“List of philosophers (I–Q)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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List of philosophers (I–Q)

释义

I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
References

{{Index of philosophy/header}}Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:

Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.

I

Iamblichus, (ca. 245 AD-ca. 325){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Yahya ibn Adi, (893-974){{listref|e}}
Ibn Arabi, (1164–1240){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Ibn ar-Rawandi, (c. 910){{listref|e}}
Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace), (died 1138){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain), (1110–1180){{listref|a}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Abraham ibn Ezra, (1092/3-1167){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Moses ibn Ezra, (1070–1138){{listref|e}}
Ibn Falaquera, (1223–1290){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Solomon Ibn Gabirol, (1021–1058){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Ibn Hazm, (994-1069){{listref|e}}
Ibn Kammuna, (1215–1284){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Ibn Khaldun, (1332–1406){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Ibn Masarra, (883-931){{listref|e}}
Ibn Miskawayh, (940-1030){{listref|a}}{{listref|e}}
Bahya ibn Paquda, (1040–1110){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Ibn Sabin, (1217–1268){{listref|e}}
Ibn Taymiya, (1263–1328){{listref|e}}
Samuel ibn Tibbon, (c. 1165 – 1232){{listref|f}}
Ibn Tufail, (1110–1185){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Joseph ibn Tzaddik, (c. 1149){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883–1954){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov, (1924–1979){{listref|e}}
Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270 – c. 1330){{listref|e}}
Roman Ingarden, (1893–1970){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
William Ralph Inge, (1860–1954){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
José Ingenieros, (1877–1925){{listref|b}}
Nae Ionescu, (1890–1940){{listref|b}}
Muhammad Iqbal, (1877–1938){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Luce Irigaray, (born 1930){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Terence Irwin, (born 1947){{listref|d}}
Isocrates, (436-338 BC){{listref|a}}
Isaac of Stella, (1105–1177){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Isaac Israeli, (c. 850-950){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Ito Jinsai, (1627–1705){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov, (1866–1949){{listref|b}}

J

Frank Jackson, (born 1943){{listref|d}}
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, (1743–1819){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
James of Viterbo, (1255–1308){{listref|e}}
Henry James Sr., (1811–1882){{listref|b}}
William James, (1842–1910){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Vladimir Jankélévitch, (1903–1985){{listref|b}}
Karl Jaspers, (1883–1969){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|c}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
James Hopwood Jeans, (1877–1946){{listref|b}}
Thomas Jefferson, (1743–1826){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Richard C. Jeffrey, (1926–2002){{listref|d}}
William Stanley Jevons, (1835–1882){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|f}}
Rudolf von Jhering, (1818–1892){{listref|e}}
Jinul (or Chinul), (1158–1210){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Joachim of Fiore, (1135–1201){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Friedrich Jodl, (1849–1914){{listref|b}}
John of Damascus, (c. 676-749){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of Jandun, (1280–1328){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of La Rochelle, (1190–1245){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of Mirecourt, (c. 1345){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of Paris, (1260–1306){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of Salisbury, (c. 1115 – 1180){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot), (1589–1644){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John of the Cross, (1542–1591){{listref|b}}
Alexander Bryan Johnson, (1786–1867){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Samuel Johnson, (1649–1703){{listref|e}}
Samuel Johnson, (1696–1772){{listref|b}}
Samuel Johnson, (1709–1784){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
William Ernest Johnson, (1858–1931){{listref|a}}{{listref|d}}
Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894–1969){{listref|d}}
Théodore Simon Jouffroy, (1796–1842){{listref|b}}
Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano), (1292–1330){{listref|e}}
Carl Jung, (1875–1961){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Ernst Jünger, (1895–1998){{listref|b}}
Joachim Jungius, (1587–1657){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Justinian I, (483-565){{listref|e}}
Al-Juwayni, (1028–1085){{listref|e}}

K

Franz Kafka (1883–1924){{listref|b}}
Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1740){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Kang Youwei (1858–1927){{listref|a}}
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Kao Tzu (c. 420 BC){{listref|a}}
David Kaplan (born 1933){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Mordecai Kaplan, (1881–1983){{listref|e}}
Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931){{listref|b}}
Lev Platonovich Karsavin (1882–1952){{listref|b}}
Joseph Kaspi (1279–1340) {{listref|f}}
Suzy Kassem (born 1975) {{listref|f}}
Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980){{listref|b}}
Karl Kautsky (1854–1938){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (1385–1438){{listref|e}}
Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885){{listref|b}}
Bartholomew Keckermann (1571–1609){{listref|e}}
Hans Kelsen (1881–1973){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Norman Kemp Smith (1872–1958){{listref|e}}
Anthony Kenny (born 1931){{listref|d}}
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Hermann Graf Keyserling (1880–1946){{listref|b}}
Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860){{listref|b}}
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Richard Kilvington (1302–1361){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Robert Kilwardby (1215–1279){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Jaegwon Kim (born 1934){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Al-Kindi, (801-873){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968){{listref|b}}
Ivan Kireevsky (1806–1856){{listref|b}}
Patricia Kitcher (born 1948){{listref|b}}
Ludwig Klages (1872–1956){{listref|b}}
Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
William Calvert Kneale (1906–1990){{listref|d}}
Martin Knutzen (1713–1751){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Ko Hung (4th century){{listref|a}}
Kurt Koffka, (1886–1941){{listref|b}}
Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968){{listref|e}}
Alejandro Korn (1860–1936){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Alexandre Koyre (1892–1964){{listref|e}}
Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov (1831–1901){{listref|b}}
Karl Kraus (1874–1936){{listref|d}}
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Georg Kreisel (born 1923){{listref|d}}
Saul Kripke (born 1940){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Julia Kristeva (born 1941){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Nachman Krochmal (1785–1840){{listref|e}}
Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891){{listref|e}}
Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Felix Krueger (1874–1948){{listref|b}}
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Kūkai (774-835){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Kuki Shūzō (1888–1941){{listref|e}}
Oswald Külpe (1862–1915){{listref|b}}
Kumazawa Banzan (1619–1691){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang) (c. 312){{listref|a}}

L

Ernst Laas, (1837–1885){{listref|b}}
Lucien Laberthonnière, (1860–1932){{listref|b}}
Antonio Labriola, (1843–1904){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Jean de La Bruyère, (1645–1696){{listref|b}}
Jacques Lacan, (1901–1981){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Jules Lachelier, (1832–1918){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, (born 1940){{listref|e}}
Pierre Laffitte, (1823–1903){{listref|a}}
Louis de La Forge, (1632–1666){{listref|a}}{{listref|e}}
Imre Lakatos, (1922–1974){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
André Lalande, (1867–1964){{listref|b}}
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, (1744–1829){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Johann Heinrich Lambert, (1728–1777){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais, (1752–1854){{listref|b}}
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, (1709–1751){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
François de La Mothe Le Vayer, (1588–1672){{listref|b}}
Ludwig Landgrebe, (1902–1992){{listref|b}}
Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828–1875){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Susanne Langer, (1895–1985){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu), (4th century BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|f}}
Isaac La Peyrère, (1596–1676){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Pierre-Simon Laplace, (1749–1827){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin, (1870–1952){{listref|b}}
François de La Rochefoucauld, (1613–1680){{listref|b}}
Pierre Laromiguière, (1756–1837){{listref|b}}
Abdullah Laroui, (born 1935){{listref|b}}
Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825–1864){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Johann Kaspar Lavater, (1741–1801){{listref|b}}
Louis Lavelle, (1883–1951){{listref|b}}
Antoine Lavoisier, (1743–1794){{listref|b}}
Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823–1900){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
William Law, (1686–1761){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Jean Le Clerc, (1657–1737){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Michèle Le Dœuff, (born 1948){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Henri Lefebvre, (1901–1991){{listref|e}}
Antoine Le Grand, (1629–1699){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Keith Lehrer, (born 1936){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Gottfried Leibniz, (1646–1716){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Yeshayahu Leibowitz, (1903–1994){{listref|e}}
Vladimir Lenin, (1870–1924){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Leonardo da Vinci, (1452–1519){{listref|b}}
Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831–1891){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Giacomo Leopardi, (1798–1837){{listref|b}}
Jules Lequier, (1814–1862){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Pierre Leroux, (1798–1871){{listref|a}}
Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870–1954){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
René Le Senne, (1882–1954){{listref|b}}
Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886–1939){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, (1729–1781){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Leucippus, (5th century BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Emmanuel Levinas, (1906–1995){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Claude Lévi-Strauss, (1908–2009){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857–1939){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Kurt Lewin, (1890–1947){{listref|a}}
Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883–1964){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
C. S. Lewis, (1898–1963){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
David Kellogg Lewis, (1941–2001){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Li Ao, (722-841){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873–1929){{listref|a}}
Liang Sou-ming, (1893–1988){{listref|a}}
Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, (1742–1799){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Arthur Liebert, (1878–1946){{listref|b}}
Otto Liebmann, (1840–1912){{listref|b}}
Liezi (or Lieh Tzu), (c. 440 BC – c. 360 BC){{listref|a}}
Linji Yixuan (or Lin Chi), (c. 810-867){{listref|e}}
Carl Linnaeus, (1707–1778){{listref|e}}
Theodor Lipps, (1851–1914){{listref|b}}
Justus Lipsius, (1547–1606){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Émile Littré, (1801–1881){{listref|b}}
Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898–1969){{listref|a}}
Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan), (1578–1645){{listref|a}}
Genevieve Lloyd, (born 1941){{listref|b}}
Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893–1962){{listref|e}}
Ramon Llull, (1235–1315){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John Locke, (1632–1704){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Alfred Loisy, (1857–1940){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Peter Lombard, (c. 1100 – 1160){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Bernard Lonergan, (1904–1984){{listref|e}}
Pseudo-Longinus, (1st century){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin, (1855–1920){{listref|b}}
Paul Lorenzen, (1915–1995){{listref|e}}
Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893–1988){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870–1965){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Yuri Lotman, (1922–1993){{listref|b}}
Hermann Lotze, (1817–1881){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873–1962){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
John R. Lucas, (born 1929){{listref|d}}
Lucian, (c. 120-c. 180){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Lucretius, (c. 99-55 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Lu Jiuyuan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai), (1139–1193){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Georg Lukács, (1885–1971){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878–1956){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, (1875–1933){{listref|b}}
Martin Luther, (1483–1546){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Rosa Luxemburg, (1871–1919){{listref|e}}
William Lycan, (born 1945){{listref|d}}
Jean-François Lyotard, (1924–1998){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}

M

Ernst Mach, (1838–1916){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Niccolò Machiavelli, (1469–1527){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Alasdair MacIntyre, (born 1929){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
John Leslie Mackie, (1917–1981){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Madhava, (died 1386){{listref|e}}
Shri Madhvacharya, (1238–1317){{listref|a}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Mahavira, (599-527 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|e}}
Benoît de Maillet, (1656–1738){{listref|b}}
Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua), (1753–1800){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon), (1186–1237){{listref|e}}
Maimonides (or Rambam), (1135–1204){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Maine de Biran, (1766–1824){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
John Major (or John Mair), (1467–1550){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Norman Malcolm, (1911–1990){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Nicolas Malebranche, (1638–1715){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Ernst Mally, (1879–1944){{listref|f}}
André Malraux, (1901–1976){{listref|b}}
Thomas Malthus, (1766–1834){{listref|b}}
Merab Mamardashvili, (1930–1990){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Bernard de Mandeville, (1670–1733){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Mani, (3rd century){{listref|b}}
Karl Mannheim, (1893–1947){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820–1871){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893–1976){{listref|a}}
Gabriel Marcel, (1887–1973){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Marcion, (110-160){{listref|b}}
Ruth Barcan Marcus, (1921–2012){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Herbert Marcuse, (1898–1979){{listref|a}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Joseph Maréchal, (1878–1944){{listref|b}}
Juan de Mariana, (1536–1624){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Julián Marías, (1914–2005){{listref|b}}
Jacques Maritain, (1882–1973){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Gaius Marius Victorinus, (4th century){{listref|e}}
Svetozar Marković, (1846–1875){{listref|b}}
Odo Marquard, (born 1928)
Marsilius of Inghen, (1330–1396){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine), (1270–1342){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Roger Marston, (1235–1303){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Charles B. Martin, (born 1924){{listref|d}}
Harriet Martineau, (1802–1876){{listref|e}}
James Martineau, (1805–1900){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Piero Martinetti, (1872–1943){{listref|b}}
Anton Marty, (1847–1914){{listref|b}}{{listref|f}}
Marko Marulić, (1450–1524){{listref|b}}
Karl Marx, (1818–1883){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Tomáš Masaryk, (1850–1937){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Damaris Cudworth Masham, (1659–1708){{listref|a}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Cotton Mather, (1663–1728){{listref|b}}
Matthew of Aquasparta, (1238–1302){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Pierre Louis Maupertuis, (1698–1759){{listref|b}}
Fritz Mauthner, (1849–1923){{listref|e}}
James Clerk Maxwell, (1831–1879){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
James McCosh, (1811–1894){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
William McDougall, (1871–1938){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
John McDowell, (born 1942){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Evander Bradley McGilvary, (1864–1953){{listref|b}}
Colin McGinn, (born 1950){{listref|d}}
John Ellis McTaggart, (1866–1925){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
George Herbert Mead, (1863–1931){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Bartolomé de Medina, (1527–1580){{listref|a}}
Georg Friedrich Meier, (1718–1777){{listref|b}}
Friedrich Meinecke, (1862–1954){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Alexius Meinong, (1853–1920){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Philipp Melanchthon, (1497–1560){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Melissus of Samos, (late 5th century BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
D. Hugh Mellor, (born 1938){{listref|d}}
Menasseh Ben Israel, (1604–1657){{listref|b}}
Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi), (372 – 289 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Gregor Mendel, (1822–1884){{listref|a}}
Moses Mendelssohn, (1729–1786){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851–1926){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, (1908–1961){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Marin Mersenne, (1588–1648){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Jean Meslier, (1664–1729){{listref|b}}
Judah Messer Leon, (c. 1425 – c. 1495){{listref|e}}
Emile Meyerson, (1859–1933){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Conyers Middleton, (1683–1750){{listref|b}}
Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842–1904){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Miki Kiyoshi, (1897–1945){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje), (1507–1554){{listref|e}}
Gaston Milhaud, (1858–1918){{listref|b}}
James Mill, (1773–1836){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
John Stuart Mill, (1806–1873){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
John Millar, (1735–1801){{listref|e}}
Dickinson Miller, (1868–1963){{listref|b}}
Ruth Millikan, (born 1933){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
John Milton, (1608–1674){{listref|b}}
Minagawa Kien, (1734–1807){{listref|b}}
Mir Damad (or Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi), (died 1631){{listref|e}}
Miura Baien, (1723–1789){{listref|b}}
Jacob Moleschott, (1822–1893){{listref|b}}
Luis de Molina, (1535–1600){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Enrique Molina Garmendia, (1871–1962){{listref|b}}
Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett), (1714–1799){{listref|e}}
Richard Montague, (1930–1971){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
William Pepperell Montague, (1873–1953){{listref|b}}
Michel de Montaigne, (1533–1592){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Edmund Montgomery, (1835–1911){{listref|b}}
G. E. Moore, (1873–1958){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Henry More, (1614–1687){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Thomas More, (1478–1535){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
C. Lloyd Morgan, (1852–1936){{listref|b}}
Lewis H. Morgan, (1818–1881){{listref|b}}
Thomas Morgan, (Died 1743){{listref|b}}
Karl Philipp Moritz, (1756–1793){{listref|b}}
Gaetano Mosca, (1858–1941){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}
Motoori Norinaga, (1730–1801){{listref|e}}
Emmanuel Mounier, (1905–1950){{listref|b}}
Mou Tsung-san, (1909–1995){{listref|a}}
Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius), (c. 470 – c. 390 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli), (died 937){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Mulla Sadra, (1571–1640){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Iris Murdoch, (1919–1999){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Muro Kyuso, (1658–1734){{listref|b}}
Arthur Edward Murphy, (1901–1962){{listref|b}}
Musonius Rufus, (1st century){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}

N

Arne Næss, (1912–2009){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Nagarjuna, (ca. 200 CE){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Ernest Nagel, (1901–1985){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Thomas Nagel, (born 1937){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Nahmanides, (1194–1270){{listref|e}}
Jacques-André Naigeon, (1738–1810){{listref|b}}
Toju Nakae, (1608–1648){{listref|b}}
Jean-Luc Nancy, (born 1940){{listref|e}}
Hossein Nasr, (born 1933){{listref|b}}
Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854–1924){{listref|b}}{{listref|f}}
Alexander Neckham, (1157–1217){{listref|e}}
Leonard Nelson, (1882–1927){{listref|b}}
Nemesius of Emesa, (fl. c. 400){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
John von Neumann, (1903–1957){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Otto Neurath, (1882–1945){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
John Henry Newman, (1801–1890){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Isaac Newton, (1642–1727){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Nichiren, (1222–1282){{listref|e}}
Nicholas of Autrecourt, (c. 1300 – 1369){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Nicholas of Cusa, (1401–1464){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Christoph Friedrich Nicolai, (1733–1811){{listref|b}}
Pierre Nicole, (1625–1695){{listref|b}}
H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894–1962){{listref|e}}
Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892–1971){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844–1900){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Agostino Nifo, (1470–1538){{listref|e}}
Nishi Amane, (1829–1897){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Nishida Kitaro, (1870–1945){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Nishitani Keiji, (1900–1990){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Kwame Nkrumah, (1909–1972){{listref|d}}
John Norris, (1657–1711){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Novalis, (1772–1801){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|f}}
Robert Nozick, (1938–2001){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Numenius of Apamea, (2nd century){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Martha Nussbaum, (born 1947){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Anders Nygren, (1890–1978){{listref|e}}

O

Michael Oakeshott, (1901–1990){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
William of Ockham, (c. 1285 – 1349){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Ogyū Sorai, (1666–1728){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Lorenz Oken, (1779–1851){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Karl Olivecrona, (1897–1980){{listref|e}}
Peter Olivi, (1248–1298){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Olympiodorus the Younger, (495-570){{listref|f}}
John Wood Oman, (1860–1939){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Onora O'Neill, (born 1941){{listref|d}}
Nicole Oresme, (1320–1382){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Origen of Alexandria, (c. 182-c. 251){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Isaac Orobio de Castro, (1617–1687){{listref|b}}
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851)
José Ortega y Gasset, (1883–1955){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Wilhelm Ostwald, (1853–1932){{listref|b}}
James Oswald, (1703–1793){{listref|e}}
Rudolf Otto, (1869–1937){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Richard Overton, (d. c. 1665){{listref|e}}
Gwilyn Ellis Lane Owen, (1922–1982){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}

P

Thomas Paine, (1737–1809){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Menyhért Palágyi, (1859–1924){{listref|b}}
William Paley, (1743–1805){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Elihu Palmer, (1764–1806){{listref|b}}
Panaetius, (c. 185 – c. 110 BC){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Wolfhart Pannenberg, (born 1928){{listref|b}}
David Papineau, (born 1947){{listref|d}}
Giovanni Papini, (1881–1956){{listref|b}}
Paracelsus, (1493–1541){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Vilfredo Pareto, (1848–1923){{listref|b}}
Derek Parfit, (1942–2017){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Theodore Parker, (1810–1860){{listref|b}}
Parmenides, (5th century BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Blaise Pascal, (1623–1662){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
John Arthur Passmore, (1914–2004){{listref|e}}
Valentino Annibale Pastore, (1868–1956){{listref|b}}
Patañjali, (2nd century BC){{listref|e}}
Walter Pater, (1839–1904){{listref|b}}
Jan Patočka, (1907–1977){{listref|e}}
Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (or Franciscus Patritius) (1529–1597){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Akos Pauler, (1876–1933){{listref|b}}
Linus Pauling, (1901–1994){{listref|b}}
Paul of Venice, (1369–1429){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Friedrich Paulsen, (1846–1908){{listref|b}}
Ivan Pavlov, (1849–1936){{listref|b}}
Christopher Peacocke, (born 1950){{listref|d}}
Giuseppe Peano, (1858–1932){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
David Pears, (1921–2009){{listref|d}}
Karl Pearson, (1857–1936){{listref|b}}
John Peckham, (died 1292){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Benjamin Peirce, (1809–1880){{listref|f}}
Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839–1914){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Pelagius, (c. 360-c. 435){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
William Penbygull, (died 1420){{listref|f}}
Thomas Percival, (1740–1804){{listref|a}}
Ralph Barton Perry, (1876–1957){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, (1746–1827){{listref|b}}
Peter of Auvergne, (13th century){{listref|e}}
Peter of Spain (13th century; usually identified with Pope John XXI){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Richard Stanley Peters, (1919–2011){{listref|d}}
Petrarch, (1304–1374){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Leon Petrazycki, (1867–1931){{listref|e}}
Joane Petrizi, (12th century){{listref|f}}
Branislav Petronijević, (1875–1954){{listref|b}}
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, (1813–1851){{listref|b}}
Joseph Petzoldt, (1862–1929){{listref|b}}
Alexander Pfänder, (1870–1941){{listref|b}}
Philip the Chancellor, (1160–1236){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, (20 BC – 40 AD){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Philo of Larissa, (1st century BC){{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Philo the Dialectician, (c. 300 BC){{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Philodemus of Gadara, (1st century BC){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Philolaus of Croton, (c. 480-c. 405 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Philo of Larissa, (154 BC – 84 BC){{listref|b}}
Philo of Megara, (300 BC c.){{listref|b}}
John Philoponus, (early 6th century){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Jean Piaget, (1896–1980){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, (1463–1494){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Dimitri Pisarev, (1840–1868){{listref|b}}
Max Planck, (1858–1947){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Alvin Plantinga, (born 1932){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}
Plato, (c. 427 BC – c. 347 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Georgi Plekhanov, (1856–1918){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Helmuth Plessner, (1892–1985){{listref|b}}
Gemistus Pletho, (c. 1355 – c. 1452){{listref|b}}
Plotinus, (died 270){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
{{Interlanguage link multi|Gottfried Ploucquet|de}}, (1716–1790){{listref|b}}
Mestrius Plutarch of Chaeronia, (c. 45-c. 120){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Henri Poincaré, (1854–1912){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Michael Polanyi, (1891–1976){{listref|e}}
Pietro Pomponazzi, (1462–1525){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Alexander Pope, (1688–1744){{listref|b}}
Karl Popper, (1902–1994){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Josef Popper-Lynkeus, (1838–1921){{listref|b}}
Porphyry, (c. 232-c. 304){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Noah Porter, (1811–1892){{listref|b}}
Posidonius, (c. 135 – 51 BC){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Richard Posner, (born 1939){{listref|b}}
Emil Leon Post, (1897–1954){{listref|e}}
Robert Joseph Pothier, (1699–1772){{listref|e}}
Roscoe Pound, (1870–1964){{listref|e}}
Caio Prado Júnior, (1907–1990)
Henry Habberley Price, (1899–1984){{listref|d}}
Richard Price, (1723–1791){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871–1947){{listref|a}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Joseph Priestley, (1733–1804){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison, (1856–1931){{listref|b}}
Arthur Prior, (1914–1969){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Proclus, (412-487){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Prodicus, (c. 450 – 399 BC){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Protagoras, (c. 481 – 420 BC){{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809–1865){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Marcel Proust, (1871–1922){{listref|b}}
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, (5th century){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Pseudo-Grosseteste, (13th century){{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Ptolemy, (c. 85-c. 165){{listref|e}}
Samuel Pufendorf, (1632–1694){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|e}}
Hilary Putnam, (born 1926){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Pyrrho, (c. 360-c. 270){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Pythagoras, (582 BC – 496 BC){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}{{listref|f}}
Pandurang Shastri Athavale, (1920–2003)

Q

{{Interlanguage link multi|Ismael Quiles|es}} (1906–1993)
W. V. O. Quine, (1908–2000){{listref|a}}{{listref|b}}{{listref|d}}{{listref|e}}
Anthony Quinton, (born 1925){{listref|d}}

: //List of philosophers">List of philosophers

(A-C)

(D-H)

(I-Q)

(R-Z)

References

{{listref/reflist|liststyle=lower-alpha
|id1=a |ref1=The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. {{ISBN|0-521-63722-8}}
|id2=b |ref2=Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Second Edition). Martin Gale; 2006. {{ISBN|0-02-865780-2}}
|id3=c |ref3=Karl Jaspers Society of North America and Existenz
|id4=d |ref4=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. {{ISBN|0-19-866132-0}}
|id5=e |ref5=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-415-07310-3}}
|id6=f |ref6=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Biographies covered as of January 16, 2010
}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of philosophers (I-Q)}}

1 : Lists of philosophers

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