“Abbevillian”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Abbevillian

释义

History
Provenience of the type
Abbevillian sites in Europe
Notes
Footnotes
References
See also
Further reading
External links

Abbevillian (formerly also Chellean) is a term for the oldest lithic industry found in Europe, dated to between roughly 600,000 and 400,000 years ago.

The original artifacts were collected from road construction sites on the Somme river near Abbeville by a French customs officer, Boucher de Perthes. He published his findings in 1836.

Subsequently, Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet (1821–1898), professor of prehistoric anthropology at the School of Anthropology in Paris, published (1882) "Le Prehistorique, antiquité de l'homme", in which he was the first to characterize periods by the name of a site.

Chellean included artifacts discovered at the town of Chelles, a suburb of Paris. They are similar to those found at Abbeville. Later anthropologists substituted Abbevillian for Chellean, the latter which is no longer in use.

Abbevillian tool users were the first archaic humans in Europe, classified as either late Homo erectus^[1]

as Homo antecessor or as Homo heidelbergensis.

History

The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge (a.k.a. Oldupai Gorge), starting in 1959, and promoted the African origin of man.^[2] Olduwan (or Oldowan) soon replaced Abbevillian in describing African and Asian paleoliths. The term Abbevillian is still used, but it is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.

Mortillet had portrayed his traditions as chronologically sequential. In the Abbevillian, early Palaeolithic hominins used cores; in the Acheulian, flakes. Olduwan tools, however, indicate that in the earliest Palaeolithic, the distinction between flake and core is less clear. Consequently, there also is a tendency to view Abbevillian as an early phase of Acheulian.

Provenience of the type

The Abbevillian type site is on the 150-foot terrace of the River Somme.^[3] Tools found there are rough chipped bifacial handaxes made during the Elsterian Stage of the Pleistocene Ice Age, which covered central Europe between {{formatnum:478000}} and {{formatnum:424000}} years ago.

The Abbevillian is a phase of Olduwan that occurred in Europe near, but not at, the end of the Lower Palaeolithic (2.5 mya. – 250,000 years ago). Those who adopt the Abbevillian scheme refer to it as the middle Acheulian, about {{formatnum:600000}}-{{formatnum:500000}} years ago. Geologically it occurred in the Middle Pleistocene, younger than about 700,000 years ago.^[3] It spanned the Günz-Mindel interglacial period between the Günz and the Mindel, but more recent finds of the East Anglian Palaeolithic push the date back into the Günz, closer to the {{formatnum:700000}} ya mark.^[4]

The Abbevillian culture bearers are not believed to have evolved in Europe, but to have entered it from further east. It was thus preceded by the earlier Olduwan of Homo erectus, and the Upper Acheulian, of which Clactonian and Tayacian are considered phases, supplanted it.

The Acheulian there went on into the Levalloisian and Mousterian are associated with Neanderthal man.

Abbevillian sites in Europe

To avoid the question of what culture name should be used to describe European artifacts, some, such as Schick and Toth, refer to "non-handaxe" and "handaxe" sites.^[5] Handaxes came into use at about the 500,000 ya mark.^[6] Non-handaxe sites are often the same sites as handaxe sites, the difference being one of time, or, if geographically different, have no discernible spatial pattern. The physical evidence is summarized in the table below Note that the dates assigned vary widely after 700,000 ya and, except where substantiated by scientific methods, should be viewed as tentative and on the speculative side.

Site	Notes
Arago Cave near the village of Tautavel in the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.	date=May 2015}}
Barnfield Pit near Swanscombe in Kent, England	date=May 2015}}
Boxgrove, outside Chichester, Great Britain.	date=May 2015}}
Mauer near Heidelberg, Germany	[7] Dated to 600,000-250,000 ya.{{citation needed>date=May 2015}}
Petralona cave in Chalcidice, Greece.	Skull found in a cave with animal bones, stone tools and evidence of fire in 1960. Studied by Aris Poulianos, given various dates. ESR date range is 240,000-160,000, but all other fossils associated indicate a much older date circa 800,000.^[8]^[9]^[10]
Sima de los huesos, "pit of bones", a chimney site in a cave, one of many fossil hominin sites in the hills of Atapuerca, Castile-Leon, Spain	date=May 2015}}
Steinheim an der Murr, north of Stuttgart, Germany.	[11] by Karl Sigrist, currently dated to about 250,000 ya.{{citation needed>date=May 2015}}
Vértesszőlős, Vértesszőlős, near Budapest	date=May 2015}}

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Rohrer|1983|p=1}}"While the type is identified as Homo erectus, there are modifications that suggest it is filling a gap between Homo erectus and the Neanderthal."
2. ^{{harvnb|Daniel|1973|p=105}}
3. ^¹{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=11}}
4. ^An important point to remember is that tool-makers advanced at different rates throughout the globe. For example, the style of tool-making that is called Abbevillian was practiced at a different time period in Africa than in Europe.
5. ^{{harvnb|Schick|Toth|1993}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}
6. ^Acheulean or later Acheulean, dated to 500,000-100,000 ya.
7. ^{{harvnb|Cohen|1998|p=1920}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Kurtén|1983|p=58}}
9. ^{{harvnb|Poulianos|1983}}{{page needed|date=May 2015}}
10. ^{{harvnb|Cohen|1998a|p=2418}}
11. ^{{harvnb|Cohen|1998b|p=3020}}

Footnotes

References

{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 2: H to O | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998 | lccn = 98071262 | title = Mauer | ref = harv }}
{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 3: P to Z | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998a | lccn = 98071262 | title = Petralona Cave | ref = harv }}
{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Cohen | editor-first = Saul B. | encyclopedia = The Columbia Gazetteer of the World | volume = 3: P to Z | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-231-11040-2 | year = 1998b | lccn = 98071262 | title = Steinheim an der Murr | ref = harv }}
{{cite encyclopedia | last = Daniel | first = Glyn | editor-last = Gillispie | editor-first = Charles Coulston | encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume = VIII: Jonathon Homer Lane - Pierre Joseph Macquer | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York, NY | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-684-10119-4 | lccn = 69018090 | ref = harv }}
{{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbevillian | edition = 15th | year = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-5933-9837-8 | lccn = 2008934270 | ref = harv }}
{{cite journal |last=Kurtén |first=Björn |url=http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kurten%20%281983%29%20Faunal%20sequence%20in%20Petralona%20Cave.%20Anthropos,%2010%2053-59.pdf |journal=Anthropos |title=Faunal Sequence in Petralona Cave |year=1983 |pages=53–59 |archive-date=2015-05-12 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YTge8dJU?url=http://www.aee.gr/hellenic/1st%20month/10/100401/Kurten%20%281983%29%20Faunal%20sequence%20in%20Petralona%20Cave.%20Anthropos%2C%2010%2053-59.pdf |volume=10 |deadurl=yes |ref=harv |df= |access-date=2012-02-25 }}
{{cite journal | last = Poulianos | first = N. Aris | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248483801298 | subscription = yes | title = Faunal and Tool Distribution in the Layers of Petralona Cave | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 743–746 |date=December 1983 | doi = 10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80129-8 | ref = harv }}
{{cite journal |last=Rohrer |first=George W. |url=http://www.boneandstone.com/articles/rohrer_09.pdf |title=The First Settlers in France |journal=Old World Archaeologist |date=Winter 1983 |archive-date=2015-05-12 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6YTf1fDlB?url=http://www.boneandstone.com/articles/rohrer_09.pdf |pages=1–9 |deadurl=no |ref=harv |df= }}
{{cite book | last1 = Schick | first1 = Kathy Diane | last2 = Toth | first2 = Nicholas | title = Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-671-69371-8 | lccn = 92035337 | location = New York, NY | ref = harv }}

External links

The Abbevillian Culture, section in a pdf document. Search on Abbevillian.
Early Palaeolithic. This site presents the view that Olduwan and Abbevillian are phases of the Acheulean.

2 : Archaeological cultures of Europe|Abbeville

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