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词条 List of national monuments of the United States
释义

  1. Analysis of management by federal agency and department

  2. List of national monuments

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

There are 131 protected areas in the United States known as national monuments. The President of the United States can establish a national monument by presidential proclamation, and the United States Congress can do so by legislation. The president's authority arises from the Antiquities Act of 1906, which authorizes the president to proclaim "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" as national monuments.[1] Concerns about protecting mostly prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts—collectively termed antiquities—on western federal lands prompted the legislation. Its purpose was to allow the president to quickly preserve public land without waiting for legislation to pass through an unconcerned Congress. The ultimate goal was to protect all historic and prehistoric sites on U.S. federal lands.[2]

President Theodore Roosevelt established the first national monument, Devils Tower in Wyoming, on September 24, 1906.[3] He established 18 national monuments, although only nine still retain that designation.[3] Sixteen presidents have created national monuments since the program began; only Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush did not.[4] Bill Clinton created nineteen and expanded three others. Jimmy Carter protected vast parts of Alaska, proclaiming fifteen national monuments, some of which later were promoted to national parks. President Barack Obama created or expanded 34 national monuments, the most of any president, with over half a billion acres of public land and water protected.[5][6]

National monuments are located in 32 states as well as in the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Minor Outlying Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Arizona, with 18, has the largest number of national monuments, followed by California with 18 and New Mexico with 14. At least 65 national monuments protect places of natural significance, including 12 geological sites, seven marine sites, and five volcanic sites. Twenty-three national monuments have major sites associated with Native Americans, while 34 are other historical sites, including twelve forts.

Many former national monuments have been redesignated as national parks or another status by Congress, while others have been transferred to state control or disbanded.

Analysis of management by federal agency and department

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

Eight federal agencies in five departments manage the 131 current U.S. national monuments. Of these, 117 monuments are managed by a single agency, while 14 are co-managed by two agencies. One of the NPS's national monuments, Grand Canyon-Parashant, is not an official unit because it overlaps with Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

AgencyDepartmentCo-managedTotal managed
National Park Service (NPS)Interior 2 with BLM, 1 with FWS 87
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)Interior 2 with NPS, 5 with USFS 28
United States Forest Service (USFS)Agriculture 5 with BLM 13
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)Interior 5 with NOAA, 1 with NPS, 1 with DOE 9
Department of Energy (DOE)Energy1 with FWS1
Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH)Defense 1
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Commerce 5 with FWS5
United States Air Force (USAF)Defense 1
(duplications) (14)
Total 131

List of national monuments

NameImageAgencyLocationDate establishedArea[7][8][9][10][11]Description
Admiralty Island USFS{{coord>57.64|-134.35|name=Admiralty Island|type:landmark}}1978|12|1}}1019861|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Occupying most of Admiralty Island, the 7th largest in the United States, this monument is part of Tongass National Forest in Southeast Alaska. The monument protects the densest known population of brown bear on Earth, along with habitat for the Sitka black-tailed deer. Most of the monument has been designated as the Kootznoowoo Wilderness, restricting future development. The Greens Creek mine lies within the monument.[12]
African Burial Ground NPS{{coord>40.7144|-74.0042|name=African Burial Ground|type:landmark}}2006|2|27}}0.35|acre|km2|3|sortable=on}} Re-discovered in 1991 during excavations for a new federal building, this former burial ground that contains the remains of more than 400 free and enslaved Africans buried during the 17th and 18th centuries was designated a National Historic Landmark memorial in 1993.[13]
Agate Fossil Beds NPS{{coord>42.416|-103.728|name=Agate Fossil Beds|type:landmark}}1997|6|14}}3057.87|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The valley of the Niobrara River is known for its large number of well-preserved Miocene mammal fossils which date from about 20 million years ago.[14]
Agua Fria BLM{{coord>34.15|-112.08|name=Agua Fria|type:landmark}}2000|1|11}}70980|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Located around the canyon of the Agua Fria River, it contains more than 450 distinct Native American structures, including large pueblos with more than 100 rooms.[15]
Aleutian Islands World War II FWS{{coord>52.87|-173.16|name=Aleutian Islands World War II|type:landmark}}2008|12|05}}4950|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} During World War II Japan briefly occupied Attu Island and Kiska Island in the Aleutian chain. The monument includes the site of the 19-day battle to reclaim Attu, artifacts of the occupation at Kiska, and the crash site of a U.S. B-24D Liberator on Atka Island. Originally designated as part of World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, which was divided and renamed March 12, 2019.[16][17]
Alibates Flint Quarries NPS{{coord>35.57|-101.67|name=Alibates Flint Quarries|type:landmark}}1965|8|21}}1370.97 |acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Alibates was the quarry site for high-quality, rainbow-hued flint that was distributed throughout the Great Plains in pre-Columbian times. It is jointly operated with the Lake Meredith National Recreation Area and includes the ruins of several Plains Village Indian dwellings.[18]
Aniakchak NPS{{coord>56.9|-158.15|name=Anikchak|type:landmark}}1978|12|1}}137176|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}6|mi|km|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|2500|ft|m|adj=on}} deep caldera, is the source of the Aniakchak River.[19]
Aztec Ruins NPS{{coord>36.83|-107.00|name=Aztec Ruins|type:landmark}}1923|1|24}}318.4|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The ruins contain Pueblo structures from the 11th to 13th centuries with more than 400 masonry rooms which were misidentified by early American settlers as Aztec. It has been included in the Chaco Culture World Heritage Site, which also includes Chaco Culture National Historical Park.[20]
Bandelier NPS{{coord>35.78|-106.27|name=Bandelier|type:landmark}}1916|2|11}}33676.67|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} A historic district, Bandelier contains Frijoles Canyon, which contains Ancestral Pueblo homes, kivas, rock paintings and petroglyphs.[21][22]
Basin and Range BLM{{coord>37.9|-115.4|name=Basin and Range|type:landmark}}2015|7|10}}703585|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The remoteMount Irish, Seaman, and Golden Gate Ranges surround the Garden and Coal Valleys and White River Narrows and are home to many desert species and 4,000-year-old rock art.[23][24]
Bears Ears BLM, USFS{{coord>37.63|-109.86|name=Bears Ears National Monument|type:landmark}}2016|12|28}}201876|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}[25] The Bears Ears are a pair of buttes that rise above sandstone canyons and mesas. Other points of geologic interest include the twin Six Shooter dome-shaped peaks, striated sandstone pinnacles, and natural arches. The wider region has tens of thousands of archaeological sites including rock art, ancient cliff dwellings, and ceremonial kivas.[26][27]
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality NPS{{coord>38.89|-77.00|name=Belmont-Paul Women's Equality|type:landmark}}2016|4|12}}0.34|acre|km2|3|sortable=on}} Home of the National Woman's Party since 1929, it was the home where party leader Alice Paul and others lived and worked.[28][29][30]
Berryessa Snow Mountain USFS, BLM{{coord>39.22|-122.77|name=Berryessa Snow Mountain|type:landmark}}2015|7|10}}330780|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}100|mi|km}} from the San Francisco Bay Area, Berryessa Snow Mountain protects part of the California Coast Range, one of the most biodiverse regions in the state, home to elk, osprey, river otters, half the state’s dragonfly species, and California’s second-largest population of wintering bald eagles.[23][31][32]
Birmingham Civil RightsNPS{{coord>33.513|-86.815|name=Birmingham Civil Rights|type:landmark}}2017|1|12}}0.88|acre|km2|3|sortable=on}}Preserves the A. G. Gaston Motel, which was bombed by the KKK after Martin Luther King Jr. and Birmingham campaign leaders had stayed there, inciting the Birmingham riot of 1963.[33][34][35]
Booker T. Washington NPS{{coord>37.123|-79.766|name=Booker T. Washington|type:landmark}}1956|4|2}}239.01|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}207|acre|km2|adj=on}} tobacco farm on which educator and civil rights leader Booker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 5, 1856. The site contains replicas of the house Washington was born in, a smokehouse, a blacksmith shed, a tobacco barn, and a horse barn.[36]
Browns Canyon BLM, USFS{{coord>38.615|-106.059|name=Browns Canyon|type:landmark}}2015|2|19}}21604|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Protects 21,500 acres of steep cliffs and colorful rock outcroppings overlooking the Arkansas River in Chaffee County, Colorado, as well as the area's rich native history.[37][38]
Buck Island Reef NPS{{coord>17.79|-64.62|name=Buck Island Reef|type:landmark}}1961|12|28}}19015.47|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}19000|acre|km2|adj=on}} monument is underwater, containing a large elkhorn coral barrier reef that provides cover for a great variety of reef fish, sea turtles and least terns. It is based around Buck Island, an uninhabited {{convert|176|acre|km2|adj=on}} island.[39]
Cabrillo NPS{{coord>32.67|-117.24|name=Cabrillo|type:landmark}}1913|10|14}}159.94|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument commemorates the landing of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo at San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, which was the first European expedition on what later became the west coast of the U.S. The monument includes a statue of Cabrillo and 20th-century coastal artillery batteries built to protect the harbor of San Diego from enemy warships.[40]
California Coastal BLM{{coord>36.89|-122.18|name=California Coastal|type:landmark}}2000|1|11}}2628|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}12|nmi|km}}, along the entire {{convert|840|mi|km|adj=on}} long California coastline.[41]
Camp Nelson HeritageNPS{{coord>37.78|-84.60|name=Camp Nelson Heritage|type:landmark}}2018|10|26}}373|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Established in 1863 as a depot for the Union Army during the Civil War, Camp Nelson became a large recruitment center for African American Union soldiers: a key site of emancipation for those soldiers and a refugee camp for their families.[42]
Canyon de Chelly NPS{{coord>36.13|-109.47|name=Canyon de Chelly|type:landmark}}1931|4|1}}83840|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Located within the boundaries of the Navajo Nation, it preserves the valleys and rims of Canyon de Chelly, Canyon del Muerto, and Monument Canyon. It preserves several Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings.[43]
Canyons of the Ancients BLM{{coord>37.37|-109|name=Canyon of the Ancients|type:landmark}}2000|6|9}}176370|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Surrounding Hovenweep National Monument, it preserves and protects more than 6,000 archeological sites, the largest concentration in the U.S. These include Lowry Pueblo, dating to 1103 AD, and Painted Hand Pueblo built by the Ancestral Puebloans[44]
Cape Krusenstern NPS{{coord>67.41|-163.50|name=Cape Krusenstern|type:landmark}}1978|12|1}}649096.15|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Co-located with the NHLD Cape Krusenstern Archeological District, this coastal plain contains large lagoons and rolling hills of limestone. The bluffs record thousands of years of change in the shorelines of the Chukchi Sea, as well as evidence of some 9,000 years of human habitation.[45]
Capulin Volcano NPS{{coord>36.79|-103.96|name=Capulin Volcano|type:landmark}}1916|8|9}}792.84|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}400|ft|m}} deep and its rim is more than {{convert|1500|ft|m}} in diameter.[46]
Carrizo Plain BLM{{coord>35.16|-119.75|name=Carrizo Plain|type:landmark}}2001|1|12}}211045|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Carrizo Plain is the largest single native grassland remaining in California. It contains part of the San Andreas Fault and is surrounded by the Temblor Range and the Caliente Range. At the center of the plain is Soda Lake, which is near Painted Rock.[47]
Casa Grande Ruins NPS{{coord>32.99|-111.54|name=Casa Grande Ruins|type:landmark}}1918|8|3}}472.5|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument preserves a group of structures surrounded by a compound wall in the Gila Valley that were built in the early 13th century. They were inhabited by the Hohokam people until they were abandoned in the mid-15th century.[48]
Cascade–Siskiyou BLM{{coord>42.08|-122.46|name=Cascade-Siskiyou|type:landmark}}2000|6|9}}65341|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} One of the most diverse ecosystems found in the Cascade Range, it has more than 100 dwelling and root-gathering sites belonging to the Modoc, Klamath, and Shasta tribes.[49]
Castillo de San Marcos NPS{{coord>29.898|-81.311|name=Castillo de San Marcos|type:landmark}}1924|10|15}}19.38|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This Spanish fort near St. Augustine, called Fort Marion when first protected, served for 205 years under four different flags. Built in 1672, it was involved in sieges with the British while under Spanish command, the American Revolution under Britain, the Civil War under the Confederacy, and the Seminole Wars and the Spanish–American War under the United States.[50]
Castle Clinton NPS{{coord>40.7036|-74.0169|name=Castle Clinton|type:landmark}}1946|8|12}}1|acre|km2|3|sortable=on}} A circular sandstone fort built in 1811 at the southern tip of Manhattan to protect New York City from the British, Castle Clinton is now located in Battery Park. It later became a beer garden, a theater, the first immigration station (predating Ellis Island), and a public aquarium.[51]
Castle Mountains NPS{{coord>35.25|-115.11|name=Castle Mountains|type:landmark}}2016|2|12}}21025.5|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Castle Mountains represents some of the most unique elements of the Mojave Desert. Nestled between the Nevada state line and Mojave National Preserve, the nearly 21,000 acres of Castle Mountains boasts Joshua tree forests, unbroken natural landscapes, rare desert grasslands, and rich human history.[52][53]
Cedar Breaks NPS{{coord>37.63|-112.85|name=Cedar Breaks|type:landmark}}1933|8|22}}6154.6|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}3|mi|km}} and is more than {{convert|2000|ft|m}} deep.[54]
César E. Chávez NPS{{coord>35.2273|-118.5614|name=Cesar E. Chavez|type:landmark}}2012|10|8}}116.56|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument commemorates the life and work of labor leader and civil right activist Cesar Chavez. Called La Paz, the site was Chavez's home for about 20 years, and his gravesite is on the premises. It is also the location of the headquarters of United Farm Workers, which was founded by Chavez.[55][56]
Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers NPS{{coord>39.7072|-83.8903|name=Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers|type:landmark}}2013|3|25}}59.66|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Charles Young was the first African American to reach the rank of colonel in the US Army. He was also the first national park superintendent, of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks, and a professor at Wilberforce University. His home at Wilberforce is a museum commemorating his life.[57][58]
Chimney Rock USFS{{coord>37.1917|-107.3064|name=Chimney Rock|type:landmark}}2012|9|21}}4724|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The jewel of San Juan National Forest, the site was once home to the ancestors of the modern Pueblos. Roughly 1,000 years ago, the Ancestral Pueblo People built more than 200 homes and ceremonial buildings high above the valley floor.[59]
Chiricahua NPS{{coord>32.02|-109.35|name= Chiricahua|type:landmark}}1924|4|18}}12024.73|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} These pillars of rhyolite tuff are the eroded remains of an immense volcanic eruption that shook the region some 27 million years ago. It was called the Land of the Standing-Up Rocks by the Apache.[60]
Colorado NPS{{coord>39.04|-108.69|name=Colorado|type:landmark}}1911|5|24}}20536.39|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}20500|acre|km2}} of semi-desert land high on the Colorado Plateau and has a wide range of wildlife including pinyon pines, juniper trees, ravens, jays, desert bighorn sheep, and coyotes as well as a range of recreational activities.[61]
Craters of the Moon NPS, BLM{{coord>43.42|-113.52|name=Craters of the Moon|type:landmark}}1924|5|2}}53437.64|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} One of the best preserved flood basalt areas in the continental U.S. contains three lava fields along the Great Rift of Idaho as well as the world's deepest open rift cracks and other volcanic features.[62][63]
Devils Postpile NPS{{coord>37.50|-119.08|name=Devils Postpile|type:landmark}}1911|7|6}}800.19|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}101|ft|m|adj=on}}-high Rainbow Falls.[64]
Devils Tower NPS{{coord>44.59|-104.72|name=Devils Tower|type:landmark}}1906|9|24}}1347.21|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}1267|ft|m}} above the surrounding terrain. Proclaimed by Theodore Roosevelt, this was the first national monument.[65]
Dinosaur NPS{{coord>40.53|-108.98|name=Dinosaur|type:landmark}}1915|10|4}}210281.92|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This sandstone and conglomerate bed at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers was formed in the Jurassic Period and contains fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus and various long-neck and long-tail sauropods.[66]
Effigy Mounds NPS{{coord>43.09|-91.19|name=Effigy Mounds|type:landmark}}1949|10|25}}2526.39|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument preserves three prehistoric sites with 206 prehistoric mounds, notable for 31 unusual mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles.[67]
El Malpais NPS{{coord>34.88|-108.05|name=El Malpais|type:landmark}}1987|12|31}}114347.11|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}17|mi|km}} and the Cebolla Wilderness, a forested rimrock area that features prehistoric rock art and the Zuni-Acoma Trail, an ancient Pueblo trade route.[68]
El Morro NPS{{coord>35.04|-108.35|name=El Morro|type:landmark}}1906|12|8}}1278.72|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} On the site of an ancient east-west trail is a great sandstone promontory with a pool of water at its base. There are inscriptions from the 17th century as well as older petroglyphs made by the Ancestral Puebloans.[69]
Florissant Fossil Beds NPS{{coord>38.92|-105.27|name=Florissant Fossil beds|type:landmark}}1969|8|20}}6300|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}[70] Huge petrified redwoods and incredibly detailed fossils of ancient insects and plants reveal a very different landscape in Colorado of almost 35 million years ago in the Eocene age.[71]
Fort Frederica NPS{{coord>31.224|-81.393|name=Fort Frederica|type:landmark}}1936|5|26}}305|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}[72] Built by James Oglethorpe between 1736 and 1748, these remnants of a fort and town protected the southern boundary of the British colony of Georgia from Spanish raids. It was a few miles from the site of the Battle of Bloody Marsh.[73]
Fort Matanzas NPS{{coord>29.715|-81.239|name=Fort Matanzas|type:landmark}}1924|10|15}}300.11|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}100|acre|km2}} of salt marsh and barrier islands.[74]
Fort McHenry NPS{{coord>39.263|-76.579|name=Fort McHenry|type:landmark}}1925|3|3}}43.26|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The only place designated a national monument and historic shrine, Fort McHenry is a star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812 when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy. It inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner".[75]
Fort Monroe NPS{{coord>37.004|-76.308|name=Fort Monroe|type:landmark}}2011|11|1}}367.12|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The six-sided star fort spans the American story from the 17th to the 21st centuries: Captain John Smith's journeys, a haven of freedom for the enslaved during the Civil War, and a bastion of defense for the Chesapeake Bay.[76]
Fort Ord BLM{{coord>36.639167|-121.735278|name=Fort Ord|type:landmark}}2012|4|20}}14658|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Fort Ord was an Army post from 1917 to 1994. It now has recreational trails and various wildlife in grassland, chaparral, and woodland ecosystems.[77]
Fort Pulaski NPS{{coord>32.027|-80.890|name=Fort Pulaski|type:landmark}}1924|10|15}}5623.1|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} In 1862 during the American Civil War, the Union Army successfully tested a rifled cannon against the defending Confederates, rendering brick fortifications obsolete. Fort Pulaski was also used as a prisoner-of-war camp during the war. The national monument includes most of Cockspur Island (containing the fort) and all of adjacent McQueens Island.[78]
Fort Stanwix NPS{{coord>43.218|-75.459|name=Fort Stanwix|type:landmark}}1935|8|21}}15.52|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Fort Stanwix guarded a strategic 18th century portage known as the Oneida Carrying Place. It was built during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The fort successfully resisted the 1777 siege by a British invasion army during the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Erased by the development of Rome, New York, it was rebuilt as a national monument in the late 1970s.[79]
Fort Union NPS{{coord>35.925|-105.009|name=Fort Union|type:landmark}}1956|4|5}}720.6|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} A frontier military post and supply depot in the late 19th century, it sat at the intersection of the Mountain and Cimarron Branches of the old Santa Fe Trail.[80]
Fossil Butte NPS{{coord>41.86|-110.77|name=Fossil Butte|type:landmark}}1972|10|23}}8198|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Fossil Butte preserves the 50-million-year-old Green River lake beds, the best paleontological record of tertiary aquatic communities in North America. Fossils including fish, alligators, bats, turtles, dog-sized horses, insects, and many other species of plants and animals suggest that the region was a low, subtropical, freshwater basin when the sediments accumulated, over about a 2-million-year period.[81]
Freedom RidersNPS{{coord>33.658|-85.831|name=Freedom Riders|type:landmark}}2017|1|12}}5.96|acre|km2|2|sortable=on}} Preserves two sites in and near Anniston, Alabama during the civil rights movement—a former Greyhound bus station in the town where Freedom Riders were attacked by a racist mob and the site outside town where their bus was burned.[33][82]
George Washington Birthplace NPS{{coord>38.1861|-76.9305|name=George Washington's Birthplace|type:landmark}}1930|1|23}}653.18|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Representative of 18th-century Virginia tobacco farms, this site is the birthplace and boyhood environment of George Washington. The entrance includes a Memorial Shaft obelisk of Vermont marble that is a one-tenth scale replica of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. Also within the monument are the historic birthplace home area, a kitchen house, and the Washington family burial ground.[83]
George Washington Carver NPS{{coord>36.986|-94.354|name=George Washington Carver|type:landmark}}1943|7|14}}210|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The site preserves Moses Carver's farm, which was the boyhood home of George Washington Carver, a scientist and educator who developed many uses for peanuts. It was the first national monument dedicated to an African-American and first to a non-president.[84]
Giant Sequoia
USFS{{coord>36.04|-118.50|name=Giant Sequoia National Monument|type:landmark}}2000|4|15}}352626|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The monument includes 38 of the 39 giant sequoia groves in the Sequoia National Forest, amounting to about half of the sequoia groves currently in existence. This includes one of the ten largest giant sequoias, the Boole Tree. Its two parts are around Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks.[85]
Gila Cliff Dwellings NPS{{coord>33.24|-108.28|name=Gila Cliff Dwellings|type:landmark}}1907|11|16}}533.13|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}180|ft|m}} above the canyon floor from the 1280s through the early 14th century. They lived in five caves with 46 rooms.[86]
Gold Butte BLM{{coord>36.281|-114.201|name=Gold Butte National Monument|type:landmark}}2016|12|28}}296937|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}[87] Mojave Desert landscape of dramatic red sandstone, canyons, forested mountains, ancient rock art, rock shelters, roasting pits, and a mining ghost town[26][88]
Governors Island NPS{{coord>40.691|-74.016|name=Governors Island|type:landmark}}2001|1|19}}22.91|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} From 1783 to 1966, Governors Island in New York Harbor was an Army post, and from 1966 to 1996 it was a Coast Guard installation. Located on Governors Island are Castle Williams and Fort Jay, which served as outposts to protect New York City from sea attack.[89]
Grand Canyon-Parashant BLM, NPS{{coord>36.4|-113.7|name=Grand Canyon-Parashant|type:landmark}}2000|1|11}}1021030|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}1017000|acre|km2}} are also within Lake Mead National Recreation Area; Grand Canyon-Parashant is not considered an official NPS unit. There are no paved roads or visitor services.[90][91]
Grand Portage NPS{{coord>47.96|-89.68|name=Grant Portage|type:landmark}}1960|1|27}}709.97|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}8.5|mi|km|adj=on}} footpath which bypasses a set of waterfalls on the Pigeon River near Lake Superior. The region was a vital trade route and center of fur trade activity as well as an Anishinaabeg Ojibwe heritage site.[92]
Grand Staircase-Escalante BLM{{coord>37.4|-111.68|name=Grand Staircase-Escalante|type:landmark}}1996|9|18}}1003863|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}[93]1003863|acre|km2}}, the monument consists of the Grand Staircase, the Kaiparowits Plateau, and the Canyons of the Escalante. It is notable for its paleontological finds and geology, and it was the first monument to be maintained by the Bureau of Land Management.[94]
Hagerman Fossil Beds NPS{{coord>42.79|-114.95|name=Hagerman Fossil Beds|type:landmark}}1988|11|18}}4351.15|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument contains the largest concentration of Hagerman horse fossils in North America. It protects the world's richest known fossil deposits from the late Pliocene epoch, 3.5 million years ago. These plants and animals represent the last glimpse of time that existed before the Ice Age, and the earliest appearances of modern flora and fauna.[95]
Hanford Reach FWS, DOE{{coord>46.48|-119.53|name=Hanford Reach|type:landmark}}2000|6|8}}194450.93|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Created from what used to be the security buffer surrounding the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, this area has been untouched by development or agriculture since 1943. The area is part of the Columbia River Plateau, formed by basalt lava flows and water erosion, and is named after the Hanford Reach, the last free flowing section of the Columbia River.[96]
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad FWS Maryland2013|3|25}}480|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Harriet Tubman was a famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading dozens of slaves to freedom. This monument includes sites relating to Tubman's life, including the slave-built Stewart’s Canal and the home of Jacob Jackson.[57] The areas within the national monument that are managed by the NPS have been additionally designated as a National Historical Park (NHP) and are managed by the NPS.[97]
Hohokam Pima NPS{{coord>33.19|-111.91|name=Hohokam Pima|type:landmark}}1972|10|21}}1690|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Hohokam Pima is part of the Gila River Indian Community and not open to the public. The monument preserves the Snaketown-Settlement, archeological remains of the Hohokam culture, which lived in the area until 1500.[98]
Homestead NPS{{coord>40.285|-96.822|name=Homestead|type:landmark}}1936|3|19}}211.09|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Daniel Freeman's homestead was recognized by the United States Congress as the first homestead in the nation obtained through the Homestead Act of 1862. The monument contains a visitor center, a tract of tallgrass prairie, and the Freeman School.[99]
Hovenweep NPS{{coord>37.38|-109.08|name=Hovenweep|type:landmark}}1923|3|2}}784.93|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Hovenweep contains six clusters of Native American ruins. Holly Canyon, Hackberry Canyon, Cutthroat Castle and Goodman Point are in Colorado and Square Tower and Cajon are in Utah. Ancient Pueblo Peoples lived in the Hovenweep area from 1150 to 1350.[100]
Ironwood Forest BLM{{coord>32.46|-111.57|name=Ironwood Forest|type:landmark}}2000|6|9}}129055|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Located within the Sonoran Desert, significant concentrations of ironwood (Olneya tesota) trees and two endangered animal and plant species are found within the monument. More than 200 Hohokam and Paleoindian archeological sites have been identified from between 600 and 1450 AD[101]
Jewel Cave NPS{{coord>43.73|-103.83|name=Jewel Cave|type:landmark}}1908|2|7}}1273.51|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}195|mi|km}} of mapped passageways beneath the Black Hills of South Dakota.[102] The entrance was discovered by miners in 1900 and was named for its calcite crystals.[103]
John Day Fossil Beds NPS{{coord>44.67|-120.05|name=John Day Fossil|type:landmark}}1974|10|26}}14062.02|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Located within the John Day River Basin, the Fossil Beds have a well-preserved, complete record of fossil plants and animals from more than 40 of the 65 million years of the Cenozoic Era. The monument is divided into three units: Painted Hills, named for its delicately colored stratifications; Sheep Rock; and Clarno. Blue Basin is a volcanic ash bowl transformed into claystone by eons of erosion, colored pastel blue by minerals.[104]
Jurassic BLM{{coord>39.32|-110.69|name=Jurassic|type:landmark}}2019|3|12}}850|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} More than 12,000 bones from at least 74 dinosaurs have been found at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry so far, making it the paleontological site with the greatest concentration of bones from the Jurassic period. The bones come from a variety of mostly carnivorous species (more than half Allosaurus) and it is unknown why they are mixed together.[105][106][112]
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks BLM{{coord>35.67|-106.42|name=Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks|type:landmark}}2001|1|17}}4647|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Kasha-Katuwe is known for its geology of layers of volcanic rock and ash deposited by a volcanic explosion. Over time, weathering and erosion of these layers has created canyons and tent rocks. The tent rocks themselves are cones of soft pumice and tuff beneath harder caprocks.[107]
Katahdin Woods and Waters NPS{{coord>45.97|-68.62|name=Katahdin Woods and Waters|type:landmark}}2016|8|24}}87564.27|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument protects mountains and wilderness in the North Maine Woods, including a section of the East Branch Penobscot River. It borders the eastern side of Baxter State Park.[108]
Lava Beds NPS{{coord>41.71|-121.51|name=Lava Beds|type:landmark}}1925|11|21}}46692.42|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This is the site of the largest concentration of lava tube caves in North America. It also includes Petroglyph Point, one of the largest panels of Native American rock art. The monument lies on the northeast flank of the Medicine Lake Volcano, the largest volcano in the Cascade Range.[109]
Little Bighorn Battlefield NPS{{coord>45.57|-107.43|name=Little Bighorn Battlefield|type:landmark}}1940|7|1}}765.34|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument includes the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn between George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry and a combined Lakota-Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho force, Custer National Cemetery, and the Reno-Benteen Battlefield.[110]
Marianas Trench Marine
NOAA, FWS{{coord>20|145|name=Marianas Trench Marine|type:landmark}}2009|1|6}}61077668|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This marine monument includes the waters and submerged lands of the three northernmost islands of the Mariana Archipelago, the submerged lands of 22 designated volcanic sites, and the Mariana Trench.[111][118][112]
Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home NPS{{coord>32.341|-90.213|name=Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home|type:landmark}}2019|3|12}}[113] km2|1|sortable=on->Medgar Evers was a civil rights activist who served as a field secretary for the NAACP to end segregation and promote voting rights in Mississippi. He was assassinated outside his home in Jackson by a white supremacist in 1963. His wife Myrlie moved away but owned the home until 1993 and later served as chairwoman of the NAACP.[114][115]
Military Working Dog Teams
DOD{{coord>29.390|-98.617|name=Military Working Dog Teams National Monument|type:landmark}}2013|10|28}} The monument at Lackland Air Force Base, the home of the U.S. Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program, honors the efforts and sacrifices of military working dogs in the service of the United States.[116]
Mill Springs Battlefield NPS{{coord>37.07|-84.74|name=Mill Springs Battlefield|type:landmark}}2019|3|12}}[117] km2|1|sortable=on-> The Battle of Mill Springs was fought at this site in January 1862 and was the first major victory for the Union Army. The site is now largely an open field with a visitor center adjacent to Mill Springs National Cemetery.[118][115]
Misty Fjords USFS{{coord>55.62|-130.61|name=Misty Fjords|type:landmark}}1978|12|1}}2294072|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Located within the Tongass National Forest and called The Yosemite of the North for its similar geology, it also contains the Quartz Hill molybdenum deposit, possibly the largest such mineral deposit in the world. Throughout the monument is light-colored granite, about 50 to 70 million years old (Eocene Epoch to Cretaceous Period), that has been sculpted by glaciers that gouged deep U-shaped troughs. Mountain goats live in the higher elevations, while brown and black bear are also common.[119]
Mojave Trails BLM{{coord>34.6|-116.0|name=Mojave Trails|type:landmark}}2016|2|12}}1600000|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Spanning 1.6 million acres, more than 350,000 acres of previously congressionally-designated Wilderness, the Mojave Trails National Monument comprises a stunning mosaic of rugged mountain ranges, ancient lava flows, and spectacular sand dunes. The monument will protect irreplaceable historic resources including ancient Native American trading routes, World War II-era training camps, and the longest remaining undeveloped stretch of Route 66.[120][121]
Montezuma Castle NPS{{coord>34.61|-111.84|name=Montezuma Castle|type:landmark}}1906|12|8}}1015.52|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Montezuma Castle features cliff dwellings built by the Pre-Columbian Sinagua people between 1100 and 1400 AD. The site's name is a misnomer as is it has no connection to Montezuma. However, some modern day native tribes that do have connections to the site include the Yavapai, Hopi, and Zuni. The monument also includes Montezuma Well, which has been used for irrigation since the 8th century.[122]
Mount St. Helens USFS{{coord>46.23|-122.18|name=Mount St. Helens|type:landmark}}1982|8|27}}113205|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Following the 1980 eruption of the now//Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens, the environment was left to respond naturally to the disturbance. The volcanic crater is surrounded by a pumice plain with deposits from the landslide, wind-blown trees, and the Ape Cave lava tube. [wide dam that supported a reservoir for Los Angeles's water supply. It catastrophically failed in1928 and the flood killed at least 431 people. The site now has ruins of the dam's concrete base in a forested valley.[155][115]
Salinas Pueblo Missions NPS{{coord>34.26|-106.06|name=Salinas Pueblo Missions|type:landmark}}1909|11|1}}1071.42|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Formerly known as Gran Quivira National Monument, it is where Native American trade communities of Tiwa- and Tompiro-speaking Puebloans lived when Spanish Franciscan missionaries made contact in the 17th century. What remains are the ruins of four mission churches, at Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira, and the partially excavated pueblo of Las Humanas.[156]
San Gabriel Mountains USFS{{coord>34.22|-118.06|name=San Gabriel Mountains|type:landmark}}2014|10|10}}345222|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}10068|ft|m|abbr=on}}, the San Gabriel Mountains provide one of the few open-space recreation opportunities close to residents of Los Angeles County and is also an important watershed for the Los Angeles area.[157]
San Juan Islands BLM{{coord>48.53|-123.03|name=San Juan Islands|type:landmark}}2013|3|25}}970|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The rugged landscapes of the San Juan Islands in Puget Sound are the habitat for orcas, eagles, and seals and provide opportunities for kayaking, birdwatching, and other activities. The monument protects numerous small rocks, islands, and points, including the Cattle Point Light.[158][57]
Sand to Snow BLM, USFS{{coord>34.08|-116.68|name=Sand to Snow|type:landmark}}2016|2|12}}154000|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument extends from the Mojave and Sonoran Desert floors up to over 10,000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, including the San Gorgonio Wilderness. The site protects 1,700 Native American petroglyphs and other archaeological sites.[53][159][160]
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains BLM, USFS{{coord>33.80|-116.70|name=Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains|type:landmark}}2000|10|24}}280009|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument preserves large portions of the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto ranges, the northernmost of the Peninsular Ranges. Parts are within San Bernardino National Forest and the California Desert Conservation Area.[161][162]
Scotts Bluff NPS{{coord>41.83|-103.70|name=Scotts Bluff|type:landmark}}1919|12|12}}3004.73|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}830|ft|m}} above the plains at its highest point. The monument is composed of five rock formations named Crown Rock, Dome Rock, Eagle Rock, Saddle Rock, and Sentinel Rock.[163]
Sonoran Desert BLM{{coord>33.00|-112.46|name=Sonoran Desert|type:landmark}}2001|1|17}}486400|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} This monument protects a small portion of the Sonoran Desert. It is home to several federally listed endangered species and also has three wilderness areas, many significant archeological and historic sites, and remnants of several important historic trails.[164]
Statue of Liberty NPS{{coord>40.69|-74.04|name=Statue of Liberty|type:landmark}}1924|10|15}}58.38|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}151|ft|m}} tall, commemorates the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence and is a gesture of friendship from France to the U.S. Liberty Enlightening the World is a symbol of welcoming immigrants to the U.S. and is listed as a World Heritage Site. Ellis Island, where 12 million immigrants entering the U.S. passed through, is included in the monument.[165]
Stonewall NPS{{coord>40.73364|-74.00212|name=Stonewall|type:landmark}}2016|06|24}}7.7|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The Stonewall Inn, often shortened to Stonewall, is a gay bar in New York City and the site of the Stonewall riots of 1969, which is widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States. Also included in the 7.7 acre site is Christopher Street Park, across the street.[166][167]
Sunset Crater Volcano NPS{{coord>35.36|-111.50|name=Sunset Crater Volcano|type:landmark}}1930|5|30}}3040|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Sunset Crater is the youngest in a string of volcanoes in the San Francisco volcanic field that is related to the nearby San Francisco Peaks. Final volcanic activity in the 13th century painted the upper portion of the cone with bright red and orange rocks, giving the volcano its name.[168]
Timpanogos Cave NPS{{coord>40.44|-111.71|name=Timpanogos Cave|type:landmark}}1922|10|14}}250|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The Timpanogos cave system is in the Wasatch Range in the American Fork Canyon. Three main chambers are accessible: Hansen Cave, Middle Cave, and Timpanogos Cave. Many colorful cave features or speleothems can be seen, including helictites, cave bacon, cave columns, flowstone, cave popcorn, and cave drapery.[169]
Tonto NPS{{coord>33.65|-111.09|name=Tonto|type:landmark}}1907|10|21}}1120|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Lying on the northeastern edge of the Sonoran Desert along the Salt River, Tonto preserves two cliff dwellings that were occupied by the Salado culture during the 13th to 15th centuries. The monument is surrounded by Tonto National Forest.[170]
Tule Lake NPS, FWS{{coord>41.89|-121.37|name=Tule Lake|type:landmark}}2008|12|05}} Tule Lake Segregation Center was the largest of ten concentration camps used for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. 29,800 US citizens and immigrants were held there, including those segregated from other camps for political reasons. The site includes the main segregation camp; Camp Tulelake, which was originally a Civilian Conservation Corps work site and later a prisoner-of-war camp and extension of the segregation center; and the Peninsula/Castle Rock bluff. Originally designated as part of World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, which was divided and renamed March 12, 2019.[171][172]
Tule Springs Fossil Beds NPS{{coord>36.32|-115.27|name=Tule Springs Fossil Beds|type:landmark}}2014|12|19}}22650|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} A major archaeological site north of Las Vegas where thousands of prehistoric fossils, including mammoth, lion, and camel in an area that was once a wetland.[173]
Tuzigoot NPS{{coord>34.79|-112.04|name= Tuzigoot|type:landmark}}1939|7|25}}811.89|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Tuzigoot preserves a two- to three-story pueblo ruin on the summit of a limestone and sandstone ridge in the Verde Valley. It was built by the Sinagua people between 1125 and 1400.[174]
Upper Missouri River Breaks BLM{{coord>47.78|-109.02|name=Upper Missouri River Breaks|type:landmark}}2001|1|17}}377346|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}149|mi|km|adj=on}} Upper Missouri National Wild and Scenic River in central Montana, The Breaks is home to at least 60 mammal species and hundreds of bird species. Charles Marion Russell often painted here, and Lewis and Clark traveled on this pathway.[175]
Vermilion Cliffs BLM{{coord>36.81|-111.74|name=Vermilion Cliffs|type:landmark}}2000|11|9}}279566|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}3000|ft|m}} above their base. These sedimentary rocks have been deeply eroded for millions of years, exposing hundreds of layers of richly colored rock strata along Paria Canyon. The Coyote Buttes, across the Paria Plateau from the Canyon and Vermilion Cliffs, include undulating slopes like The Wave.[176]
Virgin Islands Coral Reef NPS{{coord>18.31|-64.72|name=Virgin Islands Coral Reef|type:landmark}}2001|1|17}}12708.07|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}3|mi|km|adj=on}} belt that surrounds St John, VI.[177]
Waco Mammoth NPS{{coord>31.606|-97.174|name=Waco Mammoth|type:landmark}}2015|7|10}}107.23|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} The Waco Mammoth National Monument is a paleontological site and museum in Waco, Texas, where fossils of twenty-four Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) and other mammals from the Pleistocene Epoch have been uncovered. The site is the largest known concentration of a single herd of mammoths dying from the same event, which is believed to have been a flash flood.[23][178]
Walnut Canyon NPS{{coord>35.17|-111.51|name=Walnut Canyon|type:landmark}}1915|11|30}}3529.26|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Walnut Canyon protects 25 cliff dwelling rooms constructed by the Sinagua people. It lies on the Colorado Plateau and cuts through the Permian Kaibab Limestone, which exposes the Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone.[179]
White Sands NPS{{coord>32.78|-106.17|name=White Sands|type:landmark}}1933|1|18}}143703.55|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}}275|mi2|km2|abbr=|adj=on}} field of white sand dunes composed of gypsum crystals. It is completely within the White Sands Missile Range and is subject to closure when tests are conducted.[180]
Wupatki NPS{{coord>35.52|-111.37|name=Wupatki|type:landmark}}1924|12|9}}35422.13|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Many settlement sites built by the Sinagua, Cohonina, and Ancestral Puebloans are scattered throughout the monument. About 2000 Ancient Pueblo People moved here to farm after an 11th century eruption of Sunset Crater.[181]
Yucca House
NPS{{coord>37.25|-108.69|name=Yucca House|type:landmark}}1919|12|19}}33.87|acre|km2|1|sortable=on}} Designated a research national monument, it is a large, unexcavated Ancestral Puebloan archeological site. The site is one of many Ancestral Puebloan village sites located in the Montezuma Valley occupied between AD 900 and 1300.[182]

See also

  • List of national parks of the United States
  • List of areas in the United States National Park System
  • List of National Historic Landmarks of the United States
  • List of National Memorials of the United States
  • List of proposed national monuments of the United States

References

1. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|16|431}} {{UnitedStatesCodeSec|16|432}}, and {{UnitedStatesCodeSec|16|433}}. U.S. Code collection. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved on 11 February 2009.
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/hisnps/npshistory/righter.htm |title=National Monuments to National Parks:|last=Righter|first=Robert W.|date=March 5, 2005|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-02-05}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/hisnps/NPSHistory/monuments.htm|title=National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act|date=January 16, 2003|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-02-08}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Janiskee|first=Bob|title=By the Numbers: National Monument|url=http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2010/08/numbers-national-monuments6283|work=National Parks Traveler|accessdate=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307075423/http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2010/08/numbers-national-monuments6283|archive-date=2014-03-07|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/06/26/obamas-national-monuments-more-than-conservation/82931356/|title=Obama’s national monuments are about more than conservation|publisher=}}
6. ^{{cite web|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=In massive expansion of lands legacy, Obama creates three new national monuments|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/07/10/in-massive-expansion-of-lands-legacy-obama-creates-three-new-national-monuments/|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=10 July 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2017/Table-18-NationalMonumentAreasbyState.pdf |title=Table 18 - National Monument Areas by State |date=Sep 30, 2017 |website=Land Areas Report (LAR)–as of September 30, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |access-date=Feb 3, 2018 |quote=}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/FileDownload/11383 |title= Listing of Acreage (Summary) |date=Sep 30, 2017 |website=NPS Stats |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=Feb 3, 2018 |quote=}}
9. ^ {{cite web |url=https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/PublicLandStatistics2016.pdf |title=Public Land Statistics 2016 |date=May 2017 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior • Bureau of Land Management |access-date=Feb 3, 2018 |quote="Table 5-2. National Monuments within the National Landscape Conservation System as of September 30, 2016"}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fws.gov/refuges/land/PDF/2017_Annual_Report_of_Lands_Data_Tables.pdf |title= Statistical Data Tables for Fish & Wildlife Service Lands (as of 9/30/2017) |date=Sep 30, 2017 |website= |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |access-date=Feb 3, 2018 |quote="Table 10. National Monuments"}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2017/Table-19-NationalVolcanicMonumentAreabyState.pdf |title=Table 19 - National Volcanic Monument Areas by State |date=Sep 30, 2017 |website=Land Areas Report (LAR)–as of September 30, 2017 |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |access-date=Feb 3, 2018 |quote=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/districts/admiralty/|title=Admiralty Island National Monument |date=November 21, 2007|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/afbg/|title=African Burial Ground National Monument|date=January 7, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/agfo/|title=Agate Fossil Beds National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/afria.2.html|title=Agua Fria NM|date=February 21, 2008|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-17|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020070301/http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/afria.2.html|archivedate=October 20, 2008|df=}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/fieldnotes/regmap.cfm?arskey=25333|title=ALASKA MARITIME: New World War II National Monument Includes Refuge Lands|website=www.fws.gov|access-date=2019-03-17}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/alfl/|title=Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument|date=February 29, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/ania/|title=Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve|date=September 11, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/azru/|title=Aztec Ruins National Monument|date=March 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/band/|title=Bandelier National Monument|date=January 6, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2023&ResourceType=District |title=Bandelier CCC Historic District |work=National Historic Landmarks Program |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2009-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105061255/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2023&ResourceType=District |archivedate=2012-01-05 |df= }}
23. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-to-create-new-national-monuments-in-texas-california-nevada/|title=Obama to create new national monuments in Texas, California, Nevada|publisher=CBS|accessdate=2015-07-10}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/nevada/basin-and-range-national-monument|title=Basin and Range National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-modifying-bears-ears-national-monument/|title=Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Bears Ears National Monument|last=Trump|first=Donald|website=whitehouse.gov|publisher=White House Office of the Press Secretary|location=Washington, D.C.|date=December 4, 2017|access-date=February 3, 2018}}
26. ^1 [https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretaries-jewell-vilsack-applaud-presidents-designation-new-national-monuments-utah Secretaries Jewell, Vilsack Applaud President’s Designation of New National Monuments in Utah and Nevada], U.S. Department of the Interior, news release, Dec. 28, 2016
27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/utah/bears-ears-national-monument|title=Bears Ears National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
28. ^{{cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|title=A new memorial to tell 'the story of a century of courageous activism by American women'|work=The Washington Post|date=April 12, 2016|accessdate=April 12, 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/11/obama-to-designate-a-national-monument-in-d-c-to-honor-womens-equality-tuesday/}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/12/presidential-proclamation-establishment-belmont-paul-womens-equality|title=Presidential Proclamation -- Establishment of the Belmont-Paul Women’s Equality National Monument|publisher=The White House|accessdate=2016-04-12}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/bepa/index.htm|title=Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/berryessa-snow-mountain-national-monument|title=Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Forest Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/berryessa-snow-mountain-national-monument|title=Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
33. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Salama|first1=Vivian|title=Obama Names 3 National Monuments Honoring Civil Rights|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/obama-names-national-monuments-honoring-civil-rights-44745286|accessdate=12 January 2017|agency=ABC News|date=12 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170148/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/obama-names-national-monuments-honoring-civil-rights-44745286#|archivedate=2017-01-13|deadurl=yes|df=}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/bicr/learn/proclamation.htm|title=Presidential Proclamation - Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument|date=January 13, 2017|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=November 4, 2018}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/bicr/index.htm|title=Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/bowa/|title=Booker T. Washington National Monument|date=July 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/colorado/browns-canyon|title=Browns Canyon National Monument|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=March 2, 2019|df=}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/visit/browns-canyon-national-monument|title=Browns Canyon National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Forest Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/bowa/|title=Buck Island Reef National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cabr/|title=Cabrillo National Monument|date=August 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/ca/en/prog/blm_special_areas/nm/ccnm.html |title=California Coastal National Monument |date=January 5, 2009 |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |accessdate=2009-01-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115171809/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/content/ca/en/prog/blm_special_areas/nm/ccnm.html |archivedate=January 15, 2009 |df= }}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-establishment-camp-nelson-national-monument/|title=Presidential Proclamation on the Establishment of the Camp Nelson National Monument|author=|date=|website=The White House}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cach/|title=Canyon de Chelly National Monument|date=June 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/nm/canm.html|title=Canyons of the Ancients National Monument|date=November 25, 2008|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123142844/http://www.blm.gov/co/st/en/nm/canm.html|archivedate=January 23, 2009|df=}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cakr/|title=Cape Krusenstern National Monument|date=July 2, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cavo/|title=Capulin Volcano National Monument|date=October 29, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/carrizo.html |title=Carrizo Plain National Monument |date=December 22, 2008 |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |accessdate=2009-01-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015543/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/carrizo.html |archivedate=January 26, 2009 |df= }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cagr/|title=Casa Grande Ruins|date=January 8, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-17}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/carrizo.html |title=Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |accessdate=2009-01-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126015543/http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/carrizo.html |archivedate=2009-01-26 |df= }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/casa/|title=Castillo de San Marcos National Monument|date=March 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cacl/|title=Castle Clinton National Monument|date=November 5, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/camo/|title=Castle Mountains National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2016-02-12}}
53. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/12/fact-sheet-president-obama-designate-new-national-monuments-california|title=President Obama to Designate New National Monuments in the California Desert|date=|publisher=The White House|accessdate=2016-02-12}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/cebr/|title=Cedar Breaks National Monument|date=December 19, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/10/01/president-obama-establish-c-sar-e-ch-vez-national-monument|title=President Obama to Establish César E. Chávez National Monument|date=October 1, 2012|publisher=White House|accessdate=2012-10-08}}
56. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/cech/index.htm|title=Cesar E. Chavez National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
57. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=President Obama Designates Five New National Monuments|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/03/25/president-obama-designates-five-new-national-monuments|publisher=The White House|accessdate=25 March 2013}}
58. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/chyo/index.htm|title=Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/sanjuan/recarea/?recid=42806|title=Chimney Rock National Monument|date=September 21, 2012|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2012-09-21}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/chir/|title=Capulin Chiricahua National Monument|date=May 19, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/colm/|title=Colorado National Monument|date=January 18, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/crmo/|title=Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve|date=January 10, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/fo/shoshone/special_areas/Craters.html |title=Craters of the Moon National Monument |date=November 4, 2008 |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |accessdate=2009-02-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201012722/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/fo/shoshone/special_areas/Craters.html |archivedate=February 1, 2009 |df= }}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/depo/|title=Devils Postpile National Monument|date=October 31, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
65. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/deto/|title=Devils Tower National Monument|date=October 3, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/dino/|title=Dinosaur National Monument|date=January 18, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/efmo/|title=Effigy Mounds National Monument|date=January 15, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/elma/|title=El Malpais National Monument|date=October 21, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/elmo/|title=El Morro National Monument|date=October 21, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
70. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/flfo/|title=Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument|date=December 16, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
72. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fofr/|title=Fort Frederica National Monument|date=November 12, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/foma/|title=Fort Matanzas National Monument|date=February 29, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fomc/|title=Fort McHenry National Monument|date=January 5, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fomr/index.htm|title=Fort Monroe National Monument|date=November 1, 2011|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2011-11-01}}
77. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/fort-ord-national-monument|title=Fort Ord National Monument|last=|first=|date=February 27, 2017|website=www.blm.gov|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/fopu/|title=Fort Pulaski National Monument|date=December 26, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
79. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/fost/learn/historyculture/index.htm |title=History & Culture - Fort Stanwix National Monument |date= |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=2016-08-25}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/foun/|title=Fort Union National Monument|date=September 3, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/foubu/|title=Fossil Butte National Monument|date=November 4, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/frri/learn/proclamation.htm|title=Freedom Riders National Monument|last=|first=|date=January 13, 2017|website=|publisher=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=November 4, 2018}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/gewa/|title=George Washington Birthplace National Monument|date=March 26, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/gwca/|title=George Washington Carver National Monument|date=October 2, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/sequoia/|title=Sequoia National Forest|date=January 18, 2009|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/gicl/|title=Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument|date=September 8, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
87. ^{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/12/28/presidential-proclamation-establishment-gold-butte-national-monument |title=Presidential Proclamation -- Establishment of the Gold Butte National Monument |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=Dec 28, 2016 |website=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov |publisher=White House Office of the Press Secretary| location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=Feb 13, 2018 |quote=}}
88. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/nevada/gold-butte|title=Gold Butte National Monument|last=|first=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/gois/|title=Governors Island National Monument|date=October 24, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/para/|title=Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument|date=May 7, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/gcp.html|title=Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument|date=April 28, 2008|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-02-03|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131204043/http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/gcp.html|archivedate=January 31, 2009|df=}}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/foun/|title=Grand Portage National Monument|date=July 14, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
93. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-proclamation-modifying-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument/ |title=Presidential Proclamation Modifying the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 4, 2017 | website=whitehouse.gov|publisher=White House Office of the Press Secretary|location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=Feb 13, 2018 |quote=}}
94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante.html|title=Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|date=January 15, 2009|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116120800/http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante.html|archivedate=January 16, 2009|df=}}
95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/hafo/|title=Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument|date=January 6, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/hanfordreach/|title=Hanford Reach National Monument|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_5/NWRS/South_Zone/Chesapeake_Marshlands_Complex/Blackwater/HTPartnersNewsletter_Dec14.pdf|title=Tubman Partners Joint Newsletter|last=|first=|date=|website=www.fws.gov|format=PDF|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
98. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/pima/|title=Hohokam Pima National Monument|date=June 15, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/home/|title=Homestead National National Monument|date=January 2, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
100. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/hove/|title=Hovenweep National National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante.html|title=Grand Staircase-Ironwood Forest National Monument|date=September 15, 2008|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116120800/http://www.blm.gov/ut/st/en/fo/grand_staircase-escalante.html|archivedate=January 16, 2009|df=}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/jeca/|title=Jewel Cave National Monument|date=March 18, 2018|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=May 29, 2018}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/jeca/learn/historyculture/index.htm|title=Early Jewel Cave History|date=November 29, 2015|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=May 29, 2018}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/joda/|title=John Day Fossil Beds National Monument|date=December 29, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-19}}
105. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
106. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/learn/interpretive-centers/cleveland-lloyd-dinosaur-quarry|title=Learn: Interpretive Centers: Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry|website=Bureau of Land Management|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/nm/st/en/prog/recreation/rio_puerco/kasha_katuwe_tent_rocks.html|title=Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument|date=January 8, 2009|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123104657/http://www.blm.gov/nm/st/en/prog/recreation/rio_puerco/kasha_katuwe_tent_rocks.html|archivedate=January 23, 2009|df=}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/kaww/|title=Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument|date=January 13, 2017|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2017-01-13}}
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/labe/|title=Lava Beds National Monument|date=January 18, 2009|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
110. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/libi/|title=Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fws.gov/pacific/news/2009/monuments/TrenchMarine.pdf|title=Establishment of the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument|date=January 6, 2009|publisher=The White House: President George W. Bush|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-01-25}}
112. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/mariana_trench_marine_national_monument/|title=Mariana Trench Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
113. ^Authorized but not yet established
114. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
115. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/12/new-national-monuments-2019-guide|title=Trump approves five national monuments – from black history to dinosaur bones|last=Gammon|first=Katharine|date=2019-03-12|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-03-17}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=https://myairmanmuseum.org/military-working-dogs/|title=Military Working Dogs|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Airman Heritage Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=March 2, 2019}}
117. ^Authorized but not yet established
118. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/wilderness/misty.shtml|title=Misty Fiords National Monument|date=August 7, 2007|publisher=USDA Forest Service |accessdate=2009-01-24}}
120. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/mojave-trails-national-monument|title=Mojave Trails National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|df=}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/02/12/fact-sheet-president-obama-designate-new-national-monuments-california|title=President Obama to Designate New National Monuments in the California Desert|date=2016-02-12|publisher=The White House|accessdate=2016-02-12}}
122. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/moca/|title=Montezuma Castle National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
123. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/mshnvm/|title=Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument|date=January 14, 2009|publisher=US Forest Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/muwo/|title=Muir Woods National Monument|date=December 30, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
125. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nabr/|title=Natural Bridges National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nava/|title=Navajo National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/centraloregon/newberrynvm/index.shtml|title=Newberry National Volcanic Monument|date=September 18, 2008|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
128. ^{{cite web|title=FACT SHEET: President Obama to Continue Global Leadership in Combatting Climate Change and Protecting Our Ocean by Creating the First Marine National Monument in the Atlantic Ocean|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/15/fact-sheet-president-obama-continue-global-leadership-combatting-climate|publisher=The White House|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
129. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/new-england-mid-atlantic/habitat-conservation/northeast-canyons-and-seamounts-marine-national|title=Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
130. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/northeast/northeast-canyons-and-seamounts/about/index.html|title=Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/orca/|title=Oregon Caves National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
132. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/orpi/|title=Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument|date=August 31, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
133. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/media/acrobat/2009-01/44374653.pdf|title=Marine National Monument maps|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=L. A. Times|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026073139/http://www.latimes.com/media/acrobat/2009-01/44374653.pdf|archive-date=October 26, 2012|dead-url=|accessdate=2009-01-25}}
134. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/pacific_remote_islands_marine_national_monument/|title=Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
135. ^President announces expansion of Papahānaumokuākea, National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (last revised August 26, 2016).
136. ^Juliet Eilperin, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-to-create-the-largest-protected-place-on-the-planet-off-hawaii/2016/08/25/54ecb632-6aec-11e6-99bf-f0cf3a6449a6_story.html Obama creates the largest protected place on the planet, in Hawaii], Washington Post (August 26, 2016).
137. ^{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/640|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes two new sites on World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|work=unesco.org|date=July 30, 2010|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}
138. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/|title=Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/petr/|title=Petroglyph National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
140. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/pisp/|title=Pipe Spring National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
141. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/pipe/|title=Pipestone National Monument|date=March 28, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
142. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/mt/st/en/fo/billings_field_office/Pompeys_Pillar.html|title=Welcome to Pompeys Pillar National Monument|date=January 5, 2009|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131203911/http://www.blm.gov/mt/st/en/fo/billings_field_office/Pompeys_Pillar.html|archivedate=January 31, 2009|df=}}
143. ^As of 2009, Poverty Point is a public park owned and operated by the state of Louisiana. See Poverty Point#History
144. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/popo/|title=Poverty Point National Monument|date=April 14, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
145. ^{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|work=unesco.org|date=June 25, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2018}}
146. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/visit/ptnm|title=Prehistoric Trackways National Monument|website=www.blm.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}
147. ^{{cite web |url=https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/CEQ/proclamation.html |title=President Lincoln and Soldiers' Home National Monument |last=Clinton |first=William |date=July 7, 2000 |website=clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov |publisher=White House Office of the Press Secretary|location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=Feb 13, 2018 |quote=}}
148. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lincolncottage.org/about/|title=President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home|publisher=President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home|accessdate=2016-05-18}}
149. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/pull/|title=Pullman National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2017-01-13}}
150. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/rabr/|title=Rainbow Bridge National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
151. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/new-mexico/rio-grande-del-norte-national-monument|title=Río Grande del Norte National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
152. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/pacific/news/2009/Monuments/roseatoll.pdf |format=PDF|title=Establishment of the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument|date=January 6, 2009|publisher=The White House: President George W. Bush|accessdate=2009-01-25}}
153. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/refuge/rose_atoll_marine_national_monument/|title=Rose Atoll Marine National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 3, 2019}}
154. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/ruca/|title=Russell Cave National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
155. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
156. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/sapu/|title=Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument|date= |publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
157. ^{{cite web|title=President Obama Designates San Gabriel Mountains National Monument|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/10/10/president-obama-designates-san-gabriel-mountains-national-monument|publisher=The White House|accessdate=10 October 2014}}
158. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/national-monuments/oregon-washington/san-juan-islands|title=San Juan Islands National Monument|last=|first=|date=2017-04-06|website=Bureau of Land Management|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-02}}
159. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/visit/sand-to-snow-national-monument|title=Sand to Snow National Monument|date=2016-02-12|publisher=US Forest Service|accessdate=2016-02-12}}
160. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/sand-to-snow-national-monument|title=Sand to Snow National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=Bureau of Land Management|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
161. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/california/santa-rosa-and-san-jacinto-mountains-national-monument|title=Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|archiveurl=|archivedate=|deadurl=|accessdate=March 2, 2019|df=}}
162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/business-plans/san-bernardino/financials/monument.html|title=Santa Rosa/San Jacinto Mountains National Monument|publisher=USDA Forest Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
163. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/scbl/|title=Scotts Bluff National Monument|date=August 23, 2007|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
164. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/son_des.html|title=Sonoran Desert National Monument|date=January 5, 2009|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126014634/http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/son_des.html|archivedate=January 26, 2009|df=}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/|title=Statue of Liberty National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
166. ^[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument "President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument"] (official announcement from White House Press Office; June 24, 2016)
167. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/ston/index.htm|title=Stonewall National Monument|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=National Park Service|language=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
168. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/sucr/|title=Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/tica/|title=Timpanogos Cave National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
170. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/tont/|title=Tonto National Monument|date=November 9, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
171. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/tule/index.htm|title=Tule Lake National Monument|last=|first=|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 17, 2019}}
172. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/47/text|title=Text - S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act|date=March 12, 2019|website=United States Congress|access-date=March 12, 2019}}
173. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/tusk/index.htm|title=Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2015-02-19}}
174. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/tuzi/|title=Tuzigoot National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
175. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/mt/st/en/fo/lewistown_field_office/umrbnm.html|title=Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument|date=March 11, 2009|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-03-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430154437/http://www.blm.gov/mt/st/en/fo/lewistown_field_office/umrbnm.html|archivedate=April 30, 2009|df=}}
176. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/vermilion.html|title=Vermilion Cliffs National Monument|date=September 25, 2008|publisher=Bureau of Land Management|accessdate=2009-01-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923103232/http://www.blm.gov/az/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/natmon/vermilion.html|archivedate=September 23, 2015|df=}}
177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/vicr/|title=Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
178. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/waco/index.htm|title=Waco Mammoth National Monument|date=|website=National Park Service|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 2, 2019}}
179. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/waca/|title=Walnut Canyon National Monument|date=September 29, 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
180. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/whsa/|title=White Sands National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
181. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/wupa/|title=Wupatki National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}
182. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/yuho/|title=Yucca House National Monument|date=|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2009-01-24}}

External links

{{commons category|National Monuments of the United States}}{{Wikivoyage|United States National Monuments}}
  • [https://www.nps.gov/history/archeology/sites/antiquities/fullMap.htm Maps and a chronological list of all national monuments] – National Park Service
  • [https://www.nps.gov/findapark/index.htm Search for National Park Service areas by state] – National ParK Service
  • [https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/monuments-ncas National Monuments and National Conservation Areas] – Bureau of Land Management
  • [https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/Monuments_Q1_2018.pdf National Landscape Conservation System: National Monuments] – Bureau of Land Management]
  • [https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/cda/special-areas.shtml Other Congressionally Designated Areas] – US Forest Service
  • [https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/fs/monuments.htm National Monuments and the Forest Service] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090304024141/http://www.fs.fed.us/fstoday/080822/03.1Looking_Back/national_monuments.pdf archive])
  • [https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/habitat-conservation/marine-national-monuments-pacific Marine National Monuments in the Pacific] – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
{{Featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of National Monuments Of The United States}}

8 : National Monuments of the United States|National Park Service National Monuments|United States Forest Service National Monuments|Bureau of Land Management National Monuments|Lists of parks in the United States|Lists of protected areas of the United States|United States Fish and Wildlife Service|Heritage registers in the United States
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