词条 | List of little penguin colonies |
释义 |
This is a list of little penguin colonies notable for their size, location or public profile. It is not exhaustive. Some little penguin (Eudyptula minor) colonies are particularly large, well-known, or are tourist attractions; even small colonies in urban areas may attract tours. Little penguins, also known as little blue or fairy penguins, exhibit site fidelity to their breeding colonies and nesting sites over successive years. They live year-round in large or small colonies, with each individual breeding pair forming a burrow, or using caves or crevices between rocks, in which to raise their chicks (of which two are born at a time, usually about two days apart). Although many breed in large, well-defined colonies, the penguins also occur in scattered locations along long stretches of coastline.[1] In New Zealand numerous beaches, bays and coves are host to penguin colonies. Colony sizes may range from thousands to just a few nests, with some penguins ranging into urban areas. The total population is estimated to lie between 350,000 and 600,000 individuals. Most of these breed on offshore islands where they are not subject to predation by introduced mammals, nor to regular disturbance by people, and are relatively secure. Many colonies on the Australian mainland, as well as on the coasts of Tasmania and New Zealand’s North and South Islands, are in decline.[2] TourismLittle penguins typically return to their colonies to feed their chicks after sunset, which is when they are most visible to people and where tourist attention is focussed. Little penguins attract large numbers of tourists in Australia, and are important in several local economies. However, penguin tourism can also affect penguin breeding success through causing adults to desert nests and chicks to receive fewer meals.[3] PredationLittle penguins were once common along the southern coastline of mainland Australia but are now primarily confined to various small islands and isolated coastal locations due to predation by introduced feral and domestic cats, foxes or, in New Zealand, stoats and ferrets, and stray dogs on the mainland. The birds and their nests are also preyed on by native animals such as goannas and, in the vicinity of the colonies at sea, by fur seals.[4][5][6] Where roads pass close to colonies, they may be killed by cars. Due to their diminutive size, the introduction of predators and the spread of human settlement, some colonies have been reduced in size by as much as 98% in just a few years. An example is the small colony on Middle Island, near Warrnambool, Victoria, which was reduced from 5,000 penguins to 100; a subsequent conservation management program using Maremma sheepdogs to guard the colony and deter foxes allowed numbers to start to recover.[7] AustraliaJervis Bay TerritoryColonies in the Jervis Bay Territory include:
New South WalesColonies in New South Wales include:
South AustraliaColonies in South Australia include:
TasmaniaColonies in Tasmania include:
VictoriaColonies in Victoria, Australia include:
Western AustraliaColonies in Western Australia include:
New ZealandColonies in New Zealand include:
See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to Ducks. |author=Marchant, S.; & Higgins, P.J. (Coordinators) |year=1990 |series= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=0-19-553068-3 |pages=246–259 |url= }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.penguins.cl/little-penguins.htm|title=Little (Blue or Fairy) Penguin|accessdate=2012-09-17 |work=About Penguins|publisher=International Penguin Conservation Work Group |date=2011-08-06 }} 3. ^{{cite book |title=What is causing the decline of Little Penguins on Granite Island, South Australia?|author1=Bool, N.M. |author2=Page, B. |author3=Goldsworthy, S.D. |year=2007 |series=SARDI Research Report No.217 |publisher=South Australian Research and Development Institute|location=Adelaide |isbn=|pages=|url=http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/113470/No_217_What_is_causing_the_decline_of_little_penguins_on_Granite_Island,_South_Australia.pdf}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|url=http://www.penguins.cl/little-penguins.htm|title=Penguins: Little (Blue) Penguins - Eudyptula minor|first=Peter|last=Dann|publisher=International Penguin Conservation Work Group|accessdate=2011-11-25}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|title=Little Penguin - Penguin Project|first=Valerie|last=Grabski|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Sentinels/University of Washington|accessdate=2011-11-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216162812/http://mesh.biology.washington.edu/penguinProject/Little|archivedate=2011-12-16|df=}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/blueplanet/factfiles/birds/fairy_penguin_bg.shtml|title=BBC - Science & Nature -Sea Life - Fact Files: Little/Fairy penguin|date=July 2005|publisher=bbc|accessdate=2011-11-25}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.warrnambool.vic.gov.au/index.php?q=node/943 |title=Middle Island Maremma Project |accessdate=2012-09-06 |work=Warrnambool |publisher=Warrnambool City Council |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819155644/http://www.warrnambool.vic.gov.au/index.php?q=node%2F943 |archivedate=2012-08-19 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/booderee/visitor-activities/birdwatching.html |title=Little Penguin |accessdate=2012-09-08 |work=Booderee National Park: Birdwatching |publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australia |date=2012-05-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825131303/http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/booderee/visitor-activities/birdwatching.html |archivedate=2012-08-25 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://quebal2.icebergcms.com.au/details.php?p_id=760&listid=594|title=Broughton Island’s recovery is well under way|accessdate=2012-09-11 |work=A Question of Balance: summary of radio interview of Nicholas Carlile by Ruby Vincent|first=Victor |last=Barry |publisher=2SER Community Radio Station |date=June 2011}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Endangered Population of Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Manly|author=Anon |year=2000 |series=Recovery Plans |publisher=NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service |location=Sydney |isbn=0731362608 |pages=|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/penguinFin.pdf }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.montagueisland.com.au/birdlife.htm |title=Little Penguins |accessdate=2012-09-11 |work=Montague Island NSW |publisher=Montague Island Tours |date= }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/grants/2007102_penguins.pdf|title=Lion Island Little Penguin Threat Abatement |accessdate=2012-09-11 |work=Project overview |publisher=NSW Environmental Trust |date=April 2007}} 13. ^Barton, D. (1978). Breeding Fairy Penguins at Twofold Bay, NSW. Corella 2,7 1-72. 14. ^{{cite book |title=Eagles Claw Nature Reserve Plan of Management|author=Anon |year=1992 |series= |publisher=NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service |location=Eden |isbn=0-7305-7338-9 |pages=|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/pomfinaleagles.pdf }} 15. ^Priddel, D., Carlile, N. & Wheeler, R., 2008. Population size, breeding success and provenance of a mainland colony of Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor). EMU, 108, pp.35–41. 16. ^1 2 3 Wiebkin, A. S. (2011) Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St Vincent. Report to Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182949/http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/2/Coast/Reports/FINAL%20for%20web%20-%20penguin%20report%2013-9-11.pdf |date=2014-02-22 }} South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide. SARDI Publication No. F2011/000188-1. SARDI Research Report Series No.588. 97pp. 17. ^"Goose Island Aquatic Reserve" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405180420/http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/65420/5._AqResWeb.pdf |date=2015-04-05 }} Government of South Australia. (Accessed 2013-12-13) 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2012/08/14/3567175.htm|title=Granite Island penguin population in possible peril |accessdate=2012-09-12 |work=891 ABC Adelaide |first=Brett |last=Williamson |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2012-08-14 }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kinrm.sa.gov.au/Marine/PenguinCensus.aspx|title=Kingscote Community Penguin Census|accessdate=2012-09-12 |work=Kangaroo Island |publisher=Department of Natural Resources, South Australia |date=2011-02-07 }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tourkangarooisland.com.au/wildlife/p354.aspx |title=Birds & Bees |publisher=Tourkangarooisland.com.au |date=2009-06-30 |accessdate=2012-09-04}} 21. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-07-23/kingscote-penguin-tours-to-stop-as-bird-numbers/4837850 | title=Kingscote Penguin Centre tours to stop | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=22 July 2013 | accessdate=16 January 2019}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/fate-of-island-penguins-appears-sealed-as-hunted-become-hunters/story-e6frg6nf-1226028346271|title=Fate of island penguins appears sealed as hunted become hunters|last=Lloyd|first=Graham|date=2011-03-26|work=News|publisher=The Australian|accessdate=2012-09-12}} 23. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Flinder's Chase Revisited|last=Masterman|first=Mervinia|publisher=Griffin Press|year=1972|isbn=|location=Netley, South Australia|pages=63, 68, 73}} 24. ^ Madden-Hallett, D. M., Hammer, M., Gursansky, W. and Donato, D. B., 2011. Lipson Island baseline flora and fauna report and assessment of risk. For Golder Associates, Donato Environmental Services, Darwin. 25. ^Donato Environmental Services (2012). Port Spencer Stage 1 Public Environmental Report, Volume 4 of 5, Appendix J. Adelaide: Centrex Metals Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-9872794-3-9}} 26. ^{{cite web|last=Robinson|first=A. C.|title=South Australia's offshore islands|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf|publisher=Australian Heritage Commission|accessdate=13 December 2013 |author2=Canty, P. |author3=Mooney, T. |author4=Rudduck, P.|page=283|year=1996}} 27. ^{{cite book |title=Small North-East Islands Management Plan|author=Anon |year=2002 |series= |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service|location=Hobart |isbn=|pages=|url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6780}} 28. ^{{cite journal |author1=Stevenson, Caryn |author2=Woehler, Eric J. |year=2007 |title=Population decreases in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia, over the past 45 years |journal=Marine Ornithology |volume=35 |issue= |pages=71–76 |url= http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/35_1/35_1_71-76.pdf }} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverburnie.net/what-to-see/penguins.html|title=Penguins|accessdate=2012-09-14 |work=Discover Burnie |publisher=Burnie City Council |date= }} 30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web |url= http://www.birdlife.org |title= Species factsheet: Eudyptula minor |accessdate= 2012-09-08|work=BirdLife Data Zone |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2012 }} 31. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.discovertasmania.com.au/tour/wynyardlittlepenguintours|title = WYNYARD PENGUIN TOURS|date = |accessdate = 2015-12-19|website = |publisher = }} 32. ^1 2 Brothers, Nigel; Pemberton, David; Pryor, Helen; & Halley, Vanessa. (2001). Tasmania’s Offshore Islands: seabirds and other natural features. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery: Hobart. {{ISBN|0-7246-4816-X}} 33. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=a4sIbHJ8AVsC&oi=fnd&pg=PA339&dq=%22The+vulnerability+of+Australian+seabirds+to+oil+spills%22&ots=5qVH5b36rw&sig=S98nD6UHWb00_f15YV_7SSEXn6k#v=onepage&q=phillip&f=false | title=Marine Pollution: New Research | publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc. | year=2008 | accessdate=September 4, 2012 | author=Hofer, Tobias N. | pages=344}} {{ISBN|9781604562422}} 34. ^St Kilda Penguins 35. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 0b4a29b7-13d8-4115-9aef-4e873597759c {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/0b4a29b7-13d8-4115-9aef-4e873597759c|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 36. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: e31599d4-0ced-4085-ba06-e1c6ea640cce {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/e31599d4-0ced-4085-ba06-e1c6ea640cce|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 37. ^{{Cite news|title = LIFE and LORE of the BUSH SEVERAL MATTERS FROM NORTH PERTH.|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58349008|newspaper = Sunday Times|date = 1928-03-18|access-date = 2015-12-18|pages = 44}} 38. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: f8f0c2cb-f583-4e92-8ed7-6c771af18ce6 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/f8f0c2cb-f583-4e92-8ed7-6c771af18ce6|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 39. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: f53d6579-544e-487a-9963-3d7a19245adb {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/f53d6579-544e-487a-9963-3d7a19245adb|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 40. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 573aa6a2-096a-4aff-9845-9cf3b9a65964 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/573aa6a2-096a-4aff-9845-9cf3b9a65964|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 41. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: AVIF:A12858 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/11643aff-0800-48f6-a15d-3ddde6485ad5|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 42. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: a4a41dd7-ac86-4a3c-bd50-b656722bc778 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/a4a41dd7-ac86-4a3c-bd50-b656722bc778|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 43. ^{{Cite book|title = Potential impacts of the Mangles Bay Marina Based Tourist Precinct on Little Penguins|last = Cannell|first = Belinda|publisher = Oceanica|year = 2011|isbn = |location = Western Australia|pages = 4}} 44. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 1491d755-d987-4a91-b81f-52eb7be3c66c {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/1491d755-d987-4a91-b81f-52eb7be3c66c|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 45. ^{{Cite news|title = Albany Suspects Incendiarism ALBANY, Saturday.|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83419440|newspaper = The Daily News|date = 1938-01-01|access-date = 2015-11-07|pages = 7}} 46. ^{{Cite web|title = Penguins to help monitor health of King George Sound|url = http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2011/10/18/3342435.htm|website = www.abc.net.au|accessdate = 2015-11-07|language = en-AU}} 47. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 9a2cf3ca-2e6a-4b06-8f8f-a0afba34bcab {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/9a2cf3ca-2e6a-4b06-8f8f-a0afba34bcab|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 48. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: db2142c0-1eae-4ea7-b2c0-2a53e652cfcd {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/db2142c0-1eae-4ea7-b2c0-2a53e652cfcd|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 49. ^{{Cite news|title = HISTORY in NAMES Albany's Harbour|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46312495|newspaper = The West Australian|date = 1947-05-17|access-date = 2015-12-18|pages = 5}} 50. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 18f463d4-66e9-49eb-8631-68f8f660d8f4 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/18f463d4-66e9-49eb-8631-68f8f660d8f4|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 51. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-19/saving-the-penguins/5757522|title = Saving the penguins|last = Moodle|first = Claire|date = 2014-09-22|work = |accessdate = 2014-11-10|publisher = ABC}} 52. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 64ecb216-f193-4b3f-a46e-8ea9e533a891 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/64ecb216-f193-4b3f-a46e-8ea9e533a891|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 53. ^{{Cite news|title = CHAPTER XII.—1841.|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article67047401|newspaper = The Inquirer and Commercial News|date = 1898-11-11|access-date = 2015-11-07|pages = 4}} 54. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 2535f142-3b5c-456b-b2dd-4c8e74954d8b {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/2535f142-3b5c-456b-b2dd-4c8e74954d8b|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 55. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 57c32ea4-7ff9-40fc-aed3-ad151db4e5c4 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/57c32ea4-7ff9-40fc-aed3-ad151db4e5c4|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 56. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 3a2f4faa-9c6c-4dbf-bd69-83964c22e087 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/3a2f4faa-9c6c-4dbf-bd69-83964c22e087|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 57. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 9e5c61ac-5ffa-4733-a622-a572df74870d {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/9e5c61ac-5ffa-4733-a622-a572df74870d|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 58. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: afcb27dc-3a0e-4b34-b443-24a4d64589a9 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/afcb27dc-3a0e-4b34-b443-24a4d64589a9|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 59. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 5cb8d6dd-4495-45d7-b507-7b371245b14f {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/5cb8d6dd-4495-45d7-b507-7b371245b14f|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 60. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: c78f8c6d-2350-4bf7-a39f-fe47a7b27c2b {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/c78f8c6d-2350-4bf7-a39f-fe47a7b27c2b|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 61. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: c7b810e8-2c48-4f66-b50b-c79b317e585a {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/c7b810e8-2c48-4f66-b50b-c79b317e585a|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 62. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: dbb2d022-122c-41a5-8c0a-a9c04685b7bf {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/dbb2d022-122c-41a5-8c0a-a9c04685b7bf|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 63. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 4f2b8c90-d66b-4381-badd-9a4fcd8913c4 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/4f2b8c90-d66b-4381-badd-9a4fcd8913c4|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 64. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: 043c89c0-1584-4443-acc2-8f96a07d8e58 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/043c89c0-1584-4443-acc2-8f96a07d8e58|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 65. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.woodyisland.com.au/island-wildlife-cruises/wildlife-viewing#penguins|title = Wildlife viewing|date = |accessdate = 2014-12-03|website = Esperance Island Cruises & Woody Island Eco Stays|publisher = }} 66. ^{{Cite news|title = REMARKS RESPECTING THE IS[?] LANDS ON THE COAST OF S. W. AUSTRALIA. To the Editor of the Perth Gazette. [CONTINUED.]|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article643861|newspaper = The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal|date = 1842-10-01|access-date = 2015-12-18|pages = 2}} 67. ^{{Cite web|title = Record: AVIF:A21721 {{!}} Occurrence record {{!}} Atlas of Living Australia|url = http://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/d45978bd-deb3-4a3a-b88d-c154b716767d#_=_|website = biocache.ala.org.au|accessdate = 2015-12-26}} 68. ^Oamaru Blue Penguin Colony 69. ^1 Flemming, S.A. (2013) " ". In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online 70. ^{{cite web | url=http://notornis.osnz.org.nz/system/files/Notornis_41_3_157.pdf | title=The Abundance, Breeding Distribution, and nest sites of Blue Penguins in Otago, New Zealand | publisher=Journal of the Ornithological Society of New Zealand | work=Volume 41, Part 3 | date=September 1994 | accessdate=September 4, 2012 | author=Dann, Peter}} 71. ^Pohatu Penguins 3 : Lists of birds|Penguins|Seabird colonies |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。