| 词条 | List of Jews born in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union |
| 释义 |
This List of Jews contains individuals who, in accordance with Wikipedia's verifiability and no original research policies, have been identified as Jews by reliable sources. The following is a list of Jews born in the territory of the former Russian Empire. It is geographically defined, so it also includes people born after the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1922 and its successor the Soviet Union in 1991. A few years before The Holocaust, the Jewish population of the Soviet Union (excluding Western Ukraine and the Baltic states that were not part of the Soviet Union then) stood at over 5 million, most of whom were Ashkenazic as opposed to Sephardic, with some Karaite minorities. It is estimated that more than half died directly as a result of the Shoah. Many more emigrated to Israel, USA, Argentina, and Germany. Russia and Ukraine still have among the larger Jewish populations in the world today (440,000 in Russia; 300,000 in Ukraine.) Politics and militaryPoliticians
Israeli politicians
Israeli military persons
Soviet soldiers and revolutionaries
Others
Business figures
ScientistsNatural scientists
Mathematicians
Social scientists and philosophers
Medical scientists and physicians
Cultural figuresFine artists
Musicians
Performing artists
Writers and poets
Religious figures
Sport figuresChess
Boxing
Canoeing
Fencing
Figure skating
Football (American)
Gymnastics
Ice hockey
Judo
Rugby league
Sailing
Shooting
Soccer (association football)
Speed skating
Swimming
Table tennis
Tennis
Track and field
Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Other sports
See also
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Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews, Cambridge University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-521-79538-9}} (pbk), p.430 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 http://www.judaica.com.br/materias/020_04a10.htm 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044306/Lazar-Moiseyevich-Kaganovich |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1991-07-25 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_k.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714646199&id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&ots=xXDeElEHJL&dq=%22Lazar+Kaganovich%22+JEW&sig=Sc2pumbAJDJJjQE5VCKDegHACFM |title=Jews and Jewish life in Russia and … - Yaacov Ro'i – Google Boeken |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=276745 |title=FJC | News | A Jewish Renaissance in Russia |publisher=Fjc.ru |date=2005-05-03 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 11. ^Churchill and the Baltics – The Churchill Centre 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_m.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/5753/edition_id/107/format/html/displaystory.html |title=j. - Russian Jewish reformist moves up Kremlin ladder |publisher=Jewishsf.com |date=1997-03-21 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_s.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_t.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 16. ^"Trotsky was born of Jewish parents in the S Ukraine." "Trotsky, Leon" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314102048/http://www.bartleby.com/65/tr/Trotsky.html |date=2009-03-14 }}, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05. 17. ^"His father was a prosperous Jewish farmer. After attending a Jewish primary school, Trotsky became a student at a state school in the city of Odesa (Odessa) in 1888..." "Leon Trotsky", Encarta, 2007. [https://www.webcitation.org/5kwsovpOY?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557000/Trotsky.html Archived] 2009-10-31. 18. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_u.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 19. ^Zvi Gitelman. 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|accessdate=2012-01-04}} 106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe49333 |title=Brudno in Moscow |publisher=Computerhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Minkowski.html|title=Hermann Minkowski biography}} 108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1546&letter=B&search=Buber |title=Buber, Solomon: |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 109. ^Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Kharkov, Ukraine … the only child of prosperous Jewish parents" 110. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html |title=Virtual Jewish Library, list of Nobel Prizewinners |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 111. ^{{cite web|author=JINFO |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Economists.html |title=Jewish Economists |publisher=Jinfo.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 112. ^Jewish Year Book, 1990, p. 202 113. ^H. Read, S. Thorndike, and others, Jacob Kramer: a memorial volume (1969) 114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rogallery.com/Neizvestny_Ernst/Neizvestny_bio.htm |title=Ernst Neizvestny |publisher=Rogallery.com |date=1945-04-22 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 115. ^{{cite web|url=http://jewisheritage.blogspot.com/search/label/Peinture |title=JEWISHERITAGE Peinture |publisher=Jewisheritage.blogspot.com |date=2004-02-26 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 116. ^{{cite web|author=John F. Canu |url=http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/art/art4jul/art0714.html |title=ART / 4 / 2DAY |publisher=Safran-arts.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 117. ^"Lera Auerbach may have defected to the US in the dying days of the Cold War, but her music’s quixotic personality is shaped decisively by her Russian upbringing and Jewish heritage.” {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110225346/http://www.leraauerbach.com/pages/profile_press.html |date=November 10, 2007 }} 118. ^{{cite web |last=Bloom|first=Nate|title=The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs| publisher =InterfaithFamily| date =2006-12-19 | url =http://www.interfaithfamily.com/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ekLSK5MLIrG&b=297399&ct=3303147| format =| accessdate =2006-12-19 }} 119. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/02/14/db1402.xml Lazar Naumovich Berman was born to Jewish parents in what was then Leningrad on February 26 1930.] 120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id%3D16606 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=October 13, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018210259/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16606 |archivedate=October 18, 2006 }} "Jascha Heifetz, Fritz Kreisler, Mischa Elman... were all Jews, too" 121. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_e.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 122. ^ "Anthony Federov: I'm like half Christian, half Jewish. I'm like a mix." 123. ^{{cite web|author=JINFO |url=http://www.jinfo.org/Pianists.html |title=Jewish Pianists |publisher=Jinfo.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.planettree.org/2000/crussian.html |title=Samuil Yevgen´yevich Feinberg (1890‚1962) was regarded as one the most gifted pianists of his day; his compositions, however, have only recently begun to be heard after many years of silence. His parents were of Jewish origin and in 1894 they moved to from Odessa to Moscow |publisher=Planettree.org |date=1915-04-02 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id%3D16606 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=October 13, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018210259/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16606 |archivedate=October 18, 2006 }} "His teacher was Joseph Gingold, and as Bell fondly recalled him, "He was a Russian Jewish violinist..." 126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Gilels-Emil.htm |title=He was born Samuil Hilels in Odessa to a musical Jewish family; both his parents were musicians |publisher=Bach-cantatas.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 127. ^ "Ukrainian Jewish singer is country's star" "A Ukrainian Jewish woman, Tanya Liberman, who performs under the name Tina Karol, came in seventh." 128. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20071115082600/http://www.library.taganrog.ru/res/book/bibliograficheskie_ukazateli/evrei.html] 129. ^Fleeing revolution torn Russia, internationally known pianist Leo Sirota, a Russian Jew, settled in Vienna, where his only child, a daughter, was born. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905195740/http://www.pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2001/gordon.html |date=September 5, 2009 }} 130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/gig-23351811-details/Regina+Spektor/gigReview.do?reviewId=23364423 |title=Regina Spektor, the Brooklyn-based, classically trained Jewish émigré whose family fled the Soviet Union for the Brooklyn when she was nine |publisher=Thisislondon.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216081618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/gig-23351811-details/Regina%2BSpektor/gigReview.do?reviewId=23364423 |archivedate=2008-12-16 |df= }} 131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/page31.html |title=Jewish-American Hall of Fame – Virtual Tour |publisher=Amuseum.org |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 132. ^Solomon Volkov and Antonina Bouis, St. Petersburg: A Cultural History (Simon and Schuster, 1997). p. 454. 133. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.sem40.ru/famous2/e247.shtml |title=Чухрай Григорий Наумович |publisher=Sem40.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-01-30}} 134. ^1 http://www.rusfilm.pitt.edu/2005/pn/vera.htm 135. ^1 2 3 4 http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Cinema 136. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1773 |title=All About Jewish Theatre – Abraham Goldfaden : A Theater Pioneer Gets His Due |publisher=Jewish-theatre.com |date=2011-05-27 |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 137. ^Hoberman, J. "Cinema." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. 2 August 2010. 138. ^Jewish News Weekly: "One of the country's best-known entertainers has become president (of the Moscow Jewish Community). Comedian Gennady Khazanov, known as "Russia's Bob Hope," said he understood only recently the importance of being personally involved in the Jewish community. … Last week, after the synagogue stabbing, Khazanov made several television appearances as president of the organization. Sporting a white silk kippah—something he had rarely done before—the comedian focused public attention on the incident. Khazanov isn't the only public figure who has been prompted by the stabbing incident to come out of the Jewish closet." Accessed 30 Oct 2006. 139. ^http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Kozintsev_Grigorii_Mikhailovich 140. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jvibe.com/popculture/mila_kunis.shtml |accessdate=June 23, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603115539/http://www.jvibe.com/popculture/mila_kunis.shtml |archivedate=June 3, 2006 }} 141. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-yuli-raizman-1569253.html | location=London | work=The Independent | title=Obituary: Yuli Raizman | date=1995-01-23}} 142. ^The Jewish Agency For Israel: Mag-Net {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118150722/http://www.jafi.org.il/arts/2005/nov/3.htm |date=January 18, 2010 }} 143. ^Chernenko, Miron. "Romm, Mikhail Il’ich." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 19 November 2010. 144. ^Murray-Brown, Jeremy. "Esfir Il’inishna Shub." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. 145. ^Chernenko, Miron. "Trauberg, Leonid Zakharovich." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 28 October 2010. 146. ^Hoberman, J. "Vertov, Dziga." YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 2 November 2010. 147. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_c.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 148. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_g.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 149. ^ru:Владимир Гальперин 150. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_i.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 151. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_r.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 152. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/tchernichovsky.html |title=Shaul Tchernichovsky was born in Mikhailovka, Russia, and grew up in a religious home that was open to the ideas of the Enlightenment and Zionism. He attended a modern Hebrew school, where he studied mainly Hebrew and Bible, and at ten entered a Russian school. |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 153. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_f.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 154. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_s.htm |title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 155. ^{{cite news|last=Gray |first=Geoffrey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/27/sports/boxing-jewish-boxers-are-looking-to-make-a-comeback.html?pagewanted=all |title= Jewish Boxers Are Looking to Make a Comeback |work=The New York Times |date=December 27, 2003 |accessdate=May 25, 2010}} 156. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jcc.org/articlenav.php?id=584 |title=The 18th Maccabiah–Maccabiah Chai |publisher=JCC |date= |accessdate=June 3, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420024035/http://www.jcc.org/articlenav.php?id=584 |archivedate=April 20, 2010 |df= }} 157. ^{{cite news|url=http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/2005/060905/mwbaiul.html |title=Oksana Baiul, figure skating champion, embraces Jewish roots |publisher=New Jersey Jewish News |date=June 9, 2005 |author= Johanna Ginsberg|accessdate=July 2, 2011}} 158. ^{{cite web|last=Elfman |first=Lois |url=http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2004/12/08/news/on_the_cover/news03.txt |title=Jewish Ice Skaters |work=The Jewish Ledger |date=December 8, 2004 |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406184654/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2004/12/08/news/on_the_cover/news03.txt |archivedate=April 6, 2012 |df= }} 159. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79273055.html?refid=gnews_1108|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209102959/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79273055.html?refid=gnews_1108|dead-url=yes|archive-date=December 9, 2012|author=David Pollack |title=America's Hottest Jewish Olympic Hopefuls Are To Be Found on the Ice |work=The Forward|date=February 8, 2002 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}} 160. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5WAzo00SGgC&q=jewish+%22Michael+Shmerkin%22&dq=jewish+%22Michael+Shmerkin%22&hl=en&ei=RP0sTOvWBMKB8gbnyL3wDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ |title=A Year in Figure Skating |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |author1=Beverley Smith |author2=Dan Diamond |year=1997|ISBN=0-7710-2755-9 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}} 161. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0206/bloom_olympics06.php3 |title=The Tribe goes to Torino: Sketches of Jewish Olympic-Bound Athletes|publisher=JWR |date=February 16, 2006 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}} 162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/28377/jewish-athletes-in-the-olympics-then-and-now/ |title=Jewish athletes in the Olympics—then and now |author1=Lionel Gaffen |author2=Joe Eskenazi |lastauthoramp=yes|publisher=j. |date=February 9, 2006 |accessdate=July 1, 2010}} 163. ^{{cite news|last=Roiphe |first=Anne |url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=148518 |title=Maccabiah opens with fanfare in Ramat Gan |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=July 13, 2009 |accessdate=July 2, 2011}} 164. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hockeytoc.html |title=Jews in Sports: Hockey |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|date= |accessdate=May 25, 2010}} 165. ^1 {{cite book |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: The Clash Between Sport and Politics – With a Complete Review of Jewish Olympic Medalists |author=Taylor, Paul |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA254&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+lyapkin&hl=en&ei=Iu6dTtf1NcHosQKrz6STCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jews%20and%20the%20Olympic%20Games%22%20lyapkin&f=false |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 166. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA236&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+moiseyev&hl=en&ei=11aeTtuqFMHv0gH1la3CCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 167. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://thebulldogs.com.au/main.php?page=archives&month=05&year=2007&type=List&num=7 |title=19-year-old Jewish Prodigy Bound for the NRL |publisher=Bulldogs Rugby League Club |date=May 9, 2007 |accessdate=September 28, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706112815/http://thebulldogs.com.au/main.php?page=archives&month=05&year=2007&type=List&num=7 |archivedate=July 6, 2011 |df= }} 168. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR |title=YIVO | Sport: Jews in Sport in the USSR |publisher=Yivoencyclopedia.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429023935/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR |archivedate=2015-04-29 |df= }} 169. ^{{cite news |first=Motti |last=Peshkhatzki |script-title=he:דינמו קייב לבית"ר: 220 אלף דולר על אנדריי אוברמקו |url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/3/ART1/433/383.html |work= |publisher= |date=June 9, 2006 |accessdate=July 6, 2008 |language=Hebrew }} 170. ^[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99769140.html?dids=99769140:99769140&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+02%2C+1993&author=JOEL+GORDIN&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=POOLING+THEIR+TALENT&pqatl=google "Pooling their Talent"], Joel Gordin, The Jerusalem Post, July 2, 1993, Retrieved January 1, 2011 171. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/tabletennistoc.html |title=Jews in Sports: Table Tennis |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|date= |accessdate=May 25, 2010}} 172. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/tracktoc.html |title=Jews in Sports: Track & Field |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=May 25, 2010}} 173. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA234&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+krachevskaya&hl=en&ei=eh6dTtvFJsHs0gHgl6m6CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 174. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA234&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+krepkina&hl=en&ei=1h-dTtXEKKTC0AHqvJGACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 175. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA225&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22++larysa&hl=en&ei=Bh6aTr2VIabu0gHMyMy_BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jews%20and%20the%20Olympic%20Games%22%20%20larysa&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 176. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA235&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+lapinsky&hl=en&ei=gp-dTvvCOvDG0AHYubH9CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 177. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+patkin&hl=en&ei=aiagToSMLqnI0QGQ9KXVBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 178. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA236&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+melnikov&hl=en&ei=DEWeTqr5DajL0QGfoaCMCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 179. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+plyukfelder&hl=en&ei=Ii-gTtOBJ-Hq0gHC1digBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 180. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA240&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+rigert&hl=en&ei=aFWgTsSTDabm0QG409iGBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Jews and the Olympic Games: the … - Paul Taylor – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}} 181. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR |title=yivoencyclopedia.org |publisher=yivoencyclopedia.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429023935/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR |archivedate=2015-04-29 |df= }} External links
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