| 词条 | List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a recorded tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur. Peak activity is known to be between August and October. In the off-season, storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Occasionally, however, storms develop in or persist until December. As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there have been 89 off-season cyclones in the Atlantic hurricane database, which began in 1851. In addition, there were six storms before 1851, and one hurricane in 1863 that is not part of the official database. Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that did strike land, most affected areas surrounding the Caribbean Sea. Cumulatively, at least 441 deaths occurred due to the storms, primarily on the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba; a tropical storm in May 1948 struck the Dominican Republic to become the deadliest off-season storm. However, an unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. The same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December to May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds.[1] The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Storm Alberto in May 2018. BackgroundIn 1938, the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[2] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[3] which remains the official length of the season. About 97% of all tropical cyclones form within this time span, and activity usually peaks between August and October.[4] After Tropical Storm Ana formed in May 2015, former American Meteorological Society president Marshall Shepherd used Twitter to question whether the season should begin earlier. James Franklin of the National Hurricane Center believed there was little advantage to changing it because of the rarity of off-season storms, noting that May storms only formed on average once every six years since the advent of satellite imagery. Franklin opined that the season could begin on May 15 with little difficulty, coinciding with the beginning of the Pacific hurricane season, but an earlier start would be costlier and interfere with off-season work.[5] ChronologyTropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms are numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database, although tropical depressions are unnumbered.[6][7] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.[9] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.[10] The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm. {{NHC areas affected (Top)}}|- | {{sort|001|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0523|May 23 – 24, 1771}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|040|≥40 mph (65 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[8] |- | {{sort|002|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0523|May 25 – 26, 1779}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|040|≥40 mph (65 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || [8] |- | {{sort|003|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0523|May 28, 1794}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|040|≥40 mph (65 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}}||[8] |- | {{sort|004|Unnamed}} || {{sort|1213|December 13 – 22, 1822}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|075|≥75 mph (120 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Eastern Caribbean Sea || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[8] |- | {{sort|005|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0523|May 28 – June 5, 1825}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|≥Category 1 hurricane}} || {{Sort|075|≥75 mph (120 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba, United States East Coast || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{nts|7}} ||[8][9] |- | {{sort|006|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0520|May 20 – 21, 1838}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|040|≥40 mph (65 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Jamaica || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[8] |- | {{sort|006.5|"Amanda"}} || {{sort|0524|May 24 – 29, 1863}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|2}}|{{sort|3|Category 2 hurricane}} || {{Sort|105|105 mph (165 km/h)}} || {{sort|0975|975 hPa (28.79 inHg)}} || Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{nts|110}} || [10] |- | {{sort|007|#1}} || {{sort|0530|May 30, 1865}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Caribbean Sea || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} |- | {{sort|008|#12}} || {{sort|1125|November 25 – December 2, 1878}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|009|#1}} || {{sort|0515|May 15 – 18, 1887}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || ≤{{sort|0997|997 hPa (29.44 inHg)}} || Atlantic Canada || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|010|#2}} || {{sort|0517|May 17 – 21, 1887}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || ≤{{sort|1002|1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)}} || Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|011|#17}} || {{sort|1127|November 27 – December 4, 1887}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Bahamas || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|012|#18}} || {{sort|1204|December 4 – 8, 1887}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|013|#19}} || {{sort|1207|December 7 – 12, 1887}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Nicaragua || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|00|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|014|#1}} || {{sort|0516|May 16 – 21, 1889}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|00|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|015|#1}} || {{sort|0516|May 27 – 29, 1890}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|23|4}} ||[6][11] |- | {{sort|016|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0501|May 1 – 6, 1899}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|025|25 mph (35 km/h)}} || {{sort|1010|1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)}} || Haiti, Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|017|#1}} || {{sort|0306|March 6 – 9, 1908}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|2}}|{{sort|3|Category 2 hurricane}} || {{Sort|100|100 mph (160 km/h)}} || ≤{{sort|0991|991 hPa (29.27 inHg)}} || Lesser Antilles || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|018|#2}} || {{sort|0524|May 24 – 31, 1908}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{Sort|075|75 mph (120 km/h)}} || {{sort|0989|989 hPa (29.21 inHg)}} || North Carolina || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|019|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0221|February 19 – 21, 1911}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1009|1009 hPa (29.80 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[12] |- | {{sort|020|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0522|May 22 – 24, 1911}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[12] |- | {{sort|021|Unnamed}} || {{sort|1211|December 11 – 13, 1911}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1005|1005 hPa (29.68 inHg)}} || Haiti, Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[12] |- | {{sort|022|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0414|April 14 – 16, 1912}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Central Atlantic || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[12] |- | {{sort|023|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0505|May 5 – 8, 1913}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1003|1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)}} || Northern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[12] |- | {{sort|024|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0429|April 29 – May 2, 1915}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1003|1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|025|#1}} || {{sort|0513|May 13 – 16, 1916}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} ||{{sort|045|45 mph (75 km/h)}} || {{sort|1004|1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)}} || Cuba, Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|026|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0512|May 12 – 15, 1922}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1008|1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)}} || Nicaragua || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|027|#4}} || {{sort|1127|November 27 – December 1, 1925}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|0995|995 hPa (29.39 inHg)}} || Cuba, United States East Coast Bermuda, Azores || {{Ntsp|3000000||$}} || {{nts|73}} ||[6][13][14] |- | {{sort|028|#1}} || {{sort|0506|May 5 – 11, 1932}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|0995|995 hPa (29.39 inHg)}} || Dominican Republic || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[15] |- | {{sort|029|#1}} || {{sort|0514|May 14 – 19, 1933}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{sort|1001|1001 hPa (29.56 inHg))}} || Yucatán Peninsula || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[16] |- | {{sort|030|#1}} || {{sort|0515|May 15 – 18, 1935}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|1003|1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)}} || Hispaniola || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[17] |- | {{sort|031|Unnamed}} || {{sort|0521|May 21 – 26, 1936}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Texas || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[18] |- | {{sort|032|#17}} || {{sort|1204|December 4 – 6, 1936}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|996|996 hPa (29.41 inHg)}} || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[18] |- | {{sort|033|#1}} || {{sort|0103|January 3 – 6, 1938}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{Sort|0992|992 hPa (29.29 inHg)}} || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[19] |- | {{sort|034|#1}} || {{sort|0519|May 19 – 24, 1940}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || <{{sort|996|996 hPa (29.41 inHg)}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[20] |- | {{sort|035|#1}} || {{sort|0522|May 22 – 28, 1948}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{sort|1004|1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)}} || Dominican Republic || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{Nts|80}} ||[11] |- | {{sort|036|#1}} || {{sort|0104|January 4 – 9, 1951}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|0997|997 hPa (29.44 inHg)}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|037|Able}} || {{sort|0516|May 16 – 24, 1951}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|090|90 mph (150 km/h)}} || {{sort|0973|973 hPa (28.73 inHg)}} || Bahamas, North Carolina || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[21][22] |- | {{Sort|038|Depression}} || {{sort|0517|May 17 – 18, 1951}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|0|Tropical depression}} ||{{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1008|1008 hPa}} (29.77 inHg) || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|039|#12}} || {{sort|1207|December 7 – 10, 1951}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{sort|0995|995 hPa (29.39 inHg)}} || Azores || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|040|#1}} || {{sort|0202|February 2 – 3, 1952}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (110 km/h)}} || {{sort|0990|990 hPa (29.24 inHg))}} || Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|041|Alice}} || {{sort|0525|May 25 – June 7, 1953}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{sort|0994|994 hPa (29.36 inHg)}} || Cuba, Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{nts|6}} ||[23][6] |- | {{sort|042|Irene}} || {{sort|1207|December 7 – 9, 1953}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || ≤{{sort|0999|999 hPa (29.50 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{Sort|043|Depression}} || {{sort|1213|December 13 – 14, 1953}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|0|Tropical depression}} ||{{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Lesser Antilles || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{Sort|044|Depression}} || {{sort|0127|January 27 – 28, 1954}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|0|Subtropical depression}} ||{{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1010|1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{Sort|045|Depression}} || {{sort|0519|May 19 – 25, 1954}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|0|Subtropical depression}} ||{{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1010|1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)}} || Northeastern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[6] |- | {{sort|046|#1}} || {{sort|0528|May 28 – 30, 1954}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || ≤{{sort|0997|997 hPa (29.44 inHg))}} || North Carolina || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|047|Alice}} || {{sort|1230|December 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|090|90 mph (150 km/h)}} || {{sort|0980|980 hPa (28.94 inHg)}} || Lesser Antilles || {{ntsp|623000||$}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[24] |- | {{sort|048|#1}} || {{sort|0525|May 25 – 27, 1958}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|0999|999 hPa (29.50 inHg)}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{Sort|049|Arlene}} || {{sort|0528|May 28 – 31, 1959}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|993|993 hPa (29.32 inHg)}} || United States Gulf Coast || {{ntsp|500000||$}} || {{nts|1}} ||[25] |- | {{sort|050|#1}} || {{sort|0529|May 29 – June 2, 1969}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|051|#2}} || {{sort|0529|May 29 – 30, 1969}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{Sort|052|Alma}} || {{sort|0517|May 17 – 26, 1970}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{sort|0993|993 hPa (29.33 inHg)}} || Cuba, Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{nts|8}} ||[26][27] |- | {{Sort|053|Alpha}} || {{sort|0523|May 23 – 29, 1972}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{sort|0991|991 hPa (29.27 inHg)}} || Southeastern United States || {{ntsp|100000||$}} || {{nts|2}} ||[28][29] |- | {{sort|054|#1}} || {{sort|0418|April 18 – 21, 1973}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|030|30 mph (45 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}|| |- | {{sort|055|#2}} || {{sort|0502|May 2 – 5, 1973}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|030|30 mph (45 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}|| |- | {{sort|056|#3}} || {{sort|0519|May 19 – 20, 1974}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|030|30 mph (45 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Belize, Mexico, Cuba Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[30][31] |- | {{sort|057|#23}} || {{sort|1209|December 9 – 13, 1975}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{sort|0985|985 hPa (29.09 inHg)}} || Northeast Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|058|#1}} || {{sort|0521|May 21 – 25, 1976}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{sort|0994|994 hPa (29.36 inHg)}} || Florida || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|059|#1}} || {{sort|0118|January 18 – 23, 1978}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|045|45 mph (75 km/h)}} || {{sort|1002|1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{Sort|060|Arlene}} || {{sort|0507|May 6 – 9, 1981}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|0999|999 hPa (29.50 inHg)}} || Cuba, Bahamas || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[32] |- | {{Sort|061|Lili}} || {{sort|1212|December 12 – 24, 1984}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|080|80 mph (130 km/h)}} || {{sort|0980|980 hPa (28.94 inHg)}} || Hispaniola || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[33] |- | {{sort|062|#14}} || {{sort|1207|December 7 – 9, 1985}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1020|Not Specified}} || Western Caribbean Sea || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|063|#1}} || {{sort|0524|May 24 – June 1, 1987}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1011|1011 hPa (29.86 inHg)}} || Bahamas || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} || |- | {{sort|064|#1}} || {{sort|0531|May 31 – June 2, 1988}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1004|1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{Nts|37}} ||[34][35] |- | {{Sort|065|Karen}} || {{sort|1128|November 28 – December 4, 1989}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|1000|1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)}} || Cuba || {{sort|0|N/A}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[36] |- | {{sort|066|#1}} || {{sort|0524|May 24 – 27, 1990}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1007|1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)}} || Cuba, Florida || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}||[37] |- | {{sort|067|One}} || {{sort|0421|April 21 – 24, 1992}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{sort|1002|1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}||[38] |- | {{sort|068|#1}} || {{sort|0531|May 31 – June 3, 1993}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|0999|999 hPa (29.50 inHg)}} || Cuba, Florida || {{sort|000|None}} || {{Nts|20}} ||[39] |- | {{Sort|069|Nicole}} || {{sort|1124|November 24 – December 1, 1998}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|085|85 mph (140 km/h)}} || {{sort|0979|979 hPa (28.91 inHg)}} || Northeastern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}||[40] |- | {{Sort|070|Olga}} || {{sort|1124|November 24 – December 6, 2001}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|090|90 mph (150 km/h)}} || {{sort|0973|973 hPa (28.73 inHg)}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}||[41] |- | {{Sort|071|Ana}} || {{sort|0420|April 20 – 24, 2003}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|0994|994 hPa (29.36 inHg)}} || Florida || {{sort|000|None}} || {{Nts|2}} ||[42] |- | {{sort|072|Odette}} || {{sort|1204|December 4 – 7, 2003}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|0993|993 hPa (29.33 inHg)}} || Hispaniola || {{ntsp|8000000||$}} || {{nts|10}} ||[42][43] |- | {{Sort|073|Peter}} || {{sort|1207|December 7 – 11, 2003}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{sort|0990|990 hPa (29.24 inHg)}} || Eastern Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}}|| {{sort|000|None}}||[42] |- | {{Sort|074|Otto}} || {{sort|1129|November 29 – December 3, 2004}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{sort|0995|995 hPa (29.39 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[44] |- | {{Sort|075|Epsilon}} || {{sort|1129|November 29 – December 8, 2005}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{sort|085|85 mph (140 km/h)}} || {{sort|0981|981 hPa (28.97 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}}||[45] |- | {{Sort|076|Zeta}} || {{sort|1230|December 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{sort|0994|994 hPa (29.36 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[45] |- | {{Sort|077|Andrea}} || {{sort|0509|May 9 – 11, 2007}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|1001|1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)}} || Southeast United States coast || {{sort|1|Minimal}} || {{nts|6}} ||[46] |- | {{Sort|078|Olga}} || {{sort|1211|December 11 – 12, 2007}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|1003|1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)}} || Greater Antilles || {{ntsp|45000000||$}} || {{nts|40}} ||[46][47] |- | {{Sort|079|Arthur}} || {{sort|0531|May 31 – June 2, 2008}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|045|45 mph (75 km/h)}} || {{sort|1004|1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)}} || Belize, Yucatán Peninsula || {{ntsp|78000000||$}} || {{nts|9}} ||[48] |- | {{sort|080|#1}} || {{sort|0528|May 28 – 29, 2009}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{sort|0|Tropical depression}} || {{sort|035|35 mph (55 km/h)}} || {{sort|1006|1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)}} || Western Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}}||[49] |- | {{Sort|081|Alberto}} || {{sort|0519|May 19 – 22, 2012}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{sort|0995|995 hPa (29.39 inHg)}} || South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia || {{sort|1|Minimal}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[50] |- | {{Sort|082|Beryl}} || {{sort|0526|May 26 – 30, 2012}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|070|70 mph (115 km/h)}} || {{sort|0992|992 hPa (29.29 inHg)}} || Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas || {{ntsp|148000||$}} || {{Nts|3}} ||[1][51] |- | {{Sort|083|Unnamed}} || {{sort|1205|December 5 – 7, 2013}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Subtropical storm}} || {{Sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{Sort|0997|997 hPa (29.44 inHg)}} || Azores || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}} ||[52] |- | {{Sort|084|Ana}} || {{sort|0508|May 8 – 11, 2015}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{Sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{Sort|060|60 mph (95 km/h)}} || {{Sort|0998|998 hPa (29.47 inHg)}} || Southeastern United States || {{sort|1|Minimal}} || {{nts|2}} ||[53] |- | {{Sort|085|Alex}} || {{sort|0113|January 12 – 15, 2016}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|1}}|{{sort|2|Category 1 hurricane}} || {{Sort|085|85 mph (140 km/h)}} || {{Sort|0981|981 hPa (28.7 inHg)}} || Bermuda, Azores || {{sort|1|Minimal}} || {{nts|1}} ||[54] |- | {{sort|086|Bonnie}} || {{sort|0527|May 27 – June 4, 2016}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|045|45 mph (75 km/h)}} || {{Sort|1006|1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)}} || Southeastern United States, The Bahamas || {{ntsp|640000||$}} || {{nts|2}}||[55] |- | {{sort|087|Arlene}} || {{sort|0419|April 19 – 21, 2017}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|050|50 mph (85 km/h)}} || {{Sort|0990|990 hPa (29.23 inHg)}} || Central Atlantic Ocean || {{sort|000|None}} || {{sort|000|None}}||[56] |- | {{sort|088|Alberto}} || {{sort|0525|May 25 – 31, 2018}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TS}}|{{sort|1|Tropical storm}} || {{sort|065|65 mph (100 km/h)}} || {{Sort|990|990 hPa (29.23 inHg)}} || Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States || {{ntsp|125000000||$}} || {{nts|18}}||[57] |} Records and statisticsIn the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851, the first storm to occur outside of the current season was in 1865 in the Caribbean Sea. In the database, 83 tropical or subtropical cyclones have existed between December and May, most recently Tropical Storm Alberto in 2018.[6] In addition, there were at least five storms in May and another in December before the start of the official database.[8] Storms were most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Out of all recorded storms in the database, only one cyclone was reported in the month of March; the 1908 March hurricane, as well as one tropical storm in February, which was the 1952 Groundhog Day Storm. In addition, only three tropical or subtropical cyclones formed in April – a subtropical storm in 1992, Tropical Storm Ana of 2003, and Tropical Storm Arlene of 2017. A hurricane in 1938, a tropical storm in 1951, a subtropical storm in 1978, and Hurricane Alex of 2016 occurred in January. Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. Hurricane Epsilon, which formed in November, maintained hurricane status for five days in December 2005, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili in 1984. Additionally, Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955 and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006 were the only recorded cyclones to have spanned two calendar years.[6] Of the off-season storms that struck land, portions of the Caribbean were affected most.[6] Hurricane Alice was the only of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.[24] No hurricanes have ever made landfall in the United States during December, although at one point a storm in 1925 was believed to have done this.[58] One century earlier, a hurricane formed in the western Caribbean and struck Florida on or before June 3,[59] which was the earliest date for a United States hurricane landfall.[60] However, there is an unofficial hurricane in 1863 that struck the Florida panhandle, killing 110 people.[10] The deadliest official off-season storm was a tropical storm in May 1948, which killed 80 people in the Dominican Republic.[11] The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In seven seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.[6] Monthly statistics{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
DateFormat=yyyy ImageSize= width:350 height:auto barincrement:39 Period = from:0 till:50 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:10 left:5 bottom:50 top:5 Colors= id:cat5red value:rgb(1,0.2,0.2) id:minorline value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) id:line value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) PlotData= bar:Jan from:0 till:4 color:cat5red text:"January" bar:Feb from:0 till:1 color:cat5red text:"February" bar:Mar from:0 till:1 color:cat5red text:"March" bar:Apr from:0 till:3 color:cat5red text:"April" bar:May from:0 till:50 color:cat5red text:"May" bar:Nov from:0 till:8 color:cat5red text:"November" bar:Dec from:0 till:17 color:cat5red text:"December" ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:5 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:minorline unit:year increment:1 start:0 TextData = fontsize:M textcolor:black pos:(100,25) # tabs:(100-left) text:"Number of recorded storms" See also{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
References1. ^1 {{cite report|author=Beven II, John L|title=Tropical storm Beryl|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|date=December 12, 2012|author2=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=December 14, 2012|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL022012_Beryl}}|format=PDF|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}} 2. ^{{cite news|author=Staff writer|page=14|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Evening Independent|date=1938-06-15|title=Hurricane Warning Service Expanded|accessdate=2010-02-28|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2pwLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wFQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4682,4528700&dq=weather+bureau+hurricane+season&hl=en}} 3. ^{{cite news|author=Staff writer|agency=United Press International|page=2|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=1964-06-01|title=Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning|accessdate=2010-02-28|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j9oeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vmUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5887,11176&dq=hurricane+season&hl=en}} 4. ^{{cite web|author=Dorst, Neil|author2=Hurricane Research Division|author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|year=2012|title=Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research|accessdate=2010-03-02|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html}} 5. ^{{cite news|author=Jason Samenow|title=Hurricane Center: May storms don’t mean hurricane season should start earlier|date=May 12, 2015|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=May 14, 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/05/12/hurricane-center-may-storms-dont-mean-hurricane-season-should-start-earlier/}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 {{cite report|author=Hurricane Research Division|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research|author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT|accessdate=May 14, 2015|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html}} 7. ^{{cite book |author1=Colin J. McAdie |author2=Christopher W. Landsea |author3=Charles J. Neumann |author4=Joan E. David |author5=Eric S. Blake |author6=Gregory R. Hammer |title=Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=August 20, 2009 |edition=Sixth |page=18 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Atl_1851-2006_lowres.pdf|accessdate=July 7, 2010 }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|author=Chenoweth, Michael|year=2006|title=A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855|issn=0165-0009|volume=76|issue=1–2|journal=Climatic Change|accessdate=January 12, 2013|pages=169–240|doi=10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.8761}} 9. ^{{cite web|author=Ludlum, David M |publisher=Florida State University |title=The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5 |url=http://myweb.fsu.edu/jelsner/temp/HHITProject/HHITyears/1825/storm1_pt2_ludlum.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RsFARKPv?url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1825/storm1_pt2_ludlum.pdf |archivedate=August 16, 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author1=Chenoweth, Michael|author2=Mock, Cary J|title=Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=94|issue=11|pages=1735–1742|date=2013|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1|bibcode=2013BAMS...94.1735C}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite report|author=Rappaport, Edward N |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |author2=Fernandez-Partagas, Jose |deadurl=no |date=January 1995 |title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 |type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/nwstechmemos/techmemo31.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DeBeM0d8?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-NHC-1995-47.pdf |page=23 |df= }} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite report|author=Hurricane Research Division |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |year=2005 |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1911-14.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dcsmvg4M?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_dec12.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Day, W P|issue=December 1925|title=Tropical Cyclones During 1925|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=53|pages=540 – 555|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1925.pdf|accessdate=January 13, 2013|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2|year=1925|bibcode=1925MWRv...53..540D}} 14. ^{{cite news|publisher=Morning Avalanche|date=December 2, 1925|title=Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast}} 15. ^{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |year=2012 |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1932.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DckyuYOR?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1932.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |year=2012 |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1933.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DckuUNpk?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1933.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 17. ^{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |year=2012 |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1935.html#1935_1 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DckrpYjb?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1935.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 18. ^1 {{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |year=2012 |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1936.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DcknjrQp?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1936.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web|year=2012 |author=Hurricane Research Division |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1938.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Dckjnur6?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1938.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 20. ^{{cite web|year=2012 |author=Hurricane Research Division |author2=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research |title=Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1940.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DckU7pdZ?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_1940.html |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 21. ^{{cite journal|title=Hurricanes of 1951|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=January 1, 1952|volume=80|issue=1|author=Norton, Grady|pages=1–4|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/080/mwr-080-01-0001.pdf|accessdate=January 13, 2013|bibcode=1952MWRv...80....1N}} 22. ^{{cite journal|author=Moore, Paul L|pages=189–195|volume=79|issue=10|author2=Davis, Walter R.|title=A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=October 1, 1951|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/079/mwr-079-10-0189.pdf|bibcode=1951MWRv...79..189M}} 23. ^{{cite journal|author=Norton, Grady|title=Hurricanes of 1953|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=December 1, 1953|volume=81|issue=12|pages=388–391|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2|accessdate=January 14, 2013|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/081/mwr-081-12-0388.pdf|bibcode=1953MWRv...81..388N}} 24. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Colón, José A|year=1955|title=On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2|accessdate=January 14, 2013|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/084/mwr-084-01-0001.pdf|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=84|issue=1|pages=1–14|bibcode=1956MWRv...84....1C}} 25. ^{{cite journal|author=Dunn, Gordon E|title=The Hurricane Season of 1959|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=December 1, 1959|volume=87|issue=12|pages=441–450|doi=10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1959.pdf|bibcode=1959MWRv...87..441D}} 26. ^{{cite news|newspaper=The Miami News|page=4|date=May 25, 1970|title=Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma|accessdate=February 19, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W54yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uekFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2362,2093812&dq=alma&hl=en}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 27. ^{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|year=1970|title=Deaths from Hurricane Alma|accessdate=December 26, 2009|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0030-jpg/1970/atlantic/alma/postevent/deaths.jpg}} 28. ^{{cite news|page=27|newspaper=Palm Beach Post|date=May 29, 1972|title=Four Drown in Area Mishaps|accessdate=January 2, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k4EyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G7cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2747,6260070&dq=storm+1972+georgia+may&hl=en}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 29. ^{{cite journal |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |journal=Storm Data |title=May 1972 |volume=14 |number=5 |accessdate=January 13, 2013 |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-6AD65DC6-AAE2-46CA-A8E5-C3680DF1CF4D.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DdAdKbea?url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-6AD65DC6-AAE2-46CA-A8E5-C3680DF1CF4D.pdf |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 30. ^{{cite journal|author=Frank, Neil L|title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=April 1, 1975|volume=103|issue=4|pages=294–300|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1975MWRv..103..294F}} 31. ^{{cite news|work=Associated Press|publisher=The Spartanburg Herald|date=May 21, 1974|accessdate=July 21, 2011|title=Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans|page=1|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qXssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xMwEAAAAIBAJ&dq=tropical%20depression&pg=1663%2C4551324}} 32. ^{{cite journal|author=Lawrence, Miles B|author2=Pelissier, Joseph M|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=July 1, 1982|volume=110|issue=7|pages=852–866|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1982MWRv..110..852L}} 33. ^{{cite journal|issue=7|author=Lawrence, Miles B|author2=Clark, Gilbert B|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=July 1, 1985|volume=113|pages=1228–1237|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1985MWRv..113.1228L}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm |title=Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |year=2003 |author=Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312215337/http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm |archivedate=March 12, 2007 |df= }} 35. ^{{cite journal|author=Avila, Lixion A |author2=Clark, Gilbert B |title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=October 1, 1989 |volume=117 |issue=10 |pages=2260–2265 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1989MWRv..117.2260A |df= }} 36. ^{{cite journal|author2=Mayfield, Britt M|author=Case, Bob|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=May 1, 1990|volume=118|issue=5|pages=1165–1177|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1990MWRv..118.1165C}} See p. 1176. 37. ^{{cite journal|author=Avila, Lixion A|author2=Pasch, Richard J|title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=August 1, 1991|volume=119|issue=8|pages=2027–2033|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2|archiveurl=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1990.pdf|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281992%29120%3C2688%3AATSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|archivedate=April 10, 2002|bibcode=1991MWRv..119.2027A}} 38. ^{{cite journal|author=Mayfield, Britt M|author2=Avila, Lixion A|author3=Rappaport, Edward N|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=March 1, 1994|volume=122|issue=3|pages=517–538|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1994MWRv..122..517M}} 39. ^{{cite report|author=Avila, Lixion A|author2=National Hurricane Center|date=June 30, 1993|title=Tropical Depression One|type=Preliminary Report|accessdate=March 1, 2010|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1993/td1/prenhc/prelim01.gif|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}} 40. ^{{cite journal|author=Pasch, Richard J|author2=Avila, Lixion A|author3=Guiney, John L.|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=December 1, 2001|volume=129|issue=12|pages=3115–3116|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2001MWRv..129.3085P}} 41. ^{{cite journal|author1=Beven, John L|author2=Stewart, Stacy R|author3=Lawrence, Miles B|author4=Avila, Lixion A|author5=Franklin, James L|issn=1520-0493|author6=Pasch, Richard J|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=July 1, 2003|volume=131|issue=7|pages=1454–1484|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2003MWRv..131.1454B|citeseerx=10.1.1.406.2342}} 42. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author1=Lawrence, Miles B|author2=Avila, Lixion A|author3=Beven, John L|author5=Pasch, Richard J|author4=Franklin, James L|date=June 1, 2005|author6=Stewart, Stacy R|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=133|doi=10.1175/MWR2940.1|issue=6|pages=1744–1773|bibcode=2005MWRv..133.1744L}} 43. ^{{cite web|author=DR1 |year=2003 |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |title=Odette damage: RD$294 million |accessdate=March 13, 2010 |url=http://www.dr1.com/news/2003/dnews121103.shtml#10 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DbamEYFV?url=http://www.dr1.com/news/2003/dnews121103.shtml |df= }} 44. ^{{cite journal|author=Franklin, James L|author2=Pasch, Richard J|author3=Avila, Lixion A|author4=Beven, John L|author5=Lawrence, Miles B|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=March 1, 2006|volume=134|issue=3|pages=981–1025|doi=10.1175/MWR3096.1|author7=Blake, Eric S|author6=Stewart, Stacy R|bibcode=2006MWRv..134..981F|citeseerx=10.1.1.212.5664}} 45. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Beven, John L|author2=Avila, Lixion A|author3=Blake, Eric S|author4=Brown, Daniel P|author5=Franklin, James L|author6=Knabb, Richard D|author7=Pasch, Richard J|author8=Rhome, Jamie R|journal=Monthly Weather Review|author9=Stewart, Stacy R|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005|date=March 1, 2008|volume=136|issue=3|pages=1109–1173|doi=10.1175/2007MWR2074.1|bibcode=2008MWRv..136.1109B}} 46. ^1 {{cite journal|issue=12|author1=Brennan, Michael J|author2=Knabb, Richard D|author3=Mainelli, Michelle|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007|volume=137|author4=Kimberlain, Todd B|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=December 1, 2009|pages=4061–4088|doi=10.1175/2009MWR2995.1|bibcode=2009MWRv..137.4061B}} 47. ^{{cite report|author=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)|year=2007|title=Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical storm Olga – Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3|accessdate=March 2, 2010|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/B4901CA7C4AA9EFD492573B8001F544B-Full_Report.pdf|page=2}} 48. ^{{cite journal|author1=Brown, Daniel P|author2=Beven, John L|author3=Franklin, James L|author4=Blake, Eric S|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=May 1, 2010|volume=138|issue=5|pages=1975–2001|doi=10.1175/2009MWR3174.1|bibcode=2010MWRv..138.1975B}} 49. ^{{cite report|title=Tropical Depression One|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|date=June 12, 2009|author2=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=January 12, 2013|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL012009_One}}|author=Berg, Robbie|format=PDF|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}} 50. ^{{cite report|type=Tropical Cyclone Report |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center |title=Tropical Storm Alberto |accessdate=August 16, 2014 |date=December 7, 2012 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL012012_Alberto}} |author=Pasch, Richard J |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6DbYzQP3t?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012012_Alberto.pdf |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |df= }} 51. ^{{cite journal|author1=Herndon, Rhonda |author2=National Climatic Data Center |volume=54 |number=5 |journal=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections |title=May 2012 |accessdate=August 30, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AJfpU0Jn?url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-547FCD37-54A7-4A0E-B003-4396398C2C17.pdf |archivedate=August 31, 2012 |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-547FCD37-54A7-4A0E-B003-4396398C2C17.pdf |issn=0039-1972 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 52. ^{{cite report|author=Blake Eric S|author2=Kimberlain Todd B|author3=Beven II< John L|title=Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report|date=February 7, 2014|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center|accessdate=February 11, 2014|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL152013_Unnamed}}|format=PDF}} 53. ^{{cite report|author=Pasch|title=Subtropical Storm Ana Forecast Discussion Number 1|date=May 8, 2015|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center|accessdate=May 8, 2015|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT1+shtml/080233.shtml}} 54. ^{{cite report|author=Pasch|title=Hurricane ALEX Public Advisory|date=January 13, 2016|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center|accessdate=January 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/141433.shtml?}} 55. ^{{cite web|last1=Pasch|title=TROPICAL STORM BONNIE ADVISORY NUMBER 5|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al02/al022016.public.005.shtml?|website=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=4 June 2016}} 56. ^{{cite web|last1=Beven|title=Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 7|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al01/al012017.public.007.shtml?|website=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=21 April 2017}} 57. ^{{cite report|title=Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report|author=Robbie Berg|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 18, 2018|accessdate=October 18, 2018|format=PDF|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL012018_Alberto.pdf}} 58. ^{{cite report|author4=National Hurricane Center |author=Blake, Eric S |author2=Landsea, Christopher W |author3=Gibney, Ethan J |archivedate=November 27, 2012 |deadurl=no |date=August 2011 |title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) |type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6 |accessdate=November 27, 2012 |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CUXzlU54?url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |df= }} 59. ^{{cite web|author=Sandrik, Al|publisher=Florida State University|title=The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – I – June 2–4|url=http://mailer.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1825/storm1_pt1_other.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615074755/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1825/storm1_pt1_other.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-15|df=}} 60. ^{{cite web|author=Sugg, Arnold|date=1966-06-24|title=Alma (Preliminary)|author2=National Hurricane Center|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2010-12-29|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1966-prelim/alma/prelim02.gif}} External links
2 : Off-season Atlantic tropical cyclones|Lists of tropical cyclones |
||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。