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词条 List of people considered father or mother of a field
释义

  1. Fine art

  2. Games

  3. Humanities

  4. Military

  5. Nations

  6. Natural and social sciences

  7. Sports

  8. Technology

     Fields  Computing  Inventions 

  9. Towns, cities, and regions

  10. Transport

  11. See also

  12. References

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}{{See also|List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field}}

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western societies in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

{{TOC right}}

Fine art

Subject Father/mother Reason
Cowboy sculpture Frederic Remington[1] Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895

Games

Subject Father/mother Reason
3D gaming Yu Suzuki
John Carmack		 Creator of Hang-On, Virtua Racing, Virtua Fighter and Shenmue
Creator of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom
Collectible Card Game Richard Garfield Creator of The Gathering
Miniature wargaming H. G. Wells[2] Publication of Little Wars
Modern video game Shigeru Miyamoto[3] Creator of Mario, Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda, Star Fox, F-Zero, Pikmin, and Wii
Role-playing game Gary Gygax[4] Creator of Dungeons & Dragons
Stealth game Hideo Kojima[5] Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games
Video game Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.reason= defining the first video game|date=June 2017}}
Video game industry Nolan Bushnell Creator of Pong; founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's
Wargaming Charles S. Roberts[6] Designer of tactics

Humanities

{{Main|List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field}}

Military

Subject Father/mother Reason
Aerial warfareOswald Boelcke[7]The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft
Atomic bomb Enrico Fermi[8]
Robert Oppenheimer[9]
Leó Szilárd[10]
Blitzkrieg Heinz Guderian[11][12]
The West's Hydrogen bombEdward Teller[13]
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"Hyman G. Rickover[14][15][16]
Fourth Generation Warfaredate=June 2008}}
French sailing navyJean-Baptiste Colbert[17]Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu
Naval special warfarePhil H. Bucklew[18]US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One
Naval tactical studiesPaul Hoste[19]Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote L'Art des Armées Navales (1697)
Luftwaffe and LuftstreitkräfteOswald Boelcke[20]
Royal Air ForceHugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard[21]
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen BombAndrei Sakharov[22]
United States AirborneWilliam C. Lee[23]First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia
United States CavalryKazimierz Pułaski[24]Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s)
United States Cavalry - Army of the WestStephen W. Kearney[25]Brigadier-general and commander of the Army of the West 1846
United States Navy John Adams[26]
Commodore John Barry[27]
Captain John Paul Jones[28]

Nations

{{Main|Father of the Nation|Mother of the Nation|List of national founders}}

Natural and social sciences

{{Main|List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field}}

Sports

SubjectFather/mother Reason
1:8 radio-controlled off-road buggy Yuichi Kanai (godfather)[29][30] Kyosho's lead designer and lifelong employee; best known for the Inferno series of cars, credited for redefining the class from being unreliable and fragile to being tough and user friendlier that helped his employer to lead the 1/8 buggy renaissance from the 1990s, becoming one of the most dominant cars of all time.
American footballWalter Camp[31]
American motocrossEdison Dye[32]Introduced motorcross to American riders
American road racingCameron Argetsinger[33]Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen
American soccerSteve Ross (godfather)[34]created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US
AnglingIzaak Walton[35]Author of The Compleat Angler
Argentine footballAlexander Watson Hutton[36]
Argentine professional golfJosé Jurado[37]
Argentine winter sportsOtto Meiling[38]
Association footballEbenezer Cobb Morley[39]
Australian rules football Tom Wills
H. C. A. Harrison
Baseball Henry Chadwick[40][41][42][43]
Basketball James Naismith Created basketball
Black basketball Edwin Henderson Introduced the sport to the black community of Washington, D.C. in the first decade of the 20th century, and organized many early competitions for African Americans[44]
BMXScot Breithaupt[45]
Brazilian footballCharles William Miller[46]
Camel Lights Jim Downing1985}}[47]
Canadian rodeo O. Raymond Knight[48]Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902
Modern chess Wilhelm Steinitz First official world chess champion
Drag racing Wally Parks[49] Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race
Don Garlits[50] Innovator of drag racing safety
Eddie Hill[51] Regarded as the "Four Father" of drag racing for being the first to break the 5-second barrier. AKA "First in the Fours."
DriftingKunimitsu Takahashi[52]Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes, which eventually became a sport
East Coast skateboarding Vinny Raffa (godfather)[53]
Florida skateboarding Bruce Walker (godfather)[54]
Modern football Ebenezer Cobb Morley[55]
Freestyle BMX Bob Haro[56][57]
Freestyle Motocross Mike Metzger (godfather)[58]date=August 2012}}
Funny Car Dick Landy[59]
Modern gymnastic Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
Modern Handball Karl Schelenz
Ice hockey James Creighton Captained one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal
Import drag racing Frank Choi[60] Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category
Italian footballJames Richardson Spensley[61] Associated with Genoa CFC; contributed to the modern day-variation of the game in Italy
William Garbutt[62] Laid the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football
Japanese baseball Horace Wilson[63] Credited with introducing baseball in Japan
Hiroshi Hiraoka[64] Credited with establishing the first baseball team
Jogging Jim Fixx[65]date=August 2012}}
Kart racing Art Ingels[66] Developed the world's first kart (1956)
Kenyan running Colm O'Connell[67] Founded the first running camp in Kenya
Lacrosse William George Beers[68][69][70][71] Codified the sport
Mexican taekwondoDai-won Moon[72]Credited with introducing the sport to Mexico; founded school that has trained tens of thousands in the sport
Mississippi rodeo Earl W. Bascom
Weldon Bascom[73]		 Produced the first rodeo in Columbia, Mississippi in 1935
Mixed martial arts Edward William Barton-Wright[74]Experimented 1898–1902 with Shinden Fudo Ryu jujutsu, Kodokan judo, British boxing, Swiss schwingen, French savate and a defensive la canne (stick fighting) style that had been developed by Pierre Vigny of Switzerland ,which led to the invention of Bartitsu
Model aviation Joseph S. Ott[75] Chicago Tribune, in an obituary, referred him as the father mainly for his designs of thousands of model aircraft spanning from the 1920s up to his death in 1986.
Modern bodybuilding Eugen Sandow[76]
Harold Zinkin[77] Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004; inventor of modern exercise machines
Modern boxing James Figg[78]
date=June 2008}}
Modern figure skating Jackson Haines[79] "Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey
Modern football in Japan Dettmar Cramer[80]
Modern Rodeo Earl W. Bascom[81] Inventor of rodeo gear and equipment that made rodeo into a modern international sport
Modern tennis Jack Kramer[82] Creator of the "Open"-era tournaments and the Association of Tennis Professionals
Puroresu Rikidōzan[83]
Para-equestrian dressageLee Pearson (godfather)[84]Most decorated para-equestrian rider of all time
Organized radio controlled racing Ted Longshaw[85] Regarded as a grandfather of the sport; founded an organization for racing in the United Kingdom (1971); founded governing bodies for organized racing in Europe (1973), the far east (1980) and worldwide (1979)
Roger Curtis Co-founder of Associated Electrics, one of the most significant R/C car brands; contributed to racing[86]
Modern sabre fencing Italo Santelli[87]
Modern surfing Duke Kahanamoku[88]
Rodeo bareback bronc riding Earl W. Bascom[89] Designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924
Rugby union A. G. Guillemard[90]
William Webb Ellis[91] "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game".
Scuba diving Jacques Cousteau[92] Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality
Skateboarding Skip Engblom (godfather)[93]
Tony Hawk (godfather)[94]
Rodney Mullen (godfather)
Snooker Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain[95] Adopted the name and framed the rules in Ooty, India
Snowboarding Jake Burton Carpenter[96]
Stock car racing Bill France, Sr.[97][98]Founded the sanctioning body for stock car racing
Supercross Mike Goodwin[99] Organized the first supercross race
Televised golf Frank Chirkinian[100][101] Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting

Technology

Fields

SubjectFather/motherReason
Aerodynamics (modern) Sir George Cayley[102][103] Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries
Architecture Imhotep[104] Built the first pyramid
Astronautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky[105]
Sergei Korolev[106]
Robert H. Goddard[107]
Hermann Oberth[108]
Aviation Father Francesco Lana-Terzi[109] Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel
British watchmaking Thomas Tompion[110]
Clinical trials James Lind[111] Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747
Computing Charles Babbage[112] Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime
Cybernetics Norbert Wiener[113][114]
Gastrointestinal physiologyWilliam Beaumont[115]
Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel Founder of genetics[116]
Green Revolution Norman Borlaug
Modern bladesmithing William F. Moran Founder of the American Bladesmith Society
Modern kinematics Ferdinand Freudenstein Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms[117]
Modern Knifemaking Bob Loveless Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild
Modern Linguistics Noam Chomsky
Nanotechnology Richard Smalley Nobel Prize Biography[118]
Photography Louis Daguerre[119]
Nicéphore Niépce[120]
William Henry Fox Talbot[121]
Thomas Wedgwood[122]
Robotics Al-Jazari[123][124]Banū Mūsā brothers[125] Al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206[126]

The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine

Computing

SubjectFather/motherReason
C (programming language) Dennis Ritchie
AssemblerPigott|1995}}
Compiler John Backus Credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954
Computer Charles Babbage[127]The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
Alan Turing[128][129]Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936)
John V. Atanasoff[130] Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
Konrad Zuse[131]Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer
John von Neumann[132] Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart.
John W. Mauchly[133]
J.Presper Eckert[134]		 Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer program Ada Lovelace Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed.
Internet Vint Cerf[135][136]
Bob Kahn[137]		Co-invented Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in 1973, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite.[138]
Microprocessor Marcian Hoff[139]
Masatoshi Shima[140]
Pentium microprocessor Vinod Dham[141][142] The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386,[143] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU.[144] Dham was general manager of the P5 group.[145] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
Personal computer Chuck Peddle[146] Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts[147]
André Truong Trong Thi[148]
Programmable logic controllerdate=August 2007}}
Search engine Alan Emtage[149][150][151] Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGML Charles Goldfarb[152]
World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee[153]
Visual Basic Alan Cooper[154]
XML Jon Bosak[155]
Wi-Fi Vic Hayes

Inventions

SubjectFather/motherReason
Airplane Wright brothers[156][157][158]Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based.
Air conditioning Willis Carrier[159]
Battery Alessandro Volta[160]Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile.
Chronograph George Graham[110][161] Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism
Color photography Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky[162] A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia.
Compact Disc Kees Immink[163]
Ekranoplan Rostislav Alexeev[164]Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy.
Modern firearms John Moses Browning[165]Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage
Glow plug engine Ray Arden[166] Invented the first glow plug for model engines
Helicopter Igor Sikorsky[167] Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Instant noodle Momofuku Ando[168] Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese television Kenjiro Takayanagi[169][170]
Jet engine Frank Whittle[171][172]
Karaoke Daisuke Inoue[173] Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
Laser Charles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction system Alexander Stepanovich Popov The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometer John Harrison[174]
Mobile phone Martin Cooper[175]
Periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev[176]Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
Plastics Leo Baekeland Baekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907.
Radio Guglielmo Marconi[177]
Jagdish Chandra Bose[178]		The research of these pioneers led to the invention of radio
Radio (Radio broadcasting)date=August 2007}}
David Sarnoff{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}		 Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio)date=August 2007}} Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Radiotelephony Reginald Fessenden[179][180]
Spread spectrum Paul Beard[181] Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use.
Telephone Johann Philipp Reis
Antonio Meucci
Alexander Graham Bell[182]		 See Invention of the telephone
Television Philo T. Farnsworth[183]Vladimir Zworykin[184][185]John Logie Baird[186][187] Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system.
Tokamak Lev Artsimovich
Tube structure Fazlur Rahman Khan[188] One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.

Towns, cities, and regions

SubjectFather/Mother Reason
British Columbia James Douglas[189] Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia.
Lan Kwai Fong Allan Zeman[190] Noted for turning a small square of streets in Central, into a thriving bar and night life districts in Hong Kong.
Miami, Florida Henry Flagler[191] Builder of the Florida East Coast Railway
San Bernardino County, California Jefferson Hunt[192] Captain in the Mormon Battalion (1846), California State Legislator (1852), Brigadier General of the California Militia (1855)

Transport

SubjectFather/mother Reason
20th century American car industry Henry Ford[193] Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway System Dwight D. Eisenhower[194] Proposed and signed the act which created the System
Automatic transmission Oscar Banker[195][196]
Flight simulator Edwin Albert Link[197] Developed the Link Trainer
Full-suspension mountain bike Jon Whyte[198]Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes.
Electric Automobile (Flocken Elektrowagen) Andreas Flocken
Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) Carl Benz
Gasoline Omnibus Carl Benz
Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach
Gasoline Truck Gottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz
High-performance VW industry Gene Berg[199]
Hot rod Ed Winfield[200]
Import car culture RJ DeVera[201] Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom Kulture Von Dutch[202]
Maglev Hermann Kemper
Monster truck Bob Chandler[203]Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history
Mountain bike Gary Fisher[204]
Rock Crawling Marlin Czajkowski[205]In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations.
Rotary engine Felix Wankel[206][207]
Route 66 Cyrus Avery[208]
Tailfin Harley Earl[209][210][211]
Traffic safety William Phelps Eno[212]
Trolleybus (Electromote) Werner von Siemens
Turbocharged engine Paul Rosche[213] A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo.
Yellow school bus Frank W. Cyr[214]

See also

  • List of inventors
  • Father of medicare
  • Founders of statistics
  • Father of the House (politics)

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://eliteequestrian.us/first-rodeo-cowboy-in-canadas-sports-hall-of-fame/|title=First Rodeo Cowboy in Canada's Sports Hall of Fame|website=Eliteequestrian.us|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
2. ^The Miniatures Page. The World of Miniatures - An Overview.
3. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910043838/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS218035+15-Jan-2009+PRN20090115 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2012-09-10 | work=Reuters | title=Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto, 'The Father of Modern Video Games,' Receives The Jim | date=2009-01-15 }}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Rausch |first=Allen |date=August 15, 2004 |title=Gary Gygax Interview - Part I |work=GameSpy |url=http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html |accessdate=2005-01-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5bJGH9dTI?url=http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html |archivedate=2008-10-04 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Hideo Kojima 'GDC 2009 Keynote' video Part 2 of 4|publisher=1UP.com|date=March 26, 2009|url=http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175|accessdate=2010-04-01|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120712012022/http://gamevideos.1up.com/video/id/24175|archivedate=July 12, 2012|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm|title=Alanemrich.com|website=Alanemrich.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607125435/http://www.alanemrich.com/CSR_pages/CSRfoundingfather.htm|archivedate=2007-06-07|df=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8194|title=Oswald Boelcke (1891 - 1916) - Find A Grave Memorial|website=Findagrave.com|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
8. ^{{cite book |last=Lichello |first=R. |year=1971 |title=Enrico Fermi: Father of the Atomic Bomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh8eKgAACAAJ&dq=Lichello |publisher=SamHar Press |isbn=978-0-87157-011-6}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm|title=J Robert Oppenheimer Biography of Manhattan Project Director|author=Jennifer Rosenberg|work=About.com Education|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
10. ^Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p. 5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hungarian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
11. ^{{cite web|title=Heinz Guderian|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/heinz_guderian.htm|accessdate=2009-05-26|author=Chris Trueman}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=General Heinz Guderian: The Father of Blitzkrieg |url=http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm |author=Chris Shimp |date=March 1, 2001 |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012074616/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cshimp/guderian.htm |archivedate=October 12, 2008 |df= }}
13. ^"'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." The New York Times, December 31, 1965, p. 19. Story opens: "Albany, December 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
14. ^{{cite book | last=Jeffries | first=John | authorlink= | year=2001 | title=Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr | publisher=Fordham Univ Press |page=162 |isbn=978-0-8232-2110-3 |quote='Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'}}
15. ^"Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," The New York Times, December 6, 1957, p. 33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
16. ^{{cite book | last=Galantin | first=I. J. | authorlink= | year=1997 | title=Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles | publisher=University of Illinois Press | location= | isbn=978-0-252-06675-7}}, p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
17. ^{{cite book| last=Warner| first=Oliver |year=1973 |title=Great Battle Fleets |publisher=Hamlyn | page=98 | isbn=978-0-600-33913-7 |quote={{ISBN|978-0-600-33913-7}}}}
18. ^{{cite book | last = Lanning| first =Col. Michael Lee| authorlink = | title = Blood Warriors: American Military Elites | publisher = Ballantine| date = October 29, 2002| pages = 368 |location= New York|isbn =978-0-345-44891-0 }}
19. ^{{cite book| last=Warner| first=Oliver |year=1973 |title=Great Battle Fleets |publisher=Hamlyn | page=96 | isbn=978-0-600-33913-7 |quote={{ISBN|978-0-600-33913-7}}}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821190529/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboelcke.htm |archivedate=2009-08-21 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/hugh-trenchard|title=Westminster Abbey » Hugh Trenchard|website=Westminster-abbey.org|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/|title=Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights|accessdate=2007-03-03 |work=Center for the History of Physics|publisher=American Institute of Physics }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm |title=General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne |accessdate=2008-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612100930/http://www.screamingeagle.org/WilliamLeeChapter/williamclee.htm |archivedate=2008-06-12 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
24. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&printsec=frontcover |title=From Da to Yes: understanding the East Europeans |author=Yale Richmond |page=72 |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-877864-30-8 |quote={{ISBN|978-1-877864-30-8}}}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cowboysindians.com/2014/07/bents-old-fort/|title=Bent's Old Fort - Cowboys and Indians Magazine|date=21 July 2014|publisher=}}
26. ^{{cite episode|title=George Washington to James Monroe: 1789-1825|last=Hermann|first=Edward|series=The Presidents: The Lives and Legacies of the 43 Leaders of the United States|serieslink=The Presidents (DVD)|year=2005|network=History}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm |title=Commodore Barry |accessdate=2007-06-16 |author=John Barry Kelly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805232138/http://www.ushistory.org/people/commodorebarry.htm |archivedate=2013-08-05 |df= }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/RevAmerica/4-Where/JPJ.html|title=Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy--John Paul Jones|website=Hoover.archives.gov|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229021115/http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/RevAmerica/4-Where/JPJ.html|archive-date=29 December 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.neobuggy.net/2012/12/10/worlds-12-feature-whos-here/|title=Worlds '12 Feature: Who's Here|last=|first=|date=|website=NeoBuggy.net|access-date=2016-10-12}}
30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/|title=Behind the Scenes with Kyosho's Yuichi Kanai|last=|first=|date=|website=NeoBuggy.net|access-date=2016-10-12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013005259/https://www.neobuggy.net/2014/08/13/behind-the-scenes-with-kyoshos-yuichi-kanai/|archivedate=2016-10-13|df=}}
31. ^{{College Football HoF|id=2080|name=Walter Camp }}
32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163 |title=Motorcycle Hall of Fame: Edison Dye |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050706074647/http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/hofbiopage.asp?id=163 |archivedate=2005-07-06 |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-11-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109231918/http://www.wheels.ca/newsFeatures/article/485678 |archivedate=2009-01-09 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=cosmos |title=ESPN.com - E-Ticket: When Soccer Ruled The USA |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
35. ^{{cite book |title=New International Encyclopedia |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |year=1914 |location=New York City |pages=Fathers|title-link=New International Encyclopedia }}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?29dad5a85ad4a91b972b9815e85fdcdc3bfcdc0aec28d6eda0a70c |title=32 |publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics |accessdate=2013-08-21 |quote=Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886-29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football.}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang=en_US |title=Pro Shop & Clubhouse |work=Algodon Wine Estates |publisher=InvestProperty Group, LLC |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |quote=Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824020735/http://www.algodonwineestates.com/en_US/tourism/golf/proshop/_view/lang%3Den_US |archivedate=2013-08-24 |df= }}
38. ^{{cite news |title=Nazis' Argentine village hide-out pulls in tourists |first=Seamus |last=Mirodan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1454352/Nazis-Argentine-village-hide-out-pulls-in-tourists.html |newspaper=The Sunday Telegraph |date=February 14, 2004 |accessdate=2013-08-21 |quote=Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth. |location=London}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-06-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521074341/http://www.sportsbooks.net/soccer/history.html |archivedate=2009-05-21 |df= }}
40. ^"Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers%5Fand%5Fhonorees/hofer%5Fbios/chadwick%5Fhenry.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421220423/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/Chadwick_Henry.htm |archivedate=2006-04-21 |df= }}. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
41. ^{{gutenberg|no=9477|name=Spalding's Baseball Guide and Official League Book for 1889, ed. Henry Chadwick}}: "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
42. ^"Matty" at Harvard; The New York Times, February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
43. ^Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," The New York Times, April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson |accessdate=September 9, 2013 |title=Edwin Bancroft Henderson |work=Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame |publisher=CBS Interactive |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113205217/http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/eb-henderson |archivedate=January 13, 2014 |df= }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27|title=Scot Breithaupt, Founding Father of BMX|last=BMXUltra.com|date=6 August 2007|website=Citra Cycling Club|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714131655/http://citracycling.multiply.com/journal/item/27|archivedate=14 July 2011|deadurl=yes|accessdate=10 August 2017|df=}}
46. ^{{cite book |last= Hamilton |first= Aidan | title= An Entirely Different Game, The British Influence on Brazilian Football |year= 1998 |publisher= Mainstream Publishing |isbn=978-1-84018-041-1}}
47. ^{{cite book |title=Mazda Motorsports: 20 Victorious Years in America |last=Goudinoff |first=Connie |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Motorbooks International |location= |isbn=978-0-87938-582-8 |page=96 |url= |accessdate=}}
48. ^Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902–1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pp. 243, 519.
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mshf.com/hof/parks_wally.htm|title=Parks, Wally - Drag Racing - 1993|website=Mshf.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
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52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/the-history-of-drifting-ar111147.html |title=The History of Drifting |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://boarding.com/skate/video/totalvid/2/7.html|title=Skateboarding Video and Skateboarding Movies - Skate DVD and Skateboard Video Downloads|website=Boarding.com|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
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55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hull.co.uk/websitefiles/Did%20You%20Know.pdf|title=Welcome - Bondholders - Marketing The Humber|website=Hull.co.uk|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkbike.com/news/article1273.html|title=Haro signs Cody Warren and Kyle Strait|work=Pinkbike|accessdate=10 January 2016|date=2003-04-09}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.23mag.com/com/haro/haro.htm|title=* HARO BMX COMPANY @ 23MAG BMX|website=23mag.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
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60. ^"Frank Choi, the father of import drag racing, has done it again..." {{cite web|url=http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130095505/http://turbohightechperformance.automotive.com/65970/turp-0311-battle-in-virginia-drag-race/index.html |archivedate=2010-01-30 |df= }}
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62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829|title=Target : Expect More. Pay Less.|website=Target.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103115610/http://www.target.com/William-Garbutt-Father-Italian-Football/dp/1899807829|archivedate=3 November 2011|df=}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9 |title=The Social Impact of Japanese Baseball |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824110024/http://voices.yahoo.com/the-social-impact-japanese-baseball-13410.html?cat=9 |archivedate=2013-08-24 |df= }}
64. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/10/01/a_passion_for_the_sox_in_kyotos_fenway_park/?page=2 |work=The Boston Globe |title=A passion for the Sox in Kyoto's Fenway Park |first=Christopher |last=Klein |date=2006-10-01}}
65. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fathers-and-mothers-of-invention-ultimate-victims-of-their-own-success-569681.html |work=The Independent |location=London |title=Fathers (and mothers) of invention: ultimate victims of their own success |date=2004-02-12 |accessdate=2010-05-08}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm|title=Art Ingels|website=Vintagekarts.com|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
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69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml |title=Contact Support |publisher= |accessdate=12 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020223060749/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml |archivedate=23 February 2002 |df= }}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/history-lacrosse.htm|title=The Rules of Lacrosse. History And Origins Of Lacrosse.|website=Collegesportsscholarships.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html |title=Aboriginal Innovations in Arts, Science and Technology Handbook |publisher=Lakehead University |accessdate=10 January 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180718/http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html |archivedate=13 May 2007 |df= }}
72. ^{{cite web|url= http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/sports/2013/07/600_139580.html |title=Moon Dai-won: father of Mexican taekwondo |publisher= Korea Times |accessdate=October 19, 2014|date=2013-07-19 }}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.toledonewsnow.com/story/26613349/on-this-day-in-history-september-24th-1935|title=On this day in history - September 24th, 1935|author=Wil Nunnery|date=24 September 2014|website=Toledonewsnow.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
74. ^The Bartitsu Compendium Volumes 1 and 2
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-07-04/news/8602170707_1_model-airplanes-mr-ott-joseph-ott|title=Joseph Ott, Designer Of Model Planes|work=tribunedigital-chicagotribune|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-06-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617225402/http://www.musclepowershop.com/2009/04/eugene-sandow-father-of-bodybuilding.html |archivedate=2009-06-17 |df= }}
77. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026121506/http://www.gov.ca.gov/press-release/2761/ | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2008-10-26 | title=Governor Schwarzenegger Issues Statement on Death of Harold Zinkin, Father of Modern Bodybuilding - Press Release by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1 |title=James Figg: Father of Modern Boxing |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802191321/http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=4864&more=1 |archivedate=2012-08-02 |df= }}
79. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.icestagearchive.com/haines.html |work=Roy Blakey's Icestage Archive |title=Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/blogs/the-football-professor-a-profile-of-dettmar-cramer|title=The football professor: a profile of Dettmar Cramer|date=19 October 2011|work=World Soccer|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20130722/cowboy-legend-earl-bascom-was-a-rodeo-pioneer-and-western-artist|title=Cowboy legend Earl Bascom was a rodeo pioneer and Western artist|website=Sbsun.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|date=2013-07-22}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/478127-king-of-the-court-jack-kramer-the-father-of-modern-tennis|title=King of the Court "Jack" Kramer: The Father of Modern Tennis|author=JA Allen|work=Bleacher Report|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
83. ^{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/754426-puroresu-why-i-believe-its-the-best-pro-wrestling-style-internationally|title=Puroresu: Why I Believe It's the Best Pro-Wrestling Style Internationally|author=Jacob Waring|work=Bleacher Report|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
84. ^{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/30/sport/lee-pearson-dressage-rio-2016-equestrian/index.html|title=Lee Pearson: Out of two closets, into Paralympic glory|last=CNN|first=Ollie Williams and Olivia Yasukawa|website=CNN|access-date=2016-09-14}}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.efra.ws/index.php?id=388&newsid=956&frompageid=354&start=0&p_f=25&e=0&c=0&s=0&y=2011-01-01|title=Detail News|website=News.efra.ws|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rccaraction.com/blog/2013/06/06/rc-car-action-honors-roger-curtis-with-rc-hall-of-fame-induction/|title=RC Car Action honors Roger Curtis with RC Hall of Fame Induction|work=RC Car Action|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
87. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027082814/http://geocities.com/giorgio_santelli_csaba_elthes/Italo_Santelli.htm Santelli bio] including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler December 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211121953/http://www.surfingmuseum.org/collection/duke/duke.html |archivedate=2008-12-11 |df= }}
89. ^Elgin, Fran, et al. Editors. "Mohahve VI, A Collection of Histories", Hesperia, California, USA: Mohahve Historical Society, 2011. pp. 77.
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html|title=Blogger|website=Basicbloganomics.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520154640/http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2009/03/first-fa-cup-final-on-march-16-1872.html|archivedate=20 May 2012|df=}}
91. ^File:WWEplaque 700.jpg
92. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-10-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404010404/http://www.divingalmanac.com/article.php?article_id=3053&PHPSESSID=c017e3b7c4eb770b978b9ff0900b5ba2 |archivedate=2012-04-04 |df= }}
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94. ^  {{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
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96. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1 |title=NESCAFÉ 3in1 & Burton in an expectedly good snowboard combination |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824012855/http://www.nestle.bg/news.details.asp?lang=1&nid=48&page=1 |archivedate=2011-08-24 |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
97. ^"The Hall dinner and ceremony that also would include induction of William H.G. France, the father of stock car racing" {{cite web|url=http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114043826/http://books.simonandschuster.com/Wildest-Ride/Joe-Menzer/9780743226257/excerpt_with_id/14145 |archivedate=2012-11-14 |df= }}
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99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html|title=Driving Today: Who Killed Mickey Thompson?|website=Drivingtoday.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527122954/http://www.drivingtoday.com/wcco/features/archive/thompson/index.html|archivedate=27 May 2011|df=}}
100. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html |title=Chirkinian's impact on televised golf can't be overstated |first=Craig |last=Dolch |work=PGATOUR.com |date=March 4, 2011 |quote=Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306140017/http://www.pgatour.com/2011/r/03/04/dolch-column-chirkinian/index.html |archivedate=2011-03-06 |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
101. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/sports/golf/06chirkinian.html |title=Frank Chirkinian, the Father of Televised Golf, Dies at 84 |first=Richard |last=Goldstein |work=The New York Times |date=March 5, 2011 |accessdate=2013-08-21 |quote=Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television,” Jim Nantz, CBS’s longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. “He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life.}}
102. ^{{cite web | title = Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist) | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet | publisher = Britannica | accessdate = 2009-07-26 | quote = English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.}}
103. ^{{cite web | title = The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling | url = http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html | publisher = | accessdate = 2009-07-26 | quote = Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.}}
104. ^Albert Gallatin Mackey, The Builder Magazine, December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/astros/tsivskiy.htm|title=Tsiolkovskiy|website=Astronautix.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
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107. ^{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/astros/goddard.htm|title=Goddard|website=Astronautix.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/astros/oberth.htm|title=Oberth|website=Astronautix.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
109. ^Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 36. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); {{ISBN|0-89526-038-7}}.
110. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.watchtime.com/2010/03/the-man-behind-the-brand-george-graham/ |title=The Man Behind the Brand: George Graham |accessdate=20 August 2013}}
111. ^{{cite web |url=http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html |title=A brief history of clinical trials |work=The Human Genome |last=Twyman |first=Richard |date=22 September 2004 |publisher=Wellcome Trust |accessdate=29 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215042751/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020948.html |archivedate=15 December 2009 |df= }}
112. ^{{cite book|last=Lee|first=J.A.N.|year=1995|title=International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1-884964-47-3}}
113. ^{{cite book | last=Belzer | first=Belzer | authorlink= | year=1977 | origyear= |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 7 - Curve Fitting to Early Development... | publisher=Marcel Dekker | location= | isbn=978-0-262-73009-9}}, p. 55: "It is probably not an accident that the 'father of cybernetics,' Norbert Wiener, …"
114. ^{{cite book | last=Wiener | first=Norbert | authorlink= | year=1965 | origyear=1948 | title=Cybernetics, Second Edition: or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine | publisher=MIT Press | location= | isbn=978-0-8247-2257-9}} (Wiener is credited with coining the term in its common modern usage)
115. ^{{Cite web|url=https://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=nlmfindaid;cc=nlmfindaid;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=beaumont131|title=William Beaumont Papers|last=|first=|date=|website=oculus.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2018-09-26}}
116. ^{{cite book |author=Bowler, Peter J. |title=Evolution: the history of an idea |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=978-0-520-23693-6 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
117. ^{{cite book |title=Life and career of Ferdinand Freudenstein |volume=1 |pages=151–181 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6366-4_7 |chapter = Ferdinand Freudenstein (1926–2006)|series = History of Mechanism and Machine Science|year = 2007|last1 = Roth|first1 = Bernard|isbn=978-1-4020-6365-7 }}
118. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-bio.html|title=Richard E. Smalley - Biographical |accessdate=2014-06-12}}
119. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20 |title=The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science |first=M. Susan |last=Barger |author2=William B. White |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2000 |page=20 |isbn=978-0-8018-6458-2 |quote=Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre... |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
120. ^{{cite book|title=The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science|first=M. Susan|last=Barger|author2=William B. White |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8018-6458-2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=FLTyvuWX6MMC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17 |page=17 |quote=The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce.... |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
121. ^{{cite book|title=Who's Who in Victorian Britain|first=Roger|last=Ellis|year=2001|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-1640-6 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=V433uVHqzDcC&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=%22father+of+photography%22 |page=116|quote=cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965" |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
122. ^{{cite book|title=Opium: A History|first=Martin|last=Booth|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-20667-3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=kHRyZEQ5rC4C&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30 |page=30 |quote=Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography. |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
123. ^{{cite book|title=Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2|year=2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789048123452|editor=Marco Ceccarelli |url=http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp |accessdate=2013-08-20 |page=13|quote=Other chapters of Al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007).}}
124. ^{{cite book|title=Syria, 2nd|year=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |url=http://www.abebooks.com/9781841623146/Bradt-Travel-Guide-Syria-Darke-1841623148/plp |isbn=9781841623146|author=Diana Darke|page=98|quote=One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics. |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
125. ^Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators", Mechanism and Machine Theory, Elsevier, 36 (5): 589–603, doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
126. ^{{cite book |title=Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies, Part 2 |year=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789048123452 |editor=Marco Ceccarelli |chapter-url=http://www.abebooks.com/9789048123452/9048123453/plp |accessdate=2013-08-20 |page=4 |chapter=Al-Jazari |quote=Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005).}}
127. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XPQkgaAd-LQC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=My+Big+Book+of+Computers+6#v=onepage&q=My%20Big%20Book%20of%20Computers%206&f=false |title=My Big Book of Computers 6|publisher=Ratna Sagar|isbn=9788170708827|author=BPB Publications|accessdate=4 July 2012|page=7|quote=Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers.}}
128. ^{{cite news | title = Alan Turing - Time 100 People of the Century | url = http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html | publisher = Time | accessdate = 2009-06-13 | quote = The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine | first=Paul | last=Gray | date=1999-03-29}}
129. ^'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June 2004
130. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html |title=Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91 |accessdate=2006-07-28 |last=Bruner |first=Jeffrey |work=Rebuilding the ABC |publisher=Ames Laboratory |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828012547/http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html |archivedate=2006-08-28 |df= }}
131. ^Konrad Zuse's versus John von Neumann's Computer Concepts {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104145032/http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/Neumann_vs_Zuse.html |date=November 4, 2007 }}.
132. ^The Modern History of Computing - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
133. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html |title=Inventor Profile: John Mauchly |work=Invent Now - Hall of Fame |publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame |location=North Canton, OH, USA |date=March 29, 2004 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824135331/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/182.html |archivedate=August 24, 2013 |df= }}
134. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html |title=Inventor Profile: J. Presper Eckert |work=Invent Now - Hall of Fame |publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame |location=North Canton, OH, USA |date=March 29, 2004 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805075654/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/181.html |archivedate=August 5, 2013 |df= }}
135. ^Making Televised Emergency Information Accessible from the Gallaudet University website
136. ^Although it's a title he objects to (see Interview with Vinton Cerf {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092123/http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview |date=June 9, 2007 }}, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn in particularly as being someone with whom he should share that title.
137. ^Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", The Register, Thursday 18 January
138. ^{{cite web|title=Fascinating facts about the invention of the Internet by Vinton Cerf in 1973|publisher=The Great Idea Finder|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/internet.htm}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rpi.edu/about/alumni/inductees/hoff.html|title=RPI Alumni Hall of Fame: Marcian E. Hoff|website=Rpi.edu|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
140. ^{{cite web|title=Kosaku Inagaki's Home Page |publisher=Kyoto University |url=http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp |accessdate=2010-04-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203043622/http://inagaki.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ |archivedate=2011-02-03 |df= }}
141. ^The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
142. ^Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
143. ^p. 54, "Intel Turns 35: Now What?", David L. Margulius, InfoWorld, July 21, 2003, ISSN 0199-6649.
144. ^p. 21, "Architecture of the Pentium microprocessor", D. Alpert and D. Avnon, IEEE Micro, 13, #3 (June 1993), pp. 11–21, {{doi|10.1109/40.216745}}.
145. ^p. 90, "Inside Intel", Business Week, #3268, June 1, 1992.
146. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.commodore.ca/history/people/chuck_peddle/chuck_peddle.htm|title=commodore.ca - History - Chuck Peddle Inventor of the Personal Computer|website=Commodore.ca|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
147. ^{{cite news |title=Microsoft founders lead tributes to 'father of the PC' |publisher=BBC News |date=April 2, 2010 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8600493.stm |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
148. ^[https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/09/6850 A Talk with the Father of Computing] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317012805/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/1997/09/6850 |date=March 17, 2010 }}, Wired Magazine
149. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/The-Fathers-of-Computing/15/|title=The Fathers of Computing|website=Eweek.com|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
150. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhope.com/history/internet.htm|title=History of the Internet|website=Computerhope.com|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
151. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.evancarmichael.com/Home-Based-Business/3010/History-of-the-Search-Engine--What-Came-Before-Google.html|title=History of the Search Engine - What Came Before Google?|first=Jeff|last=Casmer|website=Evancarmichael.com|accessdate=10 August 2017}}
152. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html|title=XML for Newcomers and Managers - Part I|date=27 September 2007|accessdate=10 August 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004047/http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html|archivedate=27 September 2007|df=}}
153. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/01/28/nweb228.xml Three loud cheers for the father of the web], 28 January 2005, Telegraph.co.uk
154. ^Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
155. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/02/xtech/bosak.html|title=XML.com|author=Edd Dumbill|date=29 February 2000|website=Xml.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
156. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/|title=The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813220152/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/|archivedate=August 13, 2015|deadurl=no}}
157. ^{{cite journal|url=http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/|title=Following the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories Symposium Papers|journal=Following in the Footsteps of the Wright Brothers: Their Sites and Stories|author=Mary Ann. Johnson|date=September 28, 2001|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619100928/http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/following/symposium/program/3/|archivedate=June 19, 2015 |deadurl=no}}
158. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm|title=Flying through the ages|publisher=BBC News|date=March 19, 1999|accessdate=March 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021044458/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/11/98/great_balloon_challenge/299568.stm|archivedate=October 21, 2014|deadurl=no}}
159. ^{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm|title=The Father of Cool - Willis Haviland Carrier and Air Conditioning|work=About.com Inventors|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
160. ^{{cite web |title=Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799 |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Volta%27s_Electrical_Battery_Invention,_1799 |website=Ieeeghn.org |publisher=IEEE Global History Network |accessdate=18 February 2015}}
161. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133|title=thetimetv.com - Brawn GP Announces New Team Partnership with Graham-London|website=Thetimetv.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121143459/http://www.thetimetv.com/news-brawn-announces-new-team-partnership-with-graham-london-859-133|archivedate=21 January 2016|df=}}
162. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html|title=Photographer to the Tsar - The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibitions - Library of Congress|website=Loc.gov|accessdate=10 January 2016|date=2001-04-17}}
163. ^  {{dead link|date=August 2017}}
164. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/22/caspian_sea_monster/|title=In search of the Caspian Sea Monster|website=Theregister.co.uk|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gun-designer-john-browning-is-born|title=Gun designer John Browning is born - Jan 21, 1855 |website=HISTORY.com|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
166. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/arden.htm|title=Model Engine Builders—Ray Arden|website=Craftsmanshipmuseum.com/|accessdate=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224201840/http://www.craftsmanshipmuseum.com/Arden.htm|archive-date=24 December 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
167. ^Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first. He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based, an article from inventors.About.com by Mary Bellis
168. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-10-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228051002/http://www.wakin-web.com/Wakin/NewsVault/InstantNoodles.html |archivedate=2009-12-28 |df= }}
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ |title=Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television |accessdate=2006-12-09 |publisher=NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ |archivedate=2016-01-01 |df= }}
170. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6D61231F936A15754C0A966958260|title= Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)|accessdate=2006-12-09|publisher=New York Times | date=1990-07-25}}
171. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/4362374.stm | work=BBC News | title=Sculpture to jet engine inventor | date=2005-10-20 | accessdate=2010-05-08}}
172. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thaitechnics.com/engine/engine_intro.html|title=AIRCRAFT ENGINE|website=Thaitechnics.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
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174. ^{{cite news|url=http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm |title=John Harrison (1693-1776) |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2013-08-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022211857/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/clocks-n-watches/watch/watches/harrison/index.htm |archivedate=2012-10-22 |df= }}
175. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/8639590.stm | work=BBC News |title=Meet the man who invented the mobile phone |date=2010-04-23 |accessdate=2010-05-08}}
176. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/atomic_structure/periodictablerev1.shtml | work=BBC - GCSE Bitesize |title=Mendeleev's periodic table |accessdate=2012-06-22}}
177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marconiusa.org/marconi/index.html|title=御神輿を担ぐ！！|website=Marconiusa.org|accessdate=12 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624084655/http://www.marconiusa.org/marconi/index.html|archivedate=24 June 2016|df=}}
178. ^{{cite conference |title=Sir J.C. Bose and radio science |last1=Sen |first1=A. K. |date=1997 |publisher=IEEE |book-title=Microwave Symposium Digest |pages=557–560 |location=Denver, CO |conference=IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |isbn=0-7803-3814-6 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602854}}
179. ^{{cite book|title=Take Today; the Executive as Dropout|last=McLuhan|first=Marshall|author2=Barrington Nevitt|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1972|isbn=978-0-15-187830-7}} "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0151878307&id=nID6mwAvEiwC&q=fessenden+%22father+of%22&pgis=1]
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181. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf |title=Untitled Page |accessdate=2016-01-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220182902/https://www.modelaircraft.org/files/BeardPaul.pdf |archivedate=2015-12-20 |df= }}
182. ^{{cite book | last=Van Meggelen | first=Jim | authorlink= |author2=Jared Smith |author3=Leif Madsen | year=2005 | title=Asterisk: The Future of Telephony | publisher=O'Reilly | location= | isbn=978-0-596-00962-5}}, p. 190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
183. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/farnsworthp/farnsworthp.htm |work=Society of Television Engineers |title=Philo Farnsworth |accessdate=2013-08-21 |quote=Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit???}}
184. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Vladimir_Zworykin |title=Zworykin at IEEE Global History Network |accessdate=2008-03-03|quote="the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin"}}
185. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Z/htmlZ/zworykinvla/zworykinvla.htm |title=Zworykin at Museum.TV |accessdate=2008-03-03|quote="inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television"."}}
186. ^{{cite web | title = John Logie Baird: TV Inventor | url = http://www.sydenham.org.uk/john_logie_baird.html | publisher = | accessdate = 2009-07-26 | quote = John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system.}}
187. ^{{cite web | title = The World's First High Definition Color Television System | url = http://www.bairdtelevision.com/colour.html | publisher = | accessdate = 2009-07-26 | quote =}}
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192. ^{{cite web|url=http://sbcsentinel.com/2015/01/jefferson-hunt-the-father-of-san-bernardino-county/|title=Jefferson Hunt – The Father Of San Bernardino County - SBCSentinel|website=sbcsentinel.com}}
193. ^{{cite web|url=http://trendsupdates.com/henry-ford-father-of-20th-century-american-industry/|title=Henry Ford: Father of 20th century American industry|website=Trendsupdates.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
194. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/faq.htm |work=Federal Highway Administration |title=Frequently Asked Questions |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
195. ^{{cite web|title=Oscar H. Banker Asadour Sarafian|url=http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf|publisher=Armenian Arts|accessdate=27 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723093717/http://armenianarts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Armenian-Arts-January-2012.pdf|archivedate=23 July 2013|df=}}
196. ^{{cite book|last=Mouradian|first=George|title=Armenian infotext|year=1995|publisher=Bookshelf Publishers|location=Southgate, Mich.|isbn=9780963450920|edition=1st}}
197. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507222300/http://www.binghamton.edu/watson/professional-development/programs/flight-simulation/ |archivedate=2013-05-07 |df= }}
198. ^{{cite web|url=https://bikemagic.com/news/jon-whyte-leaves-atb-sales.html|title=Jon Whyte leaves ATB Sales - Bike Magic|website=Bikemagic.com|accessdate=12 October 2016}}
199. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html |title=Who's Who of Volkswagen |author=VW Trends - TEN: The Enthusiast Network |date=26 March 2009 |work=VW Trends |accessdate=10 January 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0106vwt_people/index.html |archivedate=15 April 2012 |df= }}
200. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hemmings.com/mus/stories/2008/02/01/hmn_feature17.html|title=Ed Winfield|website=Hemmings.com|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
201. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603104831/http://www.versusmotorsport.com/about_us.php |archivedate=2009-06-03 |df= }}
202. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hotrod.com/eventcoverage/kustom_kulture_tribute/index.html|title=A Tribute to a Founding Father of Kustom Kulture|date=1 December 2000|work=Hot Rod|accessdate=10 January 2016}}
203. ^  {{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
204. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0 |title=Gary Fisher's busy day |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223160833/http://www.bvv.cz/i2000/Akce/b-slife.nsf/WWWAllPDocsID/BEXP-7L6PQ9?OpenDocument&LANG=GB&NAV=1&ID=0 |archivedate=2008-12-23 |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
205. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion|title=About|website=Marlincrawler.com|accessdate=10 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130128082819/http://www.marlincrawler.com/about#passion|archivedate=28 January 2013|df=}}
206. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20031012203809/http://irishcar.com/wankelge.htm]
207. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-09-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023180558/http://www.rotorhead.ca/articles/2002/12/22/felix-wankel-bio/ |archivedate=2010-10-23 |df= }}
208. ^{{cite book | last=Steil | first=Tim | authorlink= | year=2000 | title=Route 66 | publisher=MBI Publishing Company | location=| isbn=978-0-7603-0747-2|page=18|quote=Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year.}}
209. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=X91l3wqJnikC&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=%22father+of+the+tail+fin%22#v=onepage&q=%22father%20of%20the%20tail%20fin%22&f=false |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780807895726 |pages=360 |title=Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
210. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/travel/driving-most-cars-are-born-as-models-of-clay.html?src=pm | work=The New York Times | first=Dan | last=McCosh | title=DRIVING; Most Cars Are Born As Models of Clay | date=2003-03-07}}
211. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/ |title=This website is currently unavailable |accessdate=2010-12-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070510/http://www.retrofuture.com/index.php/2009/01/24/harley-earls-dream-car-the-firebird-iii/ |archivedate=2011-07-27 |df= }}
212. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.enotrans.com/WhoWeAre_EnoBio.htm |work=Eno Transportation Foundation |title=William Phelps Eno |accessdate=2013-08-21}}
213. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/pressDetail.html?title=bmw-congratulates-paul-rosche-the-father-of-the-formula-one-world-championship-engine-turns-80-today&outputChannelId=6&id=T0175547EN&left_menu_item=node__5249|title=BMW congratulates Paul Rosche: The "father" of the Formula One World Championship engine turns 80 today.|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=3 January 2016}}
214. ^{{cite book|title=The School As a Safe Haven|first=Rollin J.|last=Watson|year=2002|publisher = Bergen Garvey/Greenwood|isbn=978-0-89789-900-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNbd6oIXm0MC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30|page=30|quote=The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism.}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Persons Considered Father Or Mother Of A Field}}

3 : Lists of people by name feature|Founders by field|Pioneers by field
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