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词条 List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: R
释义

  1. R

  2. Regnal Name

  3. Notes

{{main article|List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility}}

R

  • Radegund the Saint
  • Radoslav the Zlican
  • Radu II Chelul the Bald
  • Radu II of Wallachia the Poor, the Simple
  • Radu cel Frumos the Handsome, the Good
  • Radu cel Mare the Great
  • Radu Negru the Black
  • Ragnar Rykkil, son of Harald I of Norway
  • Ragnar Lodbrok (Shaggy or Leather Breeches)
  • Ragnhild of Jutland, wife of Harald I of Norway and mother of Eric I of Norway, the Mighty [1]
  • Ragnhild of Telge the Saint [2]
  • Ragnvald Eysteinsson the Powerful, the Wise
  • Ragnvald Knaphövde the Fool
  • Ragnvald the Mountain-High the Mountain-High, the Glorious [3]
  • Rainald II of Guelders (1295–1343) the Red
  • Rainald II, Duke of Guelders 1339–1343 the Black
  • Rainald IV of Spoleto Rainald de Duce [4]
  • Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1923–2005) the Boss [5][6] the Builder-Prince [7][8][9]
  • Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria (1783–1853), Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia the Elder
  • Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria (1827–1913), Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia the Younger
  • Rainulf II Count of Aversa (†1048) Drengot
  • Rainulf Duke of Apulia (†1139) Drengot
  • Rainulf Drengot
  • Rainulf Trincanocte Trincanocte [10]
  • Ralph the Timid the Staller [11]
  • Ramiro I of Aragon the Petty King
  • Ramiro II of Aragon the Monk
  • Ramiro II of León the Ferocious Warrior
  • Ramiro III of León the Child
  • Ramon of Navarre the Fratricide, son of García Sánchez III of Navarre
  • Ramon Berenguer I Count of Barcelona the Old [12]
  • Ramon Berenguer II Count of Barcelona the Towhead, the Burlap-Head, Tête d'Étoupe
  • Ramon Berenguer III Count of Barcelona the Great
  • Ramon Berenguer IV Count of Barcelona the Saint
  • Ramon Folc VI of Cardona the Honorable Connector (Prohom Vinculador) [13]
  • Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim Arranach [14]
  • Ranuccio Farnese the Elder
  • Ranulf (Ralph) Viscount of Bessin (Bayeaux) le Meschin [15]
  • Ranulf II (†1031) Viscount of Aubusson Cabridellus
  • Ranulf ancestor of the Vesci Barons the Moneyer
  • Ranulph le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester Ranulf de Bricasard
  • Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu
  • Raoul I of Vermandois the Brave
  • Raoul I, Count of Valois and Vexin Raoul of Cambrai
  • Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
  • Raoul III, Count of Soissons the Good [16]
  • Raoul III (†1074), Count of Vexin & Valois the Great
  • Raoul of Lusignan, Count of Eu Raoul d'Issoudun, Raoul of Issoudun [15]
  • Raymond III Pons of Toulouse Pons
  • Raymond IV of Toulouse Raymond of Saint-Gilles [17]
  • Raymond VI of Toulouse the Old
  • Raymond VII of Toulouse Raymondet, the Younger
  • Raymond Roger (†1209), Viscount of Béziers Trencavel
  • Raymond Trencavel I (†1167), Viscount of Béziers Trencavel
  • Raymond Trencavel II (†1206), Viscount of Albi Trencavel
  • Raymond FitzGerald the Fat [18]
  • Raynald of Châtillon the Wolf
  • Red Hugh O'Donnell
  • Redmond Burke (†1595) Redmond of the Broom
  • Regalianus the Barracks Emperor, the Emperor of the Army
  • Reginald III, Duke of Guelders (1295–1343) the Fat, "le Gras"
  • Reginald Pole White Rose [19]
  • Reginar, Duke of Lorraine (900–911) au Longue Col, au Long Col, Langhals, Long Neck
  • Regnier III, Count of Hainaut: Reginar I of Hainaut au Longue Col, au Long Col, Langhals, Long Neck
  • Regnier IV of Mons Regnier of Mons
  • Renaud II, Count of Bar (1115–1170) the Younger
  • Renaud V († after 1185), Viscount of Aubusson "The Leper, "Leprous" [20]
  • Renaut I of Bar the Blind, the One-Eyed
  • René of Savoy (1488–1525), Admiral of France{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} the Great Bastard of Savoy
  • René I of Naples Rhyming Rene, the Good King
  • René II, Duke of Lorraine the Victorious
  • Renée de Rieux (1541–1582), mistress of Henry III of France [21] la Belle de Châteauneuf
  • Rev I of Iberia, King of Georgia (189–216) the Just
  • Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal Rhodri I, the Bald and Gray
  • Rhodri the Great the Great
  • Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn the Tall
  • Rhyddfedd Frych, King of Powis the Freckled
  • Rhys ap Gruffydd the Lord Rhys
  • Rhys Gryg the Hoarse
  • Ricimer the Kingmaker
  • Richard I of Capua Quarrel, Drengot
  • Richard I of England the Lionheart, the Lion-hearted, Cœur de Lion, Melek-Ric (Arab. = "King Richard") , Yea and Nay (Fr. Oc-e-Non) [22]
  • Richard I of Normandy the Leader of the Normans of Rouen, le Veil, the Fearless, the Ferocious Warrior
  • Richard I, Viscount of Avranches le Goz [15]
  • Richard II of Normandy l'Irascible, the Good
  • Richard II of England Richard of Bordeaux, the Coxcomb, the Prince of Coxcombs, le Mignon [23][24][25]
  • Richard III of England the Protector, the Hog, Crookback
  • Richard, Duke of Burgundy the Justiciar
  • Richard, Earl of Cambridge (1376–1415) Richard of Conisburgh
  • Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall Richard of Cornwall [26]
  • Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore the Rake of Rakes [27]
  • Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick the Good
  • Richard de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Clanricarde the Saxon
  • Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke Strongbow
  • Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford the Surety
  • Richard de Montfichet the Surety
  • Richard de Percy the Surety
  • Richard FitzGerald, 21st Knight of Glin the Duellist [28]
  • Richard Fitz Gilbert de Tonbridge, Gilbert de Bienfaite, Richard of Tunbridge
  • Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster the Red Earl of Ulster
  • Richard Ulick de Burgh, 1st Lord of Clanricarde (d.1423) Richard of the Wine
  • Richard Barry, 7th Earl of Barrymore Hellgate Barrymore [27][29]
  • Richard Cromwell Queen Dick
  • Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe Black Dick [30]
  • Richard Martin (Irish politician) Humanity Dick [31]
  • Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury Prudence
  • Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick the Brave Bear [32][33][34]
  • Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel Mad Dick, Lying Dick Talbot [35]
  • Richard de Burgh, Lord of Connacht (d.1243), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland the Great
  • Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel Copped Hat
  • Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York the Lost Prince, the Prince in the Tower
  • Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple Tiddy-Doll [35]
  • Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick the Kingmaker, Warwick the Kingmaker , the Fat
  • Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster the Red
  • Richard Fitz Gilbert Richard de Clare
  • Richard Cromwell Tumbledown Dick
  • Riderch I of Alt Clut the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
  • Riderch Hen, a.k.a. Rhydderch Hael, King of Strathclyde, 580–612 the Old
  • Rinaldo Bonacolsi, Lord of Mantua Passerino
  • Rivalon, Lord of Vitre the Vicar [36]
  • Robert I Brus, Lord of Annandale (1103–1189/91) le Meschin
  • Robert I, Count of Flanders the Frisian
  • Robert I, Duke of Burgundy the Landless, the Old
  • Robert I, Lord of Harcourt the Strong [37][38]
  • Robert I of Naples Robert of Anjou, the Good, the Wise, the New Solomon, the Peace-maker of Italy, the Wise King Robert, the Wisest Christian of the Last Five Hundred Years [39][40]
  • Robert I of Artois the Good
  • Robert I of Scotland le Jovenne
  • Robert II of France the Devout, the Pious, the Wise [41][42]
  • Robert II of Scotland the Steward
  • Robert II, Count of Dreux and Braine (1154–1218) the Younger
  • Robert II, Count of Flanders the Crusader, the Lance and Sword of Christendom, the Sword and Lance of the Christians, the Jerusalem-Farer [43][44][45]
  • Robert II, Lord of Estouteville the Younger, Robert Grandbois [46]
  • Robert II, Lord of Harcourt the Valiant, the Strong [47]
  • Robert III, Count of Dreux (1185–1234) Gateble, Gasteblé
  • Robert III of Flanders Robert of Bethune
  • Robert III de La Marck-Sedan Lord of Floranges [48]
  • Robert III of Scotland John of Atholl and Carrick
  • Robert IV, Lord of Annandale (11290–1245) the Noble
  • Robert V, Lord of Bethune the Red [49]
  • Robert VI le Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1243–1304) le Veil
  • Robert VII, Count of Auvergne (d.1325) the Great
  • Robert, Count of Roucy, 1160–1180 the Cunning
  • Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester the King's Son, Robert of Caen, the Consul [11]
  • Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester le Prud'homme
  • Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester the Hunchback [50][51]
  • Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester the Whitehanded
  • Robert de Berkeley (1165–1220) the Rebellious
  • Robert de Neville the Peacock of the North [52]
  • Robert de Ros the Surety
  • Robert de Vere the Surety
  • Robert le Blount the Admiral [53]
  • Robert le Bruce, 2nd Lord of Annandale (1124–1196) Meschin
  • Robert of Château-du-Loir Brochard [54]
  • Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury Robert of Montgomery, the Devil [55]
  • Robert of France, Duke of Chartres (1840–1910) the Strong
  • Robert of Harcourt, Lord of Harcourt the Brave
  • Robert I of Scotland the Bruce, the Liberator of Scotland [40]
  • Robert the Magnificent the Devil, the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, the Magnificent
  • Robert the Strong
  • Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury the Little Elf, the Little Beagle [56]
  • Robert Curthose Curthose (Fr. Courte-heuse) on account of his short legs [57]
  • Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex the Great Cuckold
  • Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester the Gypsy, Two Eyes [58]
  • Robert Fitzwalter the Surety, the Marshal of the Army of God, and of Holy Church [59]
  • Robert Guiscard the Cunning, the Baron Thief [60][61]
  • Robert Keith the Ambassador Ambassador Keith, the Ambassador [62]
  • Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany the Regent
  • Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh the Wether of Politics [35]
  • Robert Umfravill, Lord of Ridlesdale, 1076 Robert with the Beard
  • Robert Walpole Robin Bluestring, the Father of Corruption, Screen-Master General, Sir Blustering [63][64][65][66]
  • Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd the Great Lord Kilmarnock [67]
  • Robert Guiscard the Resourceful [68][69]
  • Roberto Malatesta (d.1482) the Magnificent [70]
  • Roderic Father Maccabee, the Last of the Goths [71]
  • Roderick MacKenzie, Lord of Coigach the Tutor of Kintail [72]
  • Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar el Cid Campeador' [73]
  • Rodrigo Diaz of Castile (d. after 930) el Abolmondar [74]
  • Rodrigo González de Lara the French [75]
  • Rodrigo Fernandez de Castro the Bald [76][77]
  • Rodrigo Íñiguez de Biedma, Lord of Ortalanca the Younger, the Young Lad [78]
  • Roger I of Sicily the Great Count [79][80]
  • Roger I, Count of Comminges (945–1011) the Old
  • Roger II of Sicily the Great
  • Roger de Beaumont the Bearded
  • Roger de Toesny the Spaniard [81]
  • Roger of Ivry (d. after 1153) Balbosus [15]
  • Roger de Montbegon the Surety
  • Roger of Lauria the Great Captain [82]
  • Roger the Poitevin
  • Roger Bernard, Count of Foix, 1143–1188 the Fat
  • Roger Bernard II of Foix the Great
  • Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk the Surety
  • Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery the Wise [83]
  • Roger Borsa the Purse
  • Rognvald, King of Hadaland Rettilbeinn
  • Rognvald Kali Kolsson the Saint
  • Rollo de Bec the Marshal
  • Rollo of Normandy the Viking, Wend-a-Foot, the Ganger, the Walker, the Rich [84][85]
  • Roman, Prince of Tmuturakan, 1069–1079 the Red
  • Roman IV, Prince of Riazan, 1258–1270 the Saint
  • Roman the Great the Autocrat of All the Russias, the Great [86]
  • Romanus II, Byzanrine Emperor the Purple-Born, the Younger
  • Romanus III, Byzantine Emperor Argyropoulos, Argyrus
  • Romanus IV, Byzantine Emperor Diogenes
  • Romulus Augustus the Tiny Augustus, Augustulus [87]
  • Rosamund Clifford the Rose of the World, the Fair Rosamund [32]
  • Rosa Vercellana 'la Bela Rosin, Bella Rosina, mistress of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
  • Rostislav I of Rostov (d.1067) the Brave
  • Roupen I, Lord of Taurus, 1080–1095 the Great
  • Roupen II, Prince of Little Armenia, 1169–1170 the Child
  • Roxelana the Cheerful One, the Joyous One, the Laughing One [88][89]
  • Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria the Stammerer
  • Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria the Blind
  • Rudolf II, Count of Tübingen in Herrenberg (d.1277) der Scheerer
  • Rudolf III, Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg (d.1249) Schweigsame
  • Rudolf VI of Baden-Pforzheim (d.1372) the Tall
  • Rudolf of Rheinfeld Rudolf of Swabia
  • Rudolf Maccabeus
  • Rudolph I of Bohemia the Good, the Debonair
  • Rudolph I of Germany King the Gruel{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
  • Rudolph II of Austria the Debonair
  • Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor the Prince of Alchemy, the German Hermes Trismegistus
  • Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg (d.1232) le Paisable, the Old
  • Rudolph II of the Palatinate the Bold
  • Rudolph III, King of Burgundy the Tall
  • Rudolph III of Burgundy the Lazy
  • Rudolph III of Tübingen-Herrenberg (d.1277) the Black
  • Rudolph IV of Austria the Upright, the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, the Founder
  • Rudolph, Count of Habsburg (d.1229) the Silent
  • Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine the Brave
  • Rudolph of Baden-Baden Rudolph Hesso
  • Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine the Red
  • Rupert II, Elector Palatine of the Rhine the Hard, the Stern
  • Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1406–1426) the Englishman
  • Rupert of Germany Rupert of the Palatinate, Klem (Smith's Vise) [90]
  • Rurik the Varangian

Regnal Name

  • Raymond I of Tripoli: Raymond IV of Toulouse

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/kingsofnorway2.html |title=WebCite query result |work=webcitation.org |accessdate=18 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ko54Vkng?url=http://www.geocities.com/missourimule_2000/kingsofnorway2.html |archivedate=October 26, 2009 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luth.se/luth/present/sweden/history/royals/queens/queens.shtml |accessdate=March 17, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040821045834/http://www.luth.se/luth/present/sweden/history/royals/queens/queens.shtml |archivedate=August 21, 2004 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stanhopefamilyorigins.com |title=stanhopefamilyorigins.com |publisher=stanhopefamilyorigins.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001230701/http://www.stanhopefamilyorigins.com/ |archivedate=2011-10-01 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/urslingen_herzoege_von/rainald_4_de_duce_+_nach_1276.html |title=Genealogie Mittelalter |work=genealogie-mittelalter.de |accessdate=18 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629175418/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/urslingen_herzoege_von/rainald_4_de_duce_%2B_nach_1276.html |archivedate=29 June 2011 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/baltzersen/baltzersen15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313225549/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/baltzersen/baltzersen15.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2014-03-13 |title=Prince Rainier, RIP by Jørn K. Baltzersen |publisher=Lewrockwell.com |date=2005-04-12 |accessdate=July 2012}}
6. ^{{cite news|author=Jenny Booth Updated 18 minutes ago |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1557328_1,00.html |title=The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion |publisher=Timesonline.co.uk |date=2012-03-13 |accessdate=July 2012}}
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8. ^
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31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.celticcastles.com/castles/ballynahinch/html/history.html |accessdate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054716/http://www.celticcastles.com/castles/ballynahinch/html/history.html |archivedate=February 3, 2007 }}
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38. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904091002/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Harcourt.htm |date=2004-09-04 }}
39. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnM1g0oKkN0C&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&sig=ACfU3U26eiMT8FRJCxS7XfYSFyt9qyxq9Q&q=the+wisest+christian#PPA62,M1 |title=In the Shadow of Vesuvius: A Cultural History of Naples - Jordan Lancaster - Google Books |via=Google Books|date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
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41. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3yUPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&q=wonder+of+the+age#PPA53,M1 |title=History of the German emperors and their contemporaries - Elizabeth Peake - Google Books |via=Google Books|date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
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44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/5_ch07.htm |title=History Of The Christian Church* |publisher=Ccel.org |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
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46. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Estouteville.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-03-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923001510/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d%27Estouteville.htm |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
47. ^http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Harcourt.htm {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904091002/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_d'Harcourt.htm |date=2004-09-04 }}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arenbergcenter.com/en/histoire/dates.htm |accessdate=February 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030065915/http://www.arenbergcenter.com/en/histoire/dates.htm |archivedate=October 30, 2005 }}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Bethune.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-12-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215123106/http://web.genealogie.free.fr/Les_dynasties/Les_dynasties_celebres/France/Dynastie_de_Bethune.htm |archivedate=2008-12-15 |df= }}
50. ^{{cite web |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/e276.htm |title=Exhibit |publisher=Thepeerage.com |date= |accessdate=July 22, 2012}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=September 2012}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~pmcbride/james/f023.htm |title=Vol II File 6: The Paternal Ancestry of Homer Beers James |publisher=Homepages.rootsweb.com |date= |accessdate=July 23, 2012}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.richard111.com/Middleham.htm |title=The Richard III Foundation |publisher=Richard111.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122082000/http://www.richard111.com/Middleham.htm |archivedate=2013-01-22 |df= }}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/BLOUNT1.htm |title=BLOUNT of Mountjoy |publisher=Tudorplace.com.ar |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|reason=self published website; and Jorge H. Castelli is not an expert|date=January 2015}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/rober002.htm |title=Robert de Château-du-Loir |publisher=Sbaldw.home.mindspring.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~pillagoda/ch1-02.htm |title=The Golden Falcon |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/r-cecil.html |title=Biographies: Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury |publisher=Britannia.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
57. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0kOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA407&dq=nicknames+of+godfrey+of+bouillon&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=1&ei=c0ElSqXSCYzMlQSenqSYBw#PPA384,M1 |title=The Pictorial History of England: Being a History of the People, as Well as ... - George Lillie Craik, Charles McFarlane, Hans Claude Hamilton - Google Books |via=Google Books|date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
58. ^{{cite web|author=Gert Egle |url=http://www.teachsam.de/deutsch/d_literatur/d_aut/sci/sci_dram/mstuart/sci_ms_11_1.htm |title=Text 1 |publisher=Teachsam.de |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.magnacharta.org/Barons/baron_robert_fitzwalter.htm |accessdate=February 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617104709/http://magnacharta.org/Barons/baron_robert_fitzwalter.htm |archivedate=June 17, 2006 }}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.norman-world.com/angleterre/histoires/medit/4/medit4_2.htm |title=Robert, the 'baron thief' |publisher=Norman-world.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218152130/http://www.norman-world.com/angleterre/histoires/medit/4/medit4_2.htm |archivedate=February 18, 2012 }}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mondes-normands.caen.fr/angleterre/histoires/medit/frame_medit4.htm |title=Les Normands en Méditerranée |publisher=Mondes-normands.caen.fr |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/WEBCLANS/families/keiths.htm |title=The Keiths |publisher=Electricscotland.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
63. ^{{cite web|author=Karl Marx |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/russia/notes.htm |title=Footnotrs: Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page174.asp |accessdate=March 28, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228184124/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page174.asp |archivedate=February 28, 2007 }}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bibliomania.com/2/3/174/1116/14678/1/frameset.html |title=Free Online Literature and Study Guides |publisher=Bibliomania |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
66. ^{{cite web|author=Karl Marx |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/russia/ch03.htm |title=Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the 18th Century by Karl Marx |publisher=Marxists.org |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
67. ^{{cite web|author=ClanBoyd INternational |url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~confido/book1.htm |title=Boydbook |publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com |date=1927-05-11 |accessdate=July 2012}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=g&word=GUISCARD.ROBERT |accessdate=February 12, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426135443/http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=g&word=GUISCARD.ROBERT |archivedate=April 26, 2005 }}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boglewood.com/sicily/normanconquest.html |title=Norman Conquest of Sicily |publisher=Boglewood.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
70. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eok0KBk63z4C&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=parisina+malatesta&source=web&ots=y9q9IVsv2U&sig=m6FxGAX3Nf_MvUm-1XPhU2Ofbf0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result |title=A Companion to The Cantos of Ezra Pound - Carroll F. Terrell - Google Books |via=Google Books|date=1993-04-16 |accessdate=July 2012}}
71. ^{{cite book|last=Frey|first=Albert Romer|title=Sobriquets and Nicknames|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZsYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA180|year=1887|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|pages=180–}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cabarfeidh.com/clanmackenzie.htm |accessdate=March 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216051330/http://www.cabarfeidh.com/clanmackenzie.htm |archivedate=December 16, 2006 }}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5949 |accessdate=March 15, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022053832/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5949 |archivedate=October 22, 2006 }}
74. ^{{MLCC|warning=1|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CASTILE.htm |title=Castile |title-date=16 Apr 2008 |accessdate=July 2012|date=July 2012}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cousin/html/p180.htm#i11160|title=My Lines - Person Page 180|work=rootsweb.com|accessdate=18 January 2015}}
76. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bermudezdecastro.net/castro.htm |title=Apellido Bermúdez de Castro |publisher=Bermudezdecastro.net |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510091809/http://www.bermudezdecastro.net/castro.htm |archivedate=2012-05-10 |df= }}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~pmcbride/rfc/gw16.htm#I9260 |title=File 16: Ancestors of Paul Bailey MCBRIDE |publisher=Homepages.rootsweb.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
78. ^{{MLCC|warning=1|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SPANISH%20NOBILITY%20LATER%20MEDIEVAL.htm#Alfonsodied1495Villahermosa1B |title=CASTILE NOBILITY (1) |title-date=13 February 2012 |accessdate=July 2012|date=July 2012}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.norman-world.com/angleterre/histoires/medit/6/medit6_1.htm |title=Roger I, 'Great Count' |publisher=Norman-world.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205212117/http://www.norman-world.com/angleterre/histoires/medit/6/medit6_1.htm |archivedate=February 5, 2012 }}
80. ^{{cite web |author=Alberto Gentile |url=http://www.stupormundi.it/Ruggero_II.htm |title=Ruggero II d'Altavilla |publisher=Stupormundi.it |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729074315/http://www.stupormundi.it/Ruggero_II.htm |archivedate=2012-07-29 |df= }}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.martinrealm.org/genealogy/detoesny.htm |accessdate=November 4, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529071638/http://martinrealm.org/genealogy/detoesny.htm |archivedate=May 29, 2008 }}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0038060 |title=Roger de Lloria |publisher=Grec.net |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
83. ^{{cite web |last=Lundy |first=Darryl |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p3838.htm |title=Person Page 3838 |publisher=Thepeerage.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}{{Unreliable source?|failed=y |date=September 2012}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://mynormandy.com/regards-mer.html|title=Normandy Excursions, Cultural travel tours of Normandy: The Vikings' Legacy|work=mynormandy.com|accessdate=18 January 2015}}
85. ^{{cite web|author=Robert Sewell |url=http://www.robertsewell.ca/normandy.html |title=Normandy |publisher=Robertsewell.ca |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
86. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Ramapp3.html |title=Rambaud On The Rise Of Regionalism In The Appanage Period-The West |publisher=Shsu.edu |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813161112/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Ramapp3.html |archive-date=2007-08-13 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allempires.info/article/index.php?q=Month_In_History_September |accessdate=July 12, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/neareast/ne13.html#Selim |title=A General History of the Near East, Chapter 13 |publisher=Xenohistorian.faithweb.com |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html |title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (Roxelana) |publisher=Ucalgary.ca |date= |accessdate=July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014647/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html |archivedate=June 20, 2012 }}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://history-world.org/House%20Of%20Hohenzollern.htm |title=House Of Hohenzollern Established In Brandenburg |publisher=History-world.org |date= |accessdate=July 2012}}
{{Noble nicknames}}

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