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词条 List of oldest trees
释义

  1. Individual trees with verified ages

  2. Old trees with estimated ages

  3. Clonal trees

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the centre is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be more than five millennia old.

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 47,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering {{convert|106|acre}} in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. The colony has been estimated to be 80,000 years old, although tree ring samples date individual, above-ground, trees at only an average of about 130 years.[1][2][3][4] A colony of Huon pine trees covering {{convert|2.5|acre}} on Mount Read, Tasmania is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[5]

Individual trees with verified ages

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Not named yet|group=nb}}-3050|8|31}} Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva 		White Mountains, California United States Oldest-known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.[6]
Methuselah -2832|8|5}}{{refn|It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[6] The age given here is based on this reference point.|group=nb}} Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva 		White Mountains, California United States Until 2012, it was the oldest-known living tree in the world.[7]
Prometheus
(WPN-114) 		4844|4,844}} Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva 		Wheeler Peak, Nevada United States Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[8]
Gran Abuelo -1629|3|23}} Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides 		Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile Alive.[8][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]
CBR26 3266|3,266}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
D-21 3220|3,220}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
D-23 3075|3,075}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
CMC 3 3033|3,033}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
Scofield Juniper 2675|2,675}} Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Dead.[8]
CB-90-11 -443|8|31}} Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata 		central Colorado United States [8][11]
Panke Baobab 2419|2,419}} African Baobab
Adansonia digitata 		Matabeleland North Zimbabwe Dead in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[12]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2305|2,305}} Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa 		Anuradhapura, North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[8]
? 2200|2,200}} Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens 		northern California United States Dead.[8]
Bennett Juniper 2200|2,200}} Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis 		Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
SHP 7 2110|2,110}} Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana 		Sierra Nevada California United States [8]
? 73|10|31}} Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii 		Kananaskis, Alberta Canada [8][13]
CRE 175 1889|1,889}} Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum 		northern New Mexico United States [8]
Miles Juniper 188|6|17}} Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis 		Sierra Nevada, California United States [8][14]
Jōmon Sugi 211|9|30}} Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica 		Yakushima Island Japan[15]
KET 3996 297|12|31}} Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis 		Ketchum, Idaho United States [8][16]
BFR-46 1697|1,697}} Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis 		Wasatch Mountains, Utah United States [8]
FL117 338|7|31}} Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis 		Ontario Canada [8][17]
ERE 1670|1,670}} Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis 		northern New Mexico United States [8]
RCR 1 1666|1,666}} Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana 		Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
? 1661|1,661}} Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis 		South Park, Colorado United States [8]
BBL 2 1649|1,649}} Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana 		Sierra Nevada, California United States [8]
BCK 69 366|6|30}} Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum 		Bladen County, North Carolina United States [8][18]
? 1636|1,636}} Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis 		Vancouver Island Canada [8]
FL101 1567|1,567}} Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis 		Ontario Canada [8]
? 1542|1,542}} Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis 		central Colorado United States [8]

Old trees with estimated ages

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable.

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Llangernyw Yew 4,000–5,000 Common Yew
Taxus baccata 		Llangernyw, Conwy Wales Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens 		Abarkuh, Yazd Iran Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[19][20]
? 4,112 Yew
Taxus baccata 		Zonguldak Turkey Alive, found in 2016.[21]
The Ancient Yew 4,000 Yew
Taxus baccata 		Tisbury, Wiltshire England 37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[22]
The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens 		Longwood, Florida United States Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012[23][24]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)3,350European olive treeOlea europea L. var. europaeaMouriscas, AbrantesPortugalAlive.[25][26]
The President 3200|3,200}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Sierra Nevada, California United States Alive.
Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis 		Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[27]
S’Ozzastru 3,000–4,000 Olive
Olea europaea 		Luras, Sardinia Italy [28]
Patriarca da Floresta|pt|3=Patriarca (árvore)}} 3,020 Jequitibá-rosaCariniana legalis Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo Brazil Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[29]
Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains, Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia|WD=Q52062066}} 2,850 Olive
Olea europaea 		Santa Iria de Azóia|pt|3=Santa Iria de Azoia}}, Loures, Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110815022621/http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/portal/gestao-florestal/aip/resource/ficheiros/aip-2011-class/Aviso-04-2011-1-601.pdf Portuguese National Forest Authority]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326162609/http://www.afn.min-agricultura.pt/portal/ArvoresFicha?Processo=KNJ1%2F601&Concelho=&Freguesia=&Distrito= Tree ID] [30]
Mother of the Forest 2520|2,520}} Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum 		Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California United States Dead.
General Sherman2,300–2,700Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, CaliforniaUnited StatesAlive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[31]
Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica 		Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Jōmon Sugi 2,170–7,200 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica 		Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[32][33][34]
Koca Katran 2022|2,022}} Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani 		Antalya Turkey Alive.[35]
Ballyconnell Yew 2,000–5,000 Yew
Taxus baccata 		Ballyconnell, Annagh Ireland date=June 2011}}
Fortingall Yew 2,000–3,000 Yew
Taxus baccata 		Fortingall, Perthshire Scotland Possibly the oldest tree in Britain[36]
Elia Vouvon 2,000–5,000 Olive
Olea europaea 		Kolymvari, Crete Greece Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[37]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000–4,000 Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa 		Sicily Italy Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000–3,000 Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis 		Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty 2,000 Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum 		Longwood, Florida United States Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri 2,000 Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis 		Martuni Region Artsakh Oldest tree in Artsakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea 		Stari Bar, Bar Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree 2,000 Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia 		Temecula, California United States Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea 		Tavira, Algarve Portugal Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[38]
? 2,000 Olive
Olea europaea 		Exo Hora, Zakynthos Greece [39]
? 2,000 Yew
Taxus 		Sochi, Krasnodar Krai Russia A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[40]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica 		Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture Japan
Methuselah 1,800Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		Woodside, California United States [41]
Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria Araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[42]
Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur 		Granit Bulgaria
Kongeegen 1,500–2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur 		Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand Denmark [43]
Stelmužė Oak 1,500-2,000 Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur 		Stelmužė, Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna 		Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne France date=June 2011}}
Seven Sisters Oak 1,500 Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana 		Mandeville, Louisiana United States Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.
Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum 		Logan Canyon, Utah United States [44]
Árbol del Tule 1,433–1,600 Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum 		Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Cedars of God 1000+ Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon 		Mount Lebanon Lebanon Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[45]
Te Matua Ngahere 1,200–4,000 Kauri
Agathis australis 		Waipoua Forest, Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo + 1,200 Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis 		Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis Argentina Oldest tree in Central Argentina.

Clonal trees

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Pando 80,000[46]–1,000,000[47] Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides 		Fishlake National Forest, Utah United States 107|acre|km2}} and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[48] 13,000[49] Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri 		Jurupa Mountains, California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[49]
Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce
Picea abies 		Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna Sweden The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[50][51] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[52] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[53]
Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce
Picea abies 		Sonfjället, Härjedalen Sweden [54]
unknown 3,000[55]–10,000[56] Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii 		Mount Read, Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]

See also

{{portal|Ecology|Trees}}
  • King Clone
  • List of largest giant sequoias
  • List of longest-living organisms
  • List of old-growth forests
  • List of notable trees
  • List of superlative trees
  • Oldest viable seed
  • Veteran tree

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1993/oct/thetremblinggian285 |title=The Trembling Giant |accessdate=8 May 2008 |publisher=Discover Magazine |date=1 October 1993 |author=Grant, Michael C. }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm#massive |title=Botanical Record-Breakers |accessdate=7 May 2008 |publisher=W.P Armstrong |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219095825/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0601.htm |archivedate=19 December 2010 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/brca/naturescience/quakingaspen.htm |title=Quaking Aspen |accessdate=7 May 2008 |publisher=National Park Service - Bryce Canyon }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS |title=SPECIES: Populus tremuloides |accessdate=8 May 2008 |publisher=USDA - United States Forest Service }}
5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/veg/pines.html |title=Native Conifers of Tasmania |accessdate=6 May 2008 |publisher=Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_longaeva.php |title= Pinus longaeva |accessdate= 2008-06-20 |publisher= Gymnosperm Database|date= March 15, 2007}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm|title=RMTRR OLDLIST|website=www.rmtrr.org|access-date=2017-09-14}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 {{cite web | url =http://www.rmtrr.org/oldlist.htm | title = Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST | accessdate = January 6, 2013}}
9. ^{{cite journal|title=A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America|first1=Antonio|last1=Lara|first2=Ricardo|last2=Villalba|author-link2=Ricardo Villalba|journal=Science |date=21 May 1993 |volume=260|issue=5111|pages=1104–1106|doi=10.1126/science.260.5111.1104|pmid=17806339|bibcode=1993Sci...260.1104L}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conaf.cl/parques/parque-nacional-alerce-costero/|title=Parque Nacional Alerce Costero|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Conaf.cl|publisher=National Forest Corporation|accessdate=16 March 2014|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104430/http://www.conaf.cl/parques/parque-nacional-alerce-costero/|archive-date=6 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite journal|title=The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)|first1=F. Craig|last1=Brunstein|first2=David K.|last2=Yamaguchi|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=24|date=Aug 1992|pages=253–256|jstor=1551666|issue=3|doi=10.2307/1551666}}
12. ^Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
13. ^{{cite journal|title=Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?|first=John|last=Worrall|journal=The Forestry Chronicle|year=1990|volume=66|issue=5|pages=478–479|doi=10.5558/tfc66478-5}}
14. ^{{cite book|last1=Miles|first1=D.H.|first2=M.J.|last2=Worthington|chapter=Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology|editor1-first=V.|editor1-last=Stravinskiene|editor2-first=R.|editor2-last=Juknys|title=Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference|date=17–21 June 1998|location=Kaunas, Lithuania|publisher=Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences}}
15. ^{{cite journal | journal=Journal of Plant Research|volume=100|year=1987|pages=223–241|doi=10.1007/BF02492832|title=Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island|first1=Eizi|last1=Suzuki|first2=Jun|last2=Tsukahara|issue=3}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Schulman|first=E.|year=1956|title=Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America|publisher=Univ. of Ariz. Press|location=Tucson}}
17. ^{{cite journal|title=The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment|first1=D. W.|last1=Larson|first2=P. E.|last2=Kelly|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|year=1991|volume=69|issue=7|pages=1628–1636|doi=10.1139/b91-206}}
18. ^{{cite journal|title=North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985|first1=D. W.|last1=Stahle|first2=M. K.|last2=Cleaveland|first3=J. G.|last3=Hehr|journal=Science |date=10 June 1988 |volume=240|issue=4858|pages=1517–1519|doi=10.1126/science.240.4858.1517|pmid=17798982|bibcode=1988Sci...240.1517S}}
19. ^Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v.  
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earthwatchers.org/en/drkhtkriEN.html |title=Trees in ancient Iran |publisher=Earthwatchers |date= |accessdate=2013-01-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Db691POb?url=http://www.earthwatchers.org/en/drkhtkriEN.html |archivedate=2013-01-11 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/oldest-yew-tree-found-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100428&NewsCatID=341 | title = Oldest yew tree found in Turkey's north | accessdate = July 9, 2016}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=The ancient yew tree|url=http://www.tisburyparishchurch.org/just-visiting-4/|website=St Johns Tisbury|accessdate=19 January 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|last=Pavuk|first=Amy|title='The Senator' Catches Fire|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/local/seminole/os-senator-cypress-tree-fire-20120116,0,6171920.story|work=Orlando Sentinel|publisher=Times Newspaper|accessdate=16 January 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.floridata.com/tracks/TheSenator/page2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720080907/http://www.floridata.com/tracks/TheSenator/page2.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=20 July 2008 |title=Florida's Big Tree |accessdate=7 May 2008 |publisher=Floridata.com |author=Scheper, J. }}
25. ^http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/aip/resource/docs/certificados/KNJ1-478-Declaracao.pdf
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/ArvoresFicha?Processo=KNJ1/478&Concelho=&Freguesia=&Distrito=|title=FLORESTAS — ICNF|language=pt|access-date=2016-11-03}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/07/02/2003316816 |title=Alishan Forest Recreation area has new "tree king" |publisher=Taipei Times|date=2006-07-02 |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://78.110.185.34/luras/ev/images/LURAS%20-Olivastri%20millenari%202.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Db6E5Ke5?url=http://78.110.185.34/luras/ev/images/LURAS%20-Olivastri%20millenari%202.pdf |archivedate=2013-01-11 |title=A Luras il patriarca degli olivastri millenari d'Europa |language=Italian |publisher=COMUNE DI LURAS |deadurl=yes |df= }}
29. ^{{Cite journal|last=Botosso|first=Paulo Cesar|date=November 2002|title=Conhecer a Idade das Árvores: Importância e Aplicação|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427641.pdf|journal=Embrapa Florestas|volume=Documentos 75|pages=25|via=}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cienciapt.net/pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104157&Itemid=302 |title=UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos! |publisher=CienciaPT |language=Portuguese |date=2011-07-08 |accessdate=2013-01-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319022946/http://www.cienciapt.net/pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104157&Itemid=302 |archivedate=2012-03-19 |df= }}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/sherman.htm|title=The General Sherman Tree - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-03}}
32. ^{{cite book | last = Hobson | first = Jake | title = Niwaki: Pruning, Training and Shaping Trees the Japanese Way | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dR9074_8QioC&pg=PA86&dq=%22jomonsugi%22 | accessdate = 25 August 2008 | year = 2007 | publisher = Timber Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-88192-835-8 | page = 86 }}
33. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20040702170004/http://web-japan.org/factsheet/pdf/FLORAFAU.PDF Flora and Fauna Fact Sheet] (Web Japan)
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/columns/0005/lens190.htm |title=The old men of the mountains |accessdate=15 June 2008 |publisher=The Yomiuri Shimbun |author=Miyazaki, Makoto}}
35. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest.aspx?pageID=438&n=locals-want-quarries-out-of-ciglikara-forest-2010-05-17 | title = Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest | accessdate = July 9, 2016}}
36. ^{{cite book |last=Bevan-Jones |first=Robert |title=The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata |year=2004 |publisher=Windgather Press |location=Bollington |isbn=978-0-9545575-3-9 |pages=38–39}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfakia-crete.com/sfakia-crete/olive.html |title=The Olive Tree and Olive Oil|publisher=Sfakia-crete.com |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM15H1 |title=The oldest olive tree in Europe |publisher=Waymarking.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webshots.com/explains/outdoors/the-oldest-olive-tree.html |title=the-oldest-olive-tree pictures, videos and albums |publisher=Webshots.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/caucasus/about/ |title=О Кавказе |publisher=Wwf.ru |date=2008-07-24 |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMQR9 |title="Methuselah" Redwood - Woodside, California|publisher=Waymarking.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
42. ^{{Cite web|title = "Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas|url = http://parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl/2013/08/la-edad-milenaria-e-indefinida-de-las.html|website = parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl|accessdate = 2015-12-30}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kongfrederik.dk/main.asp?me=41&sc=3 |title=Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris |publisher=Kongfrederik.dk |date= |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.utahmountainbiking.com/trails/jardine.htm |title=Jardine Juniper Trail |publisher=Utahmountainbiking.com |date=2001-08-31 |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
45. ^The Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus libani (December, 2011) http://www.conifers.org/pi/Cedrus_libani.php
46. ^Quaking Aspen by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service
47. ^Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31.
48. ^Connor, Steve (Science Editor), "[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/at-13000-years-tree-is-worldrsquos-oldest-organism-1848009.html At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism]", The Independent (newspaper), United Kingdom, December 23, 2009, online article December 22, 2009.
49. ^1 May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; and Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey, "A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California", PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December, 2009.
50. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7353357.stm|title=Swedes find 'world's oldest tree'|date=17 April 2008|publisher=BBC News}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree.html|title=Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden|date=14 April 2008|publisher=National Geographic|author=Owen, James}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.idw-online.de/pages/de/news255795|title=World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden|date=16 April 2008|publisher=Swedish Research Council}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/04/17/eatree117.xml|title=World's oldest tree discovered in Sweden|author=Roger Highfield|date=17 April 2008|publisher=The Daily Telegraph| location=London}}
54. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20091023102147/http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/9-500-ar-gammal-gran-i-harjedalen-1.978329 Swedish] dn.se
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/abccontentsales/s1201471.htm |title=The Oldest Living Tasmanian: The Huon Pine |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Company|date= |accessdate=2013-01-11}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080414-oldest-tree_2.html |title=Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden |publisher=National Geographic News |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2013-01-11}}

References

{{Reflist|2}}{{Longevity}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldest Trees}}

3 : Lists of trees|Lists of superlatives|Biological records
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