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词条 List of ethnic groups in China
释义

  1. Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China

  2. Taiwanese aborigines

  3. "Undistinguished" ethnic minority groups

  4. Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

Multiple ethnic groups populate China, where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal names, the People's Republic of China (China) and Republic of China (Taiwan).

The typical use of the English phrase Chinese people generally refers to the Han 漢 people, also known as Han Chinese; they are the largest ethnic group in mainland China, where (as of 2010) some 91.51%[1] of the population was classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Han is the name the Chinese have used for themselves since the Han Dynasty BC 202, whereas the name "Chinese" (used in the West) is of uncertain origin, but possibly derives ultimately from Sanskrit Cina-s "the Chinese," which in turn perhaps comes from the Qin dynasty which preceded the Han dynasty. Besides the Han-Chinese majority of 92%, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south, and southwest but with some in central interior areas.

The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongol (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million), and Dai (1.2 million).[2]

There are also undistinguished ethnic groups, for example: Chuanqing Ren (穿青人).

Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China

{{further|Ethnic groups in Chinese history}}

Here are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (39 in 1954; 54 by 1964; with the addition of the Jino people in 1979).[3]

English Name
Standard Romanization
CodeA
Mandarin Pinyin
Simplified Chinese
2010 National Shares2010 PopulationB
2000 PopulationB
1990 PopulationB
Year of recognitionC
Han1HanHAzh-Latn|Hàn Zú}}zh-hans|汉族}}91.6474%1,220,844,5201,139,773,0081,042,482,1871954
ZhuangZhuangZHzh-Latn|Zhuàng Zú}}zh-hans|壮族}}1.2700%16,926,38116,187,16315,489,6301954
Hui2HuiHUzh-Latn|Huí Zú}}zh|回族}}0.7943%10,586,0879,828,1268,602,9781954
ManchuManMAzh-Latn|Mǎn Zú}}zh-hans|满族}}0.7794%10,387,95810,708,4649,821,1801954
UyghurUygurUGzh-Latn|Wéiwú'ěr Zú}}zh-hans|维吾尔族}}0.7555%10,069,3468,405,4167,214,4311954
Miao (includes Hmong)3MiaoMHzh-Latn|Miáo Zú}}zh|苗族}}0.7072%9,426,0078,945,5387,398,0351954
YiYiYIzh-Latn|Yí Zú}}zh|彝族}}0.6538%8,714,3937,765,8586,572,1731954
TujiaTujiaTJzh-Latn|Tǔjiā Zú}}zh|土家族}}0.6268%8,353,9128,037,0145,704,2231964
Tibetan4ZangZAzh-Latn|Zàng Zú}}zh|藏族}}0.4713%6,282,1875,422,9544,593,3301954
MongolMongolMGzh-Latn|Měnggǔ Zú}}zh|蒙古族}}0.4488%5,981,8405,827,8084,806,8491954
Dong5DongDOzh-Latn|Dòng Zú}}zh|侗族}}0.2161%2,879,9742,962,9112,514,0141954
BouyeiBouyeiBYzh-Latn|Bùyī Zú}}zh|布依族}}0.2153%2,870,0342,973,2172,545,0591954
YaoYaoYAzh-Latn|Yáo Zú}}zh-hans|瑶族}}0.2098%2,796,0032,638,8782,134,0131954
BaiBaiBAzh-Latn|Bái Zú}}zh|白族}}0.1451%1,933,5101,861,8951,594,8271954
KoreanChosŏnCSzh-Latn|Cháoxiǎn Zú}}zh-hans|朝鲜族}}0.1374%1,830,9291,929,6961,920,5971954
Hani6HaniHNzh-Latn|Hāní Zú}}zh|哈尼族}}0.1246%1,660,9321,440,0291,253,9521954
LiLiLIzh-Latn|Lí Zú}}zh|黎族}}0.1098%1,463,0641,248,0221,110,9001954
KazakhKazakKZzh-Latn|Hāsàkè Zú}}zh-hans|哈萨克族}}0.1097%1,462,5881,251,0231,111,7181954
Dai7DaiDAzh-Latn|Dǎi Zú}}zh|傣族}}0.0946%1,261,3111,159,2311,025,1281954
SheSheSHzh-Latn|Shē Zú}}zh|畲族}}0.0532%708,651710,039630,3781964
LisuLisuLSzh-Latn|Lìsù Zú}}zh|傈僳族}}0.0527%702,839635,101574,8561954
DongxiangDongxiangDXzh-Latn|Dōngxiāng Zú}}zh-hans|东乡族}}0.0466%621,500513,826373,8721954
GelaoGelaoGLzh-Latn|Gēlǎo Zú}}zh|仡佬族}}0.0413%550,746579,744437,9971964
LahuLahuLHzh-Latn|Lāhù Zú}}zh|拉祜族}}0.0365%485,966453,765411,4761954
WaWaWAzh-Latn|Wǎ Zú}}zh|佤族}}0.0322%429,709396,709351,9741954
SuiSuiSUzh-Latn|Shuǐ Zú}}zh|水族}}0.0309%411,847407,000345,9931954
Nakhi8NaxiNXzh-Latn|Nàxī Zú}}zh-hans|纳西族}}0.0245%326,295309,477278,0091954
QiangQiangQIzh-Latn|Qiāng Zú}}zh|羌族}}0.0232%309,576306,476198,2521954
TuTuTUzh-Latn|Tǔ Zú}}zh|土族}}0.0217%289,565241,593191,6241954
Mulao9MulaoMLzh-Latn|Mùlǎo Zú}}zh|仫佬族}}0.0162%216,257207,464159,3281964
XibeXibeXBzh-Latn|Xībó Zú}}zh-hans|锡伯族}}0.0143%190,481189,357172,8471954
KyrgyzKirgizKGzh-Latn|Kē'ěrkèzī Zú}}zh-hans|柯尔克孜族}}0.0140%186,708160,875141,5491954
Jingpo10JingpoJPzh-Latn|Jǐngpō Zú}}zh-hans|景颇族}}0.0111%147,828132,158119,2091954
DaurDaurDUzh-Latn|Dáwò'ěr Zú}}zh-hans|达斡尔族}}0.0099%131,992132,747121,3571964
SalarSalarSLzh-Latn|Sālā Zú}}zh|撒拉族}}0.0098%130,607104,52187,6971954
BlangBlangBLzh-Latn|Bùlǎng Zú}}zh|布朗族}}0.0090%119,63991,89182,2801964
Maonan11MaonanMNzh-Latn|Máonán Zú}}zh|毛南族}}0.0076%101,192107,18471,9681964
Tajik12TajikTAzh-Latn|Tǎjíkè Zú}}zh|塔吉克族}}0.0038%51,06941,05633,5381954
PumiPumiPMzh-Latn|Pǔmǐ Zú}}zh|普米族}}0.0032%42,86133,62829,6571964
AchangAchangACzh-Latn|Āchāng Zú}}zh|阿昌族}}0.0030%39,55533,95427,7081964
NuNuNUzh-Latn|Nù Zú}}zh|怒族}}0.0028%37,52328,77027,1231964
EvenkiEwenkiEWzh-Latn|Èwēnkè Zú}}zh-hans|鄂温克族}}0.0023%30,87530,54526,3151954
Gin13GinGIzh-Latn|Jīng Zú}}zh|京族}}0.0021%28,19922,58418,9151964
JinoJinoJNzh-Latn|Jīnuò Zú}}zh-hans|基诺族}}0.0017%23,14320,89918,0211979
De'ang14DeangDEzh-Latn|Dé'áng Zú}}zh|德昂族}}0.0015%20,55617,93515,4621964
BonanBonanBOzh-Latn|Bǎo'ān Zú}}zh|保安族}}0.0015%20,07416,50512,2121954
RussianRussRSzh-Latn|Éluósī Zú}}zh-hans|俄罗斯族}}0.0012%15,39315,63113,5041954
YugurYugurYGzh-Latn|Yùgù Zú}}zh|裕固族}}0.0011%14,37813,74712,2971954
UzbekUzbekUZzh-Latn|Wūzībiékè Zú}}zh-hans|乌孜别克族}}0.0008%10,56912,42314,5021954
MonbaMonbaMBzh-Latn|Ménbā Zú}}zh-hans|门巴族}}0.0008%10,5618,9287,4751964
OroqenOroqenORzh-Latn|Èlúnchūn Zú}}zh-hans|鄂伦春族}}0.0006%8,6598,2166,9651954
DerungDerungDRzh-Latn|Dúlóng Zú}}zh-hans|独龙族}}0.0005%6,9307,4315,8161964
Hezhen15HezhenHZzh-Latn|Hèzhé Zú}}zh|赫哲族}}0.0004%5,3544,6644,2451964
Gaoshan16GaoshanGSzh-Latn|Gāoshān Zú}}zh|高山族}}0.0003%4,0094,4882,9091954
LhobaLhobaLBzh-Latn|Luòbā Zú}}zh|珞巴族}}0.0003%3,6822,9702,3121965
TatarsTatarTTzh-Latn|Tǎtǎ'ěr Zú}}zh-hans|塔塔尔族}}0.0003%3,5564,8954,8731954
Undistinguished—nonezh-Latn|Wèi Shìbié Mínzú}}zh-hans|未识别民族}}0.0480%640,101734,438749,341-
Naturalized Citizen—nonezh-Latn|Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí}}zh-hans|外国人加入中国籍}}0.0001%1,4489413,421-
AGB 3304－91 "Names of ethnicities of China in romanization with codes";[4]
BThe population only includes mainland China and Taiwan;
CFor ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954[5] and 1964;[6]
1Also included are the Chuanqing;
2Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees;
3A subset of which is also known as Hmong;
4including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity;
5Also known as Kam;
6Also included are the Sangkong;
7This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi;
8Also included are the Mosuo;
9Also included are the Qago ({{lang|zh|木佬人}});
10Known as Kachin in Myanmar;
11Also included are the Then;
12Actually not Tajik people but Pamiri people;
13The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese;
14Known as Palaung in Myanmar;
15The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border;

16A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan.

Taiwanese aborigines

{{Main|Taiwanese Aborigines}}{{POV section|date=October 2015}}

The People's Republic of China government officially refers to all Taiwanese aborigines ({{zh|c=原住民族|hp=Yuánzhùmínzú}}), as Gaoshan ({{zh|c=高山族|hp=Gāoshānzú}}), whereas the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines. The term Gaoshan has a different connotation in Taiwan than it does in mainland China. While several thousands of these aborigines have migrated to Fujian province in mainland China, most remain in Taiwan.[7] Due to the contested political status and legal status of Taiwan, the PRC classification of Taiwanese aborigines may be controversial.

{{citation needed span|Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists"|date=February 2016}} have in the past claimed that they have Plains Aboriginal ({{zh|c=平埔族|hp=Píngpuzú}}), ancestry in order to promote Taiwan independence, claiming an identity different from that of mainland Chinese. However, genetic tests showed differences between them and plains aborigines, and given that they usually were recent migrants, their claims were rejected by descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines.[8]

"Undistinguished" ethnic minority groups

{{Main|Undistinguished ethnic groups in China}}

This is a list of ethnic groups in China that are not officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China.

  • Äynu people (艾努人 Àinǔ rén)
  • Gejia (家人 Gèjiā rén)
  • Bajia (八甲人 Bājiǎ rén)
  • Deng (僜人 Dèng rén)
  • Hu (户人 Hù rén) or Angku
  • Khmu (克木人 Kèmù rén)
  • Kucong (Yellow Lahu / Lahu Shi; 苦聪人 / 苦聰人 Kǔcōng rén)
  • Mang (芒人 Máng rén)
  • Sherpas (夏尔巴人 / 夏爾巴人 Xià'ěrbā rén)
  • Tankas (疍家人 / 蜑家人 Dànjiā rén) including Fuzhou Tanka
  • Tebbu people (迭部人 Diébù rén)
  • Tuvans (图瓦人 Túwǎ rén)
  • Waxiang (瓦乡人 Wǎxiāng rén)
  • Jews (犹太人 / 猶太人 Yóutài rén) (Jewish people of China and Jews in general)
  • Yamatos (大和民族 Dàhé mínzú) and Ryukyuans (琉球民族 Liúqiú mínzú) living as permanent residents in Taiwan and Northeast China{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
  • Macanese (土生葡人 Tǔshēng pú rén), mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins
  • Utsuls (回辉人 Huíhuī rén), descendants of Cham Muslims who fled Vietnamese invasions of Champa

During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000), 734,438 persons in the Chinese mainland, 97% of them in Guizhou, were specifically recorded as belonging to "Undistinguished ethnic groups".[9] Presumably, other members of such groups may have been counted within larger "recognized" groups.

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau

{{see also|Demographics of Hong Kong|Demographics of Macau}}

Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. As a result, minority groups such as Europeans (mainly English), and South or Southeast Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.

Gallery

See also

{{Portal|China}}
  • Affirmative action in China
  • Demographics of China
  • Demographics of Taiwan
  • Taiwanese people
  • Ethnic minorities in China
  • Han Chinese subgroups
  • Hua–Yi distinction
  • Languages of China
  • List of endangered languages in China
  • Tai–Kadai ethnic groups in China
  • Taiwanese aborigines
  • Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
  • Zhonghua minzu

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data (2011-04-28)|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm|website=Xinhua News (English)|accessdate=1 September 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711022113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm|archivedate=11 July 2016|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm|title=index|author=|date=|website=www.stats.gov.cn}}
3. ^{{cite book |author1=胡鸿保 |author2=张丽梅 |script-title=zh:民族识别原则的变化与民族人口 |journal=Southwest University for Nationalities University Press |year=2009 |issue=4 }}
4. ^GB 3304－91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes.
5. ^First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
6. ^Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2015-07/24/content_2902200.htm|title=高山族_中国概况_中国政府网|first=|last=曹晓轩|date=|website=www.gov.cn}}
8. ^{{cite thesis|last=Chen|first=Shu-Juo|title=How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity|type=Ph.D. | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/33/43/3343568.html|publisher=STANFORD UNIVERSITY|year=2009|accessdate=11 October 2013}}
9. ^第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口 ( Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). {{zh icon}}

External links

{{Commons category|Ethnic groups in China}}
  • "Chinese ethnic odyssey" - collection of articles from the People's Daily
  • Family album of Chinese 56 ethnic groups
  • [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07/10/world/20090711-xinjiang.html nytimes.com]
  • Map share of ethnic by county of China
  • Map share of dominate ethnic by county of China
{{-}}{{Ethnic groups in China}}{{Taiwan (island) aborigines}}{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}{{East Asian topics}}{{China topics|state=autocollapse}}{{Taiwan topics|state=autocollapse}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Ethnic Groups In China}}

2 : China-related lists|Lists of ethnic groups
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