarious studies have focused on dabbawalas:
On 21 March 2011, Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time, which was entered as a Guinness world record.[35] References1. ^{{cite news |title=In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597 |accessdate=2 May 2014 |newspaper=BBC news |date=16 February 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html |title=Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech |publisher=Physorg.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-15}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=Supriya|title=The Tiffin History of Mumbai - Livemint|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html|website=www.livemint.com|accessdate=8 April 2017}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Feeding_the_City|title=Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas|first=Sara|last=Roncaglia|date=1 January 2013|publisher=OpenBook Publishers|accessdate=2 May 2017|via=Internet Archive}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Feeding_the_City|title=Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas|first=Sara|last=Roncaglia|date=1 January 2013|publisher=OpenBook Publishers|accessdate=2 May 2017|via=Internet Archive}} 6. ^Pathak R.C. (1946, Reprint 2000). The Standard Dictionary of the Hindi Language, Varanasi: Bhargava Book Depot, pp.300,680 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Thakker|first1=Pradip|title=Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm|website=specials.rediff.com|accessdate=8 April 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N25inoCea24|title=TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas|first=|last=TEDx Talks|date=24 February 2011|publisher=|accessdate=3 May 2017|via=YouTube}} 9. ^{{cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Dr. Pawan |title=Dabbawallahs - A talk by Dr. Pawan Agrawal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N25inoCea24 |work=Ted X SSN Talks |publisher=You Tube |accessdate=2 May 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://worksthatwork.com/1/dabbawallas|title=Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence by Meena Kadri (Works That Work magazine)|first=Works That Work|last=magazine|date=|website=worksthatwork.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-selfreliant/article6206470.ece|title=NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant|first=|last=PTI|date=13 July 2014|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article3661798.ece|title=Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta|first=Our|last=Bureau|date=20 July 2012|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article4775320.ece|title=Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai|first=|last=PTI|date=2 June 2013|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Ramper|first1=Johnny|title=Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India|url=http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/|publisher=Z.E.N. Foods|accessdate=8 April 2017}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Business - India's tiffinwalas fuel economy|author=|date=|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 16. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88bIk-9HQc|title=Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai|first=|last=Indian Summer Festival Canada|date=23 July 2014|publisher=|accessdate=3 May 2017|via=YouTube}} at [https://www.indiansummerfest.ca Indian Summer Festival Vancouver] 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece|title=Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100|first=Beena|last=Parmar|date=2 July 2014|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article5394321.ece|title=More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love|first=Our|last=Bureau|date=26 November 2013|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article5863865.ece|title=Dabbawalas to deliver WHO’s word|first=Our|last=Bureau|date=2 April 2014|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://nomadlife.org/past/2005_02_01_archive.aspx |title=nomadlife - an international nomads community |author= |date= |website=wayback.archive.org |accessdate=3 May 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216142256/http://nomadlife.org/past/2005_02_01_archive.aspx |archivedate=16 December 2005 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3 |title=DINODIA Photo Library - The largest collection of Indian photographs online |author= |date= |website=wayback.archive.org |accessdate=3 May 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030809134025/http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3 |archivedate=9 August 2003 |df= }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk:80/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm|title=BBC NEWS - South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla|author=|date=|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=3 May 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india|title=A Bombay lunchbox|first=Luke|last=Harding|date=24 June 2002|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2017|via=The Guardian}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article6169802.ece|title=‘Dabbawalas’ hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation|first=|last=PTI|date=2 July 2014|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm |title=Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine |author= |date= |website=wayback.archive.org |accessdate=3 May 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022001518/http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm |archivedate=22 October 2002 |df= }} 26. ^The Guardian. [https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4447391,00.html A Bombay lunchbox] (24 June 2002). 27. ^Chakravarty, Subrata N. "Fast food." Forbes. 10 Aug. 1998. Forbes Magazine. 21 Sept. 2013 https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109078a.html 28. ^1 Pathak, Gauri Sanjeev. "Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 33.2 (2010): 235-257. 29. ^1 [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver] from The New York Times 30. ^{{cite web|last1=Sheth|first1=Priya|last2=Ganguly|first2=Nivedita|title=Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece|website=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=8 April 2017|language=en|date=18 August 2011}} 31. ^{{cite web|title=Dr. Pawan Agrawal |url=http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html |publisher=Kaizer |accessdate=2 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409095430/http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html |archivedate=9 April 2014 |df= }} 32. ^{{cite book |last=Ravichandran |first=N. |title=World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs |date=1 September 2005 |publisher=Indian Institute of Management |location=Ahmedabad |url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033601/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 33. ^{{cite book |last1=Thomke |first1=Stefan H. |last2=Sinha |first2=Mona |title=The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059) |date=February 2010 |publisher=Harvard Business School |location=Harvard, Ma. |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410}} 34. ^{{cite journal|url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/ap/10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:kent1416312472|title=A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices|first=Krishnan, Uma|last=S|date=1 January 2014|website=ohiolink.edu|accessdate=2 May 2017}} 35. ^{{cite web |title=Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/ |publisher=Guinness world records |accessdate=2 May 2014}} Further reading{{commons category|Dabbawalas}}
7 : Indian cuisine|Culture of Mumbai|Transport occupations|Personal care and service occupations|Transport in Mumbai|Indian slang|Indian English idioms |
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