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词条 List of countries where Spanish is an official language
释义

  1. Official or national language

  2. Significant minority language

      Andorra    Belize    Gibraltar    United States  

  3. Historical language

      Philippines    Western Sahara  

  4. Creole languages

  5. Judeo-Spanish

  6. International organizations

  7. References

{{mergeto|List of territorial entities where Spanish is an official language|date=February 2018}}

The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus a number of countries where Spanish, or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language.

Official or national language

Spanish is the majority language in 20 sovereign states and several dependent territories, totaling around 442 million people.[1] It is additionally the main official language in Equatorial Guinea.

In these countries and territories, Spanish is the main or mostly used language of communication of the vast majority of the population; official documents are written chiefly or solely in that language; and it is taught in schools and utilized as the primary medium of instruction as part of the official curriculum.

Country/Territory Status Population
(2014)[2]		 Regulatory body More information
{{flag|Mexico}} De facto[3] 120,286,655 Academia Mexicana de la Lengua Mexican Spanish
{{flag|Colombia}} De jure[4] 48,400,388 Academia Colombiana de la Lengua Colombian Spanish
{{flag|Spain}}{{smallsup|a}} De jure[5] 47,737,941 Real Academia Española Peninsular Spanish
{{flag|Argentina}} De facto[6] 43,024,374 Academia Argentina de Letras Rioplatense Spanish
{{flag|Peru|state}}{{smallsup|b}} De jure[7] 30,147,935 Academia Peruana de la Lengua Peruvian Coast Spanish
{{flag|Venezuela|state}} De jure[8] 28,868,486 Academia Venezolana de la Lengua Venezuelan Spanish
{{flag|Chile}} De facto[9] 17,363,894 Academia Chilena de la Lengua Chilean Spanish
{{flag|Ecuador}}{{smallsup|c}} De jure[10] 15,654,411 Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua Ecuadorian Spanish
{{flag|Guatemala}} De jure[11] 14,647,083 Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua Guatemalan Spanish
{{flag|Cuba}} De jure[12] 11,047,251 Academia Cubana de la LenguaCuban Spanish
{{flag|Bolivia|state}}{{smallsup|d}} De jure[13] 10,631,486 Academia Boliviana de la Lengua Bolivian Spanish
{{flag|Dominican Republic}} De jure[14] 10,349,741 Academia Dominicana de la LenguaDominican Spanish
{{flagicon|Honduras}} Honduras De jure[15] 8,598,561 Academia Hondureña de la Lengua Honduran Spanish
{{flag|Paraguay}}{{smallsup|e}} De jure[16] 6,703,860 Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua EspañolaParaguayan Spanish
{{flag|El Salvador}} De jure[17] 6,125,512 Academia Salvadoreña de la LenguaSalvadoran Spanish
{{flag|Nicaragua}} De facto[18] 5,848,641 Academia Nicaragüense de la LenguaNicaraguan Spanish
{{flag|Costa Rica|state}} De jure[19] 4,755,234 Academia Costarricense de la LenguaCosta Rican Spanish
{{flag|Puerto Rico}}{{smallsup|f}} De jure[20] 3,620,897 Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua EspañolaPuerto Rican Spanish
{{flag|Panama}} De jure[21] 3,608,431 Academia Panameña de la LenguaPanamanian Spanish
{{flag|Uruguay}} De facto[22] 3,332,972 Academia Nacional de Letras Uruguayan Spanish
{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}{{smallsup|g}} De jure[23] 1,722,254 Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española Equatoguinean Spanish
Total 442,476,007 Association of Spanish Language Academies

a In Spain, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level, while Basque, Catalan/Valencian, Aranese, and Galician are co-official alongside Spanish in certain regions.

b In Peru, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while Quechua and Aymara hold co-official status in selected regions.

c In Ecuador, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while the Kichwa (Northern Quechua) and Shuar languages hold co-official status in selected regions.

d In Bolivia, the national constitution recognizes Spanish and various indigenous languages of Bolivia as official at the national level, though Spanish is predominant nationwide.

e In Paraguay, Spanish and the indigenous Guaraní are recognized as co-official at the national level and both are widely used in society.

f Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. where Spanish and English are the official languages and Spanish is the primary language.[20]

g In Equatorial Guinea, the Spanish, French, and Portuguese languages all hold official status at the national level, though Spanish is the primary language in the public sphere while Fang, Bube, Kombe, and other Bantu languages, as well as an English-based creole, are used at home and family settings. See Equatorial Guinea#Languages.

Significant minority language

Though not an official language at the national level, Spanish is regularly spoken by significant minority populations in each of the nations and territories noted below. In each, public services and information are widely available in Spanish, as are various forms of printed and broadcast media.

Country Population
(2014)[2]		 Total speakers Percentage Spanish-speaking
{{flag|Andorra}} 85,458 29,907 35%
{{flag|Belize}} 340,844 106,795 31%
{{flag|Gibraltar}} 29,185 23,857 82%
{{flag|United States of America}} 318,892,103 52,000,000 16%

Andorra

{{Also|Languages of Andorra}}

The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the Principality of Andorra which shares land borders with Spain.[24]

Belize

{{Also|Languages of Belize}}

Spanish has no official recognition in the Central American nation of Belize, a Commonwealth realm where English is the official national language. However, the country shares land borders with Spanish-speaking Mexico and Guatemala and, per the 2010 Belizean census, Spanish is spoken by a sizable portion of the population; 30% claim Spanish as a mother tongue and about 50% of the population has working knowledge of the language.[25]

Gibraltar

{{Also|Languages of Gibraltar}}

The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, which share land borders with Spain.[26]

United States

{{Main|Spanish language in the United States}}

Spanish has been spoken in the United States for several centuries in the Southwest and Florida, which were all once part of New Spain. However, today only a tiny minority of Spanish speakers in the US trace their language back to those times; the overwhelming majority of speakers come from recent immigration. Only in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado has Spanish maintained speaking communities uninterruptedly since colonial times. [27] Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second-language speakers.[28] Though not official, Spanish has a special status for education in the U.S. state of New Mexico. [29] With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico.[30] Spanish is increasingly used alongside English nationwide in business and politics. In the United States, the language is regulated by the North American Academy of the Spanish Language.

Historical language

Philippines

{{Main|Spanish language in the Philippines}}{{Also|Philippine Spanish}}

Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of the Hispanic period in 1565 and through independence until a constitutional change in 1973.

However, President Ferdinand Marcos had Spanish redesigned as an official language under Presidential Decree No. 156, dated 15 March 1973 and Spanish remained official until 1987, when it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.[31]

On 8 August 2007, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo announced that the Philippine government asked help from the Spanish Government in her plan to reintroduce Spanish as a required subject in the Philippine school system.[32] By 2012, the language was a compulsory subject at only a very select number of secondary schools.[33] In spite of government promotion of Spanish, less than 0.5% of the population are able to speak Spanish at least proficiently.[34]

While Spanish is designated as an optional government language in the Philippines, its usage is very limited and not present in everyday life.[35] Despite this, Tagalog and other native Philippine languages incorporate a large number of Spanish loanwords, as a result of 300 years of Spanish influence. In the country, Spanish is regulated by the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language.

Western Sahara

Spanish is a secondary official language, alongside Arabic, in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a former Spanish colony and now a partially recognized state, most of whose territory is occupied by Morocco. Spanish is not a native language in that country.[36][37]

Creole languages

{{Main|Spanish-based creole languages}}

There are a number of Spanish-based creole languages. Chavacano is spoken in Zamboanga City in the Philippines and is a regional language.[38] Papiamento is the official language in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao; it has been classified as either a Spanish-based or a Portuguese-based creole.[39][40]. Haitian Creole is the official language of Haiti; it is a French-based creole with influences from Spanish, Portuguese, English, Taíno, and West African languages.

Chamorro is an Austronesian language with many Spanish loanwords; some scholars have considered it a creole, but the most authoritative sources deny this.[41]
Country Creole language Estimated speakers[42] Year Status
{{flag|Aruba}} Papiamento ~100,000[43] {{N/A}} Official.[44]
{{flag|Caribbean Netherlands}} Papiamento – – Official.[45]
{{flag|Curaçao}} Papiamento 185,155[48] 1981 Official.[46]
{{flag|Guam}} Chamorro 28,969 – Official.
{{flag|Haiti}} Haitian Creole ~6,291,454 1987 Official.
{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} Chamorro 13,290 – Official.
{{flag|Philippines}} Chavacano 689,000[47] 1992 Regional.[38]

Judeo-Spanish

{{Main|Judaeo-Spanish}}

Judaeo-Spanish (sometimes known as Ladino or other names) is a language derived from medieval Spanish; it is still spoken by some Sephardi Jews, mainly in Israel.[48]

International organizations

{{div col}}
  • United Nations (UN)
  • European Union (EU)
  • Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
  • African Union (AU)
  • Central American Integration System (SICA)
  • Latin American Parliament (Parlatino)
  • United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
  • Organization of American States (OAS)
  • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
  • Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
  • World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  • Mercosur
  • Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
  • Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
  • Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
  • Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS)
  • International Labour Organization (ILO)
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
  • Latin Union
  • Pacific Alliance
  • Interpol
  • Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/El-espa%C3%B1ol-lengua-viva-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092938/http://eldiae.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/El-espa%C3%B1ol-lengua-viva-2014.pdf |archivedate=3 September 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=The World Factbook|accessdate=2009-08-11|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}
3. ^Mexico does not have an official language at the federal level  ; however, Spanish is spoken by the majority.
4. ^Constitution of Colombia, Art. 10
5. ^Spanish Constitution, Art. 3-1
6. ^The Argentine Constitution does not establish Spanish as an official language.
7. ^Constitution of Peru, Art. 48
8. ^Constitution of Venezuela, Art. 9
9. ^The Constitution of Chile does not establish Spanish as an official language. However, Chilean legislation establishes that schools must teach students to communicate in the "Castilian language" (General Law on Education (Articles 29 and 30), Chile Library of Congress.)
10. ^Constitution of Ecuador, Art. 2
11. ^Constitution of Guatemala, Art. 143
12. ^Constitution of Cuba {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902133025/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Cuba/cuba2002.html |date=2 September 2006 }}, Art. 2
13. ^Constitution of Bolivia, Art. 5
14. ^The Constitution of the Dominican Republic establish Spanish as it official language.
15. ^Constitution of Honduras, Art. 6
16. ^Constitution of Paraguay, Art. 140
17. ^Constitution of El Salvador, Art. 62
18. ^The Constitution of Nicaragua does not establish Spanish as an official language.
19. ^Constitution of Costa Rica, Art. 76
20. ^1 Constitution of Puerto Rico {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319061750/http://www.ramajudicial.pr/leyes/constitucion/constitucion2.pdf |date=19 March 2015 }}, Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
21. ^Constitution of Panama, Art. 7
22. ^The Constitution of Uruguay does not establish Spanish as an official language.
23. ^Constitution of Equatorial Guinea {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501132216/http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/afm/equatorialguinea/Eq_Guinea_Const_Span.htm |date=1 May 2012 }}, Art. 4
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070717032526/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 July 2007 |title=Observatori de l'Institut d'Estudis Andorrans|language=Catalan |accessdate=5 June 2013}}
25. ^Statistical Institute of Belize: Belize Population and Housing Census 2010. Country Report. Belmopan 2013.
26. ^<Constitution of Gibraltar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121050613/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/constitution/new_constitution/NewGibraltarConstitution.pdf |date=21 November 2008 }}
27. ^ {{cite book |last= Canfield|first=Delos Lincoln|date=1981|title=Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|page=80|quote=The main nuclei of Spanish speech in the United States are northern New Mexico / southern Colorado, the border territories from California through Texas, the Florida peninsula, New York City, and other large cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Only one of these, the New Mexico / Colorado dialect area, has maintained linguistic continuity since colonial days, and its speech goes back to about 1600.}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country|title=US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain|accessdate=2016-05-09|publisher=theguardian.com}}
29. ^Language Rights and New Mexico Statehood By the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes|title=Más 'speak spanish' que en España|accessdate=2007-10-06}} (Spanish)
31. ^Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://latino.msn.com/noticias/articles/ArticlePage.aspx?cp-documentid=5259791 |title=La presidenta filipina pedirá ayuda a España para oficializar el español |publisher=MSN Noticias |language=Spanish |accessdate=2007-08-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026143031/http://latino.msn.com/noticias/articles/ArticlePage.aspx?cp-documentid=5259791 |archivedate=26 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools |title=PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain’s Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools |first=Amita O. |last=Legaspi |date=3 July 2012 |publisher=GMA News}}
34. ^{{Citation|url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |title=Medium projection |date=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811190921/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.html |archivedate=11 August 2011 |df= }}
35. ^Constitution of the Philippines, Art. 14
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm |title=Como saharauis queremos conservar el español |publisher=Lavozdegalicia.es |date=2008-03-13 |accessdate=2015-01-28}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf |format=PDF |title=EL ESPAñOL EN LOS CAMPAMENTOS DE REFUGIADOS SAHARAUIS (TINDUF, ARGELIA) |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |accessdate=2015-05-20}}
38. ^1 DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. July 13, 2013.
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.narin.com/papiamentu/origins.html |title=Papiamentu Facts |accessdate=2008-06-13 |author=Attila Narin |date=June 1998}}
40. ^{{cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Dalby |title=Dictionary of Languages |year=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |isbn=0-7475-3117-X |pages=489}}
41. ^{{cite book|last=Topping|first=Donald|title=Chamorro Reference Grammar|year=1973|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-0269-1|pages=6 and 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUQle0R4Y3sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ |title=Ethnologue |accessdate=2008-06-13 }}
43. ^"Language" - Government of Aruba (official site) - 2010
44. ^{{cite book |last1=Migge |first1=Bettina |last2=Léglise |first2=Isabelle |last3=Bartens |first3=Angela |year=2010 |title=Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |page = 268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SMLb6hKv4YC&lpg=PT276&dq=aruba%20official%20language%20Papiamento&pg=PT276#v=onepage&q=aruba%20official%20language%20Papiamento&f=false |isbn=978-90-272-5258-6}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028827/geldigheidsdatum_24-10-2010|title=Tijdelijke wet officiële talen BES|language=Dutch|quote=Artikel 2: De officiële talen zijn het Engels, het Nederlands en het Papiamento. ({{lang-en|Article 2: The official languages are English, Dutch and Papiamento}})|publisher=wetten.nl|accessdate=2010-10-24}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nieuws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?m=&c=1478 |title=Nieuwsbrief 070313 – Papiaments officieel erkend |publisher=Nieuws.leidenuniv.nl |date= |accessdate=2011-11-21}}
47. ^1 Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429103156/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_98/moreno/cuadro03.htm |date=29 April 2012 }}, Instituto Cervantes.
48. ^EJP | News | Western Europe | Judaeo-Spanish language revived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529062649/http://www.ejpress.org/article/2998 |date=29 May 2009 }}. Ejpress.org (19 September 2005). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
{{Countries and languages lists}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Countries Where Spanish Is An Official Language}}

3 : Lists of countries by language|Spanish-language lists|Spanish-speaking countries and territories
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