“List of mammals of Madagascar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Madagascar. As of June 2014 (following the IUCN reassessment of the lemurs) there are 241 extant mammal species recognized in Madagascar, of which 22 are critically endangered, 62 are endangered, 32 are vulnerable, 9 are near-threatened, 72 are of least concern and 44 are either data deficient or not evaluated. All of the critically endangered species are lemurs.{{refn|group=note|This list is derived from the IUCN Red List, which includes extant mammal species as well as four recently extinct species known from subfossil remains. To these have been added other species believed to have died out following the arrival of humans, as well as a few species known from Holocene remains whose extinction dates are poorly constrained. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles, supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.}}

The mammalian fauna of Madagascar is highly distinctive and largely endemic. The extant nonmarine, nonchiropteran taxa constitute (as of June 2014) 168 species, 40 genera and 9 families; of these, besides a probably introduced shrew,{{refn|group=note|The Madagascan pygmy shrew is also present on the Comoros^[1] where it is thought to have been introduced.^[2] It may also be present on Socotra.^[3] Some authorities view it as conspecific with the widespread Etruscan shrew.^[3]}} endemic taxa make up all the species,{{refn|group=note|The tailless tenrec^[4] and the common brown and mongoose lemurs^[5]^[7] are also present on the Comoros; all are thought to have been introduced there.^[6]}} all the genera, and all but one of the families.{{refn|group=note|The rodent family Nesomyidae is also present in Africa. Madagascar has nearly as many nesomyid species as Africa.}} This endemic terrestrial fauna, consisting of lemurs, tenrecs, nesomyine rodents and euplerid carnivorans, is thought to have colonized the island from Africa via four rafting events. The other historic terrestrial or semiterrestrial mammal group, the extinct hippopotamuses, is thought to have colonized the island possibly several times, perhaps via swimming.

Earlier in the Holocene, Madagascar had a number of megafaunal mammals: giant lemurs such as Archaeoindris which at over 200 kg was comparable in mass to the largest gorillas, as well as the hippopotamuses. The island also hosted flightless elephant birds weighing up to 700 kg, the largest known birds of all time.{{refn|group=note|It was long suspected that, like the native mammals, ratites reached Madagascar from Africa (possibly before the splitting of the two land masses), so that the closest relatives of elephant birds would have been ostriches. A stunning finding from ancient DNA analysis, however, is that the closest extant relatives of elephant birds are actually the diminutive kiwi of New Zealand.^[7] }} All of these went extinct following the first appearance of humans about 2000 years ago.^[8]^[9]{{refn|group=note|This depletion of the megafauna is consistent with what has happened everywhere else in the world first colonized by humans in the last 100,000 years.^[10] }} Today, the largest surviving native mammals of the island, such as the indri^[11] and fossa^[12], have weights only approaching 10 kg. Most if not all of the 29 listed extinct species are believed to have died out in prehistoric times; none of these are known to have survived into the post-European contact period.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder Afrotheria

Order: Afrosoricida (tenrecs, otter shrews and golden moles)

The afrotherian order Afrosoricida contains the golden moles and otter shrews of sub-Saharan Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar, families of small mammals that were traditionally part of the order Insectivora. All native tenrecs of Madagascar are believed to descend from a common ancestor that lived 29–37 million years (Ma) ago^[15]^[16]^[17] after rafting from Africa,^[18]^[19] with the split from their closest relatives, the otter shrews of equatorial Africa, dated to about 47–53 Ma ago.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Afrosoricida also contains the enigmatic extinct genus Plesiorycteropus, represented by two extinct species of dog-sized, probably insectivorous mammals restricted to Madagascar. Morphological analyses have tended to place them within Afrotheria close to aardvarks (order Tubulidentata),^[16] perhaps due to convergent specializations for digging.^[24] Analysis of preserved collagen sequences, however, places them in Afrosoricida closest to (and possibly within) tenrecs.^[17] The two species differ in size and aspects of morphology.^[18] They survived until as recently as 2150 BP.^[9]

Order: Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. The dugong ranges widely along coastlines from east Africa to Australasia. It and the tenrecs are Madagascar's only extant afrotherians.

Superorder Euarchontoglires

Order: Primates

The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World, and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. The endemic primates of Madagascar are the lemurs, the largest branch of strepsirrhines. Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99;^[19] by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near-threatened, three as of least concern and four as data-deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have rafted across the Mozambique Channel from Africa^[20]^[21]{{refn|group=note|Mittermeier et al. 2006, pp. 23–26^[22]}} between 50 and 60 million years ago.^[18]^[19] A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have gone extinct shortly after the arrival of humans. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being simians. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both diurnal and nocturnal niches, while all those outside Madagascar are nocturnal^[23] and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being Aotus, which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).^[24]

Order: Rodentia (rodents)

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb). All the native nesomyid rodents of Madagascar are believed to descend from a common ancestor that rafted over from Africa 20–24 million years ago.^[25]^[26] There are about 39 nesomyid species in five subfamilies in Africa, compared to 27 in one subfamily extant in Madagascar. While nesomyids make up all of the native rodent species of Madagascar, they constitute less than 10% of those of Africa.

Superorder Laurasiatheria

Order: Eulipotyphla (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. There is one species of shrew on Madagascar, which is often considered to be conspecific with the widely distributed Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus, and likely to have been introduced to Madagascar from South or Southeast Asia by humans.^[27]

Order: Chiroptera (bats)

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals. Of the 46 species, 22 genera and 8 families of bats present on Madagascar, 36 species but only Myzopoda and Myzopodidae are endemic (the family was formerly present, however, on the African mainland). Paratriaenops is endemic to Madagascar plus the Seychelles.

Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. The native terrestrial carnivorans of Madagascar are all euplerids, which are believed to descend from a common ancestor that rafted over from Africa 19–26 million years ago.^[26] Their closest relatives are the herpestids, the African and Eurasian mongooses. Malagasy mongooses are not "true" mongooses but rather are thought to represent an example of convergent or parallel evolution. About 30% of African terrestrial carnivoran species are herpestids.

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)

The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 noncetacean artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans. Madagascar's only native artiodactyls are the extinct Malagasy hippos, which are believed to have descended from ancestors that managed to cross the Mozambique Channel from Africa in the late Quaternary, perhaps by swimming.^[26] Two or three hippo colonization events may have occurred. H. lemerlei is thought to be a dwarfed form of Africa's H. amphibius, while H. laloumena was larger. C. madagascariensis may be more closely related to the African pygmy hippopotamus, C. liberiensis (the generic assignment of both pygmy forms has been in flux). Skeletal features indicate that Malagasy hippos were better adapted for running than African hippos. H. lemerlei remains have been found in the rivers and lakes of western Madagascar, suggesting a semiaquatic lifestyle similar to that of H. amphibious, while many C. madagascariensis remains have found in Madagascar's forested highlands, indicating a more terrestrial lifestyle.

Infraorder: Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises)

The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.

Animals known of from Malagasy native tradition

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0102| pmid = 22764304| title = Similarities in Leptospira Serogroup and Species Distribution in Animals and Humans in the Indian Ocean Island of Mayotte| journal = American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene| volume = 87| issue = 1| pages = 134–140| date = July 2012| last1 = Desvars | first1 = A.| last2 = Naze | first2 = F.| last3 = Vourc'h | first3 = G.| last4 = Cardinale | first4 = E.| last5 = Picardeau | first5 = M.| last6 = Michault | first6 = A.| last7 = Bourhy | first7 = P.| pmc = 3391038}}
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3. ^¹{{MSW3 Soricomorpha| id = 13700275 | page = 259 | heading = Suncus madagascariensis}}
4. ^{{IUCN2014.1 | assessor = Afrotheria Specialist Group (Tenrec Section) | assessor2 = Vololomboahangy, R. | assessor3 = Goodman, S. | last-assessor-amp = yes | year = 2008 | id = 40595 | title = Tenrec ecaudatus | downloaded = 2014-06-21}}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Pastorini | first1 = J. | last2 = Thalmann | first2 = U. | last3 = Martin | first3 = R. D. | title = A molecular approach to comparative phylogeography of extant Malagasy lemurs | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1031673100 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 100 | issue = 10 | pages = 5879–5884 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12719521| pmc = 156295| ref = harv|bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.5879P }}
6. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02262.x| pmid = 21443643| title = Wings or winds: Inferring bat migration in a stepping-stone archipelago| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume = 24| issue = 6| pages = 1298–1306| date = 2011-03-28| last1 = Weyeneth | first1 = N.| last2 = Goodman | first2 = S. M.| last3 = Appleton | first3 = B.| last4 = Wood | first4 = R.| last5 = Ruedi | first5 = M.}}
7. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251981| pmid = 24855267| title = Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution| journal = Science| volume = 344| issue = 6186| pages = 898–900| date = 2014-05-23| last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. J.| last2 = Llamas | first2 = B.| last3 = Soubrier | first3 = J.| last4 = Rawlence | first4 = N. J.| last5 = Worthy | first5 = T. H.| last6 = Wood | first6 = J.| last7 = Lee | first7 = M. S. Y.| last8 = Cooper | first8 = A.| ref = harv| bibcode = 2014Sci...344..898M}}
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9. ^¹{{Cite journal |last1= Burney |first1= D. A.|last2 =Burney |first2= L. P.|last3= Godfrey |first3= L. R.|last4= Jungers |first4= W. L.|last5= Goodman |first5= S. M.|last6= Wright |first6= H. T.|last7= Jull |first7= A. J. T.|doi= 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 |title= A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar |journal= Journal of Human Evolution |volume= 47 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 25–63 |date= July 2004| pmid = 15288523}}
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