“List of mammals of Poland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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List of mammals of Poland

释义

Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Rodentia (rodents) Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs) Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures) Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons) Order: Chiroptera (bats) Order: Cetacea (whales) Order: Carnivora (carnivorans) Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
See also
Notes
References

This is a list of the mammal species recorded in Poland. There are 112 mammal species in Poland recorded in historic times, of which 0 are critically endangered, 5 are endangered, 11 are vulnerable, and 4 are near-threatened.

3 of the species listed for Poland can no longer be found in the wild or is extinct completely.^[1]

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN:

EX	Extinct	No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
EW	Extinct in the wild	Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range.
CR	Critically endangered	The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild.
EN	Endangered	The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
VU	Vulnerable	The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
NT	Near threatened	The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future.
LC	Least concern	There are no current identifiable risks to the species.
DD	Data deficient	There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species.

Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of near threatened and least concern categories:

LR/cd	Lower risk/conservation dependent	Species which were the focus of conservation programmes and may have moved into a higher risk category if that programme was discontinued.
LR/nt	Lower risk/near threatened	Species which are close to being classified as vulnerable but are not the subject of conservation programmes.
LR/lc	Lower risk/least concern	Species for which there are no identifiable risks.

† species extinct in Poland and not reintroduced

♠ sporadic vagrant, no records of breeding in the Polish territory

♣ alien species, introduced in Europe from the other part of the world, or introduced in Poland from the other country

Subclass: Theria

Infraclass: Eutheria

Order: Rodentia (rodents)

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).

Suborder: Sciurognathi
- Family: Castoridae (beavers)
- Genus: Castor
- European beaver Castor fiber NT
- American beaver Castor canadensis♣† LR/lc
- Family: Sciuridae (squirrels)
- Subfamily: Sciurinae
- Tribe: Sciurini
- Genus: Sciurus
- Red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris NT
- Subfamily: Xerinae
- Tribe: Marmotini
- Genus: Marmota
- Alpine marmot Marmota marmota LR/lc
- Genus: Spermophilus
- European ground squirrel Spermophilus citellus VU
- Speckled ground squirrel Spermophilus suslicus VU
- Family: Gliridae (dormice)
- Subfamily: Leithiinae
- Genus: Dryomys
- Forest dormouse Dryomys nitedula LR/nt
- Genus: Eliomys
- Garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus VU
- Genus: Muscardinus
- Hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius LR/nt
- Subfamily: Glirinae
- Genus: Glis
- Edible dormouse Glis glis LR/nt
- Family: Dipodidae (jerboas)
- Subfamily: Sicistinae
- Genus: Sicista
- Northern birch mouse Sicista betulina LR/nt
- Southern birch mouse Sicista subtilis LR/nt
- Family: Cricetidae
- Subfamily: Cricetinae
- Genus: Cricetus
- European hamster Cricetus cricetus LR/lc
- Subfamily: Arvicolinae
- Genus: Ondatra
- Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus♣ LR/lc
- Genus: Arvicola
- Water vole Arvicola terrestris LR/lc
- Genus: Chionomys
- Snow vole Chionomys nivalis LR/nt
- Genus: Clethrionomys
- Bank vole Myodes glareolus LR/lc
- Genus: Microtus
- Field vole Microtus agrestis LR/lc
- Common vole Microtus arvalis LR/lc
- Tundra vole Microtus oeconomus LC
- European pine vole Microtus subterraneus LR/lc
- Tatra vole Microtus tatricus LR/nt
- Family: Muridae (mice, rats, voles, gerbils, hamsters, etc.)
- Subfamily: Murinae
- Genus: Apodemus
- Striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius LR/lc
- Yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis LR/lc
- Wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus LC
- Ural field mouse Apodemus uralensis LR/lc
- Genus: Micromys
- Harvest mouse Micromys minutus LR/nt
- Genus: Mus
- House mouse Mus musculus LR/lc
- Genus: Rattus
- Black rat Rattus rattus LR/lc
- Brown rat Rattus norvegicus LR/lc

Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

The lagomorphs comprise two families, Leporidae (hares and rabbits), and Ochotonidae (pikas). Though they can resemble rodents, and were classified as a superfamily in that order until the early twentieth century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.

Family: Leporidae (rabbits, hares)
Genus: Oryctolagus
European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus LR/lc
Genus: Lepus
Mountain hare Lepus timidus LR/lc
European hare Lepus europaeus LR/lc

Order: Erinaceomorpha (hedgehogs and gymnures)

The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family, Erinaceidae, which comprise the hedgehogs and gymnures. The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats.

Family: Erinaceidae (hedgehogs)
Subfamily: Erinaceinae
Genus: Erinaceus
Northern white-breasted hedgehog Erinaceus roumanicus LR/lc
West European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus LR/lc

Order: Soricomorpha (shrews, moles, and solenodons)

The "shrew-forms" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.

Family: Soricidae (shrews)
Subfamily: Crocidurinae
Genus: Crocidura
Bicolored shrew Crocidura leucodon LR/lc
Lesser white-toothed shrew Crocidura suaveolens LR/lc
Subfamily: Soricinae
Tribe: Nectogalini
Genus: Neomys
Southern water shrew Neomys anomalus LR/lc
Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens LR/lc
Tribe: Soricini
Genus: Sorex
Alpine shrew Sorex alpinus LR/lc
Common shrew Sorex araneus LR/lc
Laxmann's shrew Sorex caecutiens LR/lc
Eurasian pygmy shrew Sorex minutus LR/lc
Family: Talpidae (moles)
Subfamily: Talpinae
Tribe: Talpini
Genus: Talpa
European mole Talpa europaea LR/lc

Order: Chiroptera (bats)

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

Family: Vespertilionidae
Subfamily: Myotinae
Genus: Myotis
Alcathoe myotis Myotis alcathoe
Bechstein's bat Myotis bechsteinii VU
Brandt's bat Myotis brandti LR/lc
Pond bat Myotis dasycneme VU
Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii LR/lc
Geoffroy's bat Myotis emarginatus VU
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis LR/nt
Lesser mouse-eared bat Myotis blythii (=M. oxygnathus)♠ LR/lc
Whiskered bat Myotis mystacinus LR/lc
Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri LR/lc
Subfamily: Vespertilioninae
Genus: Barbastella
Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus VU
Genus: Eptesicus
Northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii LR/lc
Serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus LR/lc
Genus: Nyctalus
Lesser noctule Nyctalus leisleri LR/nt
Common noctule Nyctalus noctula LR/lc
Greater noctule Nyctalus lasiopterus♠ LR/nt
Genus: Pipistrellus
Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii LR/lc
Common pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus LC
Soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus
Kuhl's pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii♠ LC
Genus: Plecotus
Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus LR/lc
Grey long-eared bat Plecotus austriacus LR/lc
Genus: Vespertilio
Parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus LR/lc
Family: Rhinolophidae
Subfamily: Rhinolophinae
Genus: Rhinolophus
Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum♠ LR/nt
Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros LC

Order: Cetacea (whales)

The order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater.

Suborder: Mysticeti
- Family: Balaenidae (right whales)
- Genus: Balaena
- North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis♠ CR or Functionally Extinct in Eastern Atlantic
- Family: Eschrichtiidae (gray whales)
- Genus: Eschrichtius
- North Atlantic gray whale Eschrichtius robustus♠ EX ^[2]
- Family: Balaenopteridae
- Subfamily: Balaenopterinae
- Genus: Balaenoptera
- Common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata♠ LC^[3]
- Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis♠ EN
- Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus♠ EN
- Subfamily: Megapterinae
- Genus: Megaptera
- Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae♠ LC
Suborder: Odontoceti
- Family: Phocoenidae
- Genus: Phocoena
- Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena VU
- Family: Monodontidae
- Genus: Delphinapterus
- Beluga Delphinapterus leucas♠ VU
- Family: Ziphidae
- Genus: Mesoplodon
- Sowerby's beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens♠ DD
- Genus: Hyperoodon
- Northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus♠ LR/cd
- Family: Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
- Genus: Delphinus
- Common dolphin Delphinus delphis♠ LR/lc
- Genus: Lagenorhynchus
- White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris♠ LR/lc
- Genus: Tursiops
- Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus♠ DD
- Genus: Orcinus
- Orca Orcinus orca♠ DD^[4]

Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.

Suborder: Feliformia
- Family: Felidae (cats)
- Subfamily: Felinae
- Genus: Felis
- Wildcat Felis silvestris LC
- Genus: Lynx
- Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx NT
Suborder: Caniformia
- Family: Procyonidae (raccoons)
- Genus: Procyon
- Raccoon Procyon lotor♣ LR/lc
- Family: Canidae (dogs, foxes)
- Genus: Vulpes
- Raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides♣ LC
- Genus: Vulpes
- Red fox Vulpes vulpes LC
- Genus: Canis
- Gray wolf Canis lupus LC
- Family: Ursidae (bears)
- Genus: Ursus
- Brown bear Ursus arctos LR/lc
- Family: Mustelidae (mustelids)
- Genus: Mustela
- Stoat Mustela erminea LR/lc
- Steppe polecat Mustela eversmannii LR/lc
- European mink Mustela lutreola† EN
- American mink Mustela vison♣ LR/lc
- Least weasel Mustela nivalis LR/lc
- European polecat Mustela putorius LR/lc
- Genus: Martes
- Beech marten Martes foina LR/lc
- Pine marten Martes martes LR/lc
- Genus: Meles
- Eurasian badger Meles meles LR/lc
- Genus: Lutra
- European otter Lutra lutra NT
- Family: Phocidae (earless seals)
- Genus: Halichoerus
- Grey seal Halichoerus grypus LR/lc
- Genus: Phoca
- Common seal Phoca vitulina LR/lc
- Genus: Pusa
- Ringed seal Pusa hispida LR/lc

Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe.

Family: Equidae (horses etc.)
- Genus: Equus
- Wild horse Equus ferus† EW

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

The even-toed ungulates are ungulates whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in perissodactyls. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great economic importance to humans.

Family: Suidae (pigs)
- Subfamily: Suinae
- Genus: Sus
- Boar Sus scrofa LR/lc
Family: Cervidae (deer)
- Subfamily: Capreolinae
- Genus: Alces
- Moose Alces alces LR/lc
- Genus: Capreolus
- Roe deer Capreolus capreolus LR/lc
- Genus: Cervus
- Red deer Cervus elaphus LR/lc
- Sika deer Cervus nippon♣ LR/lc
- Genus: Dama
- Fallow deer Dama dama♣ LR/lc
Family: Bovidae (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats)
- Subfamily: Bovinae
- Genus: Bos
- Aurochs Bos primigenius† EX
- Genus: Bison
- Wisent Bison bonasus EN
- Subfamily: Caprinae
- Genus: Rupicapra
- Chamois Rupicapra rupicapra LR/lc
- Genus: Ovis
- Mouflon Ovis musimon (=O. ammon)♣ VU

Notes

1. ^This list is derived from the IUCN Red List which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have recently been classified as extinct (since 1500 AD); however the list was supported by respective Polish and international publications, focusing on mammalogy. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.
2. ^Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013955/http://www.fmap.ca/ramweb/media/biodiversity_loss/downloads/RegionalExtinctionExamples.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}
3. ^Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) - MarLIN, The Marine Life Information Network
4. ^Orcinus orca (Killer Whale, Orca)

References

{{cite web

|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?kingname=ANIMALIA&phyname=CHORDATA&claname=MAMMALIA&freetext=&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B0%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B0%5D=all&country%5B0%5D=PL&aquatic%5B0%5D=all®ions%5B0%5D=all&habitats%5B0%5D=all&threats%5B0%5D=all&Submit_x=34&Submit_y=9&extendedResults=0&terrestrial=0&marine=0&freshwater=0&offset=0&sortorder%5B0%5D=spcscientificname&sortorder%5B1%5D=genname&sortorder%5B2%5D=spcname&sortorder%5B3%5D=spcauthor&sortorder%5B4%5D=spcinfrarank&sortorder%5B5%5D=spcinfraepithet&sortorder%5B6%5D=spcinfrarankauthor&sortorder%5B7%5D=spcstockname&sortorder%5B8%5D=comname_comp&sortorder%5B9%5D=rlcabb&sortorder%5B10%5D=rlscriteria&sortorder%5B11%5D=poptrend_code&sortorder%5B12%5D=rlcatcrit2001&sortorder%5B13%5D=spcrecid&sortorder%5B14%5D=kingname&debug=0&taxa_subspc=0&taxa_stock=0&newsort=Genus
|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mammals of Poland
|publisher=IUCN
|year=2001
|accessdate = 22 May 2007

}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}

{{cite web

|url=http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/
|title=Mammal Species of the World
|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
|year=2005
|accessdate=22 May 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427043030/http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/
|archivedate=27 April 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}

{{cite web

|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html
|title=Animal Diversity Web
|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
|date=1995–2006
|accessdate = 22 May 2007
}}

Baraniak E., Kubasik W., Pałka K. 1998. Smużka stepowa Sicista subtilis (Pallas, 1773) (Rodentia: Zapodidae) – nowy gatunek ssaka w faunie Polski. Przegląd Zoologiczny 42 (2): 241-243.
Bogdanowicz W., Ruprecht A. L. 1987 Przypadki stwierdzeń szopa pracza Procoyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) w Polsce. Przegląd Zoologiczny 31 (3): 375-383
Carleton M., Musser G., Pavlinov I. 2003. Myodes Pallas, 1811, is the valid name for the genus of red-backed voles. W: A. O. Averianov, N. I. Abramson (red.) Systematics, Phylogeny and Paleontology of Small Mammals. An International Conference Devoted to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. I. M. Gromov. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Saint Petersburg: 96-98.
Mitchell-Jones A. J., Amori G., Bogdanowicz W., Kryštufek B., Reinjders P. J. H., Spitzenberger F., Stubbe M., Thissen J. B. M., Vohralik V., Zima J. 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London.
Niermann I., Biedermann M., Bogdanowicz W., Brinkmann R., Le Bris Y., Ciechanowski M., Dietz C., Dietz I., Estók P., Helversen O. v., Le Houédec A., Paksuz S., Petrov B. P., Özkan B., Piksa K., Rachwald A., Roué S. Y., Sachanowicz K., Schorcht W., Tereba A., Mayer F. 2007. Biogeography of the recently described Myotis alcathoe von Helversen and Heller, 2001. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 361-378.
Pucek Z. 1981. Key to vertebrates of Poland. Mammals. Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa.
Sachanowicz, K., Ciechanowski M., Piksa K. 2006. Distribution patterns, species richness and status of bats in Poland. Vespertilio 9-10: 151-173. http://www.ceson.org/vespertilio/9_10/Sachanowicz.pdf

3 : Lists of mammals of Europe|Lists of biota of Poland|Fauna of Poland

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