“List of marches”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

List of marches

释义

Northeastern marches
Northwestern marches
Southeastern marches
Southwestern marches
English marches
March as modern-era regional toponym
See also

This is a list of European medieval marches.

Northeastern marches

At the beginning of his rule as king of Germany, Otto I tried to reorganize his realm to prepare an expansion to the East. At the beginning of the year 937, he created two marches: the March of the Billungen, given to Hermann Billung, later Duke of Saxony; and the Eastern march, given to Gero. In 961, when Billung became Duke of Saxony, his March was merged with the duchy. In the case of Gero, Otto I, now emperor, decided the division of his territories, greatly expanded since 937.

March of Billung (937-961): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then merged back.
- 937-961: Hermann Billung
Danish March, German buffer zone against the Danes
March of Gero, sometimes called Nordmark or Ostmark (937-965). Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then divided in five marches.
- 937-965: Gero
Nordmark, later known as March of Brandenburg (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero.
- 965-985: Dietrich von Haldensleben
- 985-1003: Lothar I of Walbeck
Ostmark, sometime confused with Nordmark, or with the Bavarian Ostmark (Austria), later the Margraviate of Lusatia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero.
- 965-979: Thietmar I
- 979-993: Hodo I
- 993-1015: Gero II
Meissen, also called March of Thuringia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero.
- 965-979: Wigbert
- 979-985: Rikdag
- 985-1002: Ekkehard I
Merseburg (965-982). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen.
- 965-982: Günther
Zeitz (965-979). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen.
- 965-979: Wigger I
Landsberg (1261–1347), separated from Lusatia, integrated into Meissen (later Saxony).
March of Moravia (1182-1918). Created by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Northwestern marches

In 861, Charles the Bald, king of France, created two marches to protect his realm from warriors coming from Brittany and Normandy. Both were named March of Neustria, but will be known as March of Brittany and March of Normandy. In 863, the king created the March of Flanders.

March of Brittany (861-987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France.
- 861-866: Robert the Strong
March of Normandy (861-987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France.
- 861-865: Adalhard, Udo of Neustria and Berengar I of Neustria (jointly)
March of Flanders (863-877): Downgraded to a County afterwards.
- 863-877: Baldwin I

Three marches belonging to the Holy Roman Empire were created in the Low Countries:

March of Antwerp (974-1190): Became part of the Duchy of Brabant.
March of Ename (974-1033): Captured by Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and became Imperial Flanders.
March of Valenciennes (974-1071): Became part of the County of Hainaut.

Southeastern marches

Ostmark, later raised to a duchy; became known as Austria.
Styria, later raised to a duchy.
Carinthia (889-1012), later a duchy.
- Mark an der Sann, later the County of Cilli, then integrated into Styria.
- Mark an der Drau; later integrated into Styria.
Friuli (776-927)
Carniola (927-1071): carved from Friuli, annexed to the Patriarchy of Aquileia. Later formed part of the Habsburg domains before being raised to a duchy.
- Windic March, a region of the March of Carniola
Istria (1062-1209): carved from Carinthia, annexed to the Patriarchate of Aquileia.
Verona (1061-1250): created by the Emperor as a gift, annexed to Austria.
Tuscany (931-1173): created by the Italian king Hugh of Arles for his brother, then annexed to the Empire.
- 931-936: Boso of Tuscany
Mantua (1433–1530)
Ivrea (888-1015): created by Guy III of Spoleto

Southwestern marches

Spanish March, also named Gothia and Septimania (806-885): Created to protect Frankish heartland from Al-Andalus invasions, merged into Aquitaine.
- 806-816: Beggo of Paris
- 820-825: Rampon, Count of Barcelona
- 826-832: Bernard of Septimania
- 832-835: Berengar von Toulouse
- 835-844: Bernard of Septimania
Upper March (al-Tagr al-A'la al-Andalusi), centered on Zaragoza: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Frankish coastal and east-Pyrenees invasions. The northernmost part of the Upper March was called the Distant or Farthest March (al-Tagr al-Aqsa)
Middle March (al-Tagr al-Awsat), centered on Toledo and later Medinaceli: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from invasions from the west-Pyrenees and Asturias.
Lower March (al-Tagr al-Adna), centered on Mérida: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Asturian incursions.
Castile, named for the fortifications typical of a march: created to protect the Asturian kingdom from Cordoban invasions. It developed into a county, then a kingdom.
Provence (905-1105): From 975 it became a family title, the eldest bearing it. It disappeared after the death of Raymond IV of Toulouse.
- 905-936: Hugh of Italy
- 936-948: Hugh, Duke of Burgundy
- 948-975: Conrad of Burgundy
- 975-993: William I of Provence
- 993-1005: Rotbold II of Provence
- 1005-1014: Rotbold III of Provence
- 1014-1037: William III of Provence
- 1037-1051: Fulk Bertrand of Provence
- 1051-1061: Geoffrey I of Provence
- 1061-1094: William Bertrand of Provence
- 1094-1105: Raymond IV of Toulouse
Aquitaine (885-886): Successor to the Spanish March, became a Duchy.
- Bernard Plantapilosa

English marches

Welsh Marches
Scottish Marches

March as modern-era regional toponym