| 释义 |
- References
Law clerks have assisted the justices of the United States Supreme Court in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice Horace Gray in 1882.[1] Each justice is permitted to have between three and four law clerks per Court term. Most persons serving in this capacity are recent law school graduates (and typically graduated at the top of their class).[2] Among their many functions, clerks do legal research that assists justices in deciding what cases to accept and what questions to ask during oral arguments, prepare memoranda, and draft orders and opinions.[3] Research suggests that clerks exert a moderate influence on how justices vote in cases, but have "substantial influence in cases that are high-profile, legally significant, or close decisions."[4]The following list articles cover the law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States: - List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for chief justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Morrison Waite{{•}} Melville Fuller{{•}} Edward D. White {{•}} William H. Taft{{•}} Charles E. Hughes{{•}} Harlan F. Stone{{•}} Fred M. Vinson{{•}} Earl Warren{{•}} Warren Burger{{•}} William Rehnquist{{•}} John Roberts}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Samuel Blatchford{{•}} Edward D. White{{•}} Willis Van Devanter{{•}} Hugo Black{{•}} Lewis Powell{{•}} Anthony Kennedy{{•}} Brett Kavanaugh}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Horace Gray{{•}} Oliver W. Holmes{{•}} Benjamin Cardozo{{•}} Felix Frankfurter {{•}} Arthur Goldberg{{•}} Abe Fortas{{•}} Harry Blackmun{{•}} Stephen Breyer}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|William Woods{{•}} Lucius Lamar II{{•}} Howell Jackson{{•}} Rufus Peckham{{•}} Horace Lurton{{•}} James McReynolds{{•}} James Byrnes{{•}} Wiley Rutledge{{•}} Sherman Minton{{•}} William Brennan{{•}} David Souter{{•}} Sonia Sotomayor}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Samuel Miller{{•}} Henry Brown{{•}} William Moody{{•}} Joseph Lamar{{•}} Louis Brandeis{{•}} William O. Douglas{{•}} John P. Stevens{{•}} Elena Kagan}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Stanley Matthews{{•}} David Brewer{{•}} Charles E. Hughes{{•}} Gedorge Clarke{{•}} Sutherland{{•}} Stanley Reed{{•}} Charles Whittaker{{•}} Byron White{{•}} Ruth B. Ginsburg}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|John M. Harlan{{•}} Mahlon Pitney{{•}} Edward Sanford{{•}} Owen Roberts{{•}} Harold Burton{{•}} Potter Stewart{{•}} Sandra D. O'Connor{{•}} Samuel Alito}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Stephen Field{{•}} Joseph McKenna{{•}} Harlan Stone{{•}} Robert Jackson{{•}} John M. Harlan{{•}} William Rehnquist{{•}} Antonin Scalia{{•}} Neil Gorsuch}}}}- List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)
{{resize|95%|Clerks for associate justices:}}
{{block indent |1={{resize|95%|Joseph Bradley{{•}} George Shiras{{•}} William Day{{•}} Pierce Butler{{•}} Frank Murphy{{•}} Tom Clark{{•}} Thurgood Marshall{{•}} Clarence Thomas}}}}Note that, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since it was established in 1789, two seats have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 (and before the Court established the practice of hiring law clerks). Consequently, neither "seat 5" nor "seat 7" have a list article. Also, the seat numbers in these articles are not derived from official United States federal government sources, but are used as a way of organizing and detailing the succession of justices over the years since the first set of justices were confirmed by the United States Senate. References 1. ^{{cite book |last=Peppers |first=Todd C. |title=Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk| year=2006| page=1| publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxiMWr730EcC| isbn=978-0-8047-5382-1}}
2. ^{{cite web| title=Supreme Court Procedures| url=http://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/supreme-1| website=uscourts.gov| publisher=Administrative Office of the United States Courts| location=Washington, D.C.| accessdate=December 23, 2018}}
3. ^{{cite book| last1=Ward| first1=Artemus| last2=Weiden| first2=David L.| year=2006| title=Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court| publisher=New York University Press| location=New York, New York| pages=1–5| isbn=978-0-8147-9404-3}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Maya|last2=Rozema|first2=Kyle|last3=Goldin|first3=Jacob|last4=Chilton|first4=Adam|last5=Bonica|first5=Adam|title=Legal Rasputins? Law Clerk Influence on Voting at the US Supreme Court|journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization|volume=35|pages=1–36|language=en|doi=10.1093/jleo/ewy024|year=2019}}
{{sia}}{{SCOTUS horizontal}} 1 : Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States |