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词条 List of United States political appointments across party lines
释义

  1. List of appointees

  2. Other notable appointments that crossed party lines

  3. References

  4. Key

United States presidents typically fill their Cabinets and other appointive positions with people from their own political party. The first Cabinet formed by the first President, George Washington, included some of Washington's political opponents, but later presidents adopted the practice of filling their Cabinets with members of the President's party.[1]

Appointments across party lines are uncommon. Presidents may appoint members of a different party to high-level positions in order to reduce partisanship or improve cooperation between the political parties.[2] Also Presidents often appoint members of a different party because they need Senate confirmation for many of these positions, and at the time of appointment the Senate was controlled by the opposition party of the President.[2] Many of the cross-partisan nominees are often moderates within their own parties.[2]

This is a list of people appointed to high-level positions in the United States federal government by a President whose political party affiliation was different from that of the appointee. The list includes executive branch appointees and independent agency appointees. Independent or nonpartisan appointees, nominally apolitical appointments (such as Article III judges and military officers), and members of explicitly bipartisan commissions are not included.

List of appointees

{{Expand list|date=December 2008}}
AppointeePositionTerm ↑President
Name Party Name Party
Thomas Jefferson{{nowrap|Anti-Administration}} Secretary of State 1790–1793George Washington{{nowrap|Pro-Administration}}
James Monroe{{nowrap|Anti-Administration}} Minister to France 1794–1796
Edmund J. RandolphFederalist Secretary of State 1794–1795
Timothy PickeringFederalist Secretary of State 1795–1797
Joseph HabershamFederalist Postmaster General 1801 ƗThomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican
Rufus KingFederalist Minister to Britain 1801–1803 Ɨ

James BayardFederalist Treaty of Ghent peace commissioner 1814James MadisonDemocratic-Republican
Richard RushFederalist Comptroller of the Treasury 1811–1814
Attorney General 1814–1817
Lewis CassDemocratic Ambassador to France 1841–1842 ƗWilliam Henry HarrisonWhig
Joseph HoltRepublican Commissioner of Patents 1857–1859James BuchananDemocratic
Postmaster General1859–1860
Secretary of War1861
Andrew Johnson[3]Democratic Military Governor of Tennessee 1862–1865Abraham LincolnRepublican
Henry ConnellyDemocratic Governor of the Territory of New Mexico 1861–1865
George Foster ShepleyDemocratic Military Governor of Louisiana 1862–1864
John S. PhelpsDemocratic Military Governor of Arkansas 1862
Edwin M. StantonDemocratic Secretary of War 1862–1865
Daniel SicklesDemocratic Special Minister to the South American Republics 1865
James HarlanRepublican Secretary of the Interior 1865–1866Andrew JohnsonDemocratic/Unionist
Henry StanberyRepublican Attorney General 1866–1868
Alexander W. RandallRepublican Postmaster General 1866–1869
Orville H. BrowningRepublican Secretary of the Interior 1866–1869
John M. SchofieldRepublican Secretary of War 1868–1869
William M. EvartsRepublican Attorney General 1868–1869
Daniel SicklesDemocratic Minister to Spain 1869–1873Ulysses S. GrantRepublican
Caleb CushingDemocratic Minister to Spain 1874–1877
David M. KeyDemocratic Postmaster General 1877–1880Rutherford B. HayesRepublican
Allen G. ThurmanDemocratic Paris international monetary conference 1881James A. GarfieldRepublican
William RosecransDemocratic Register of the Treasury 1889–1893 ƗBenjamin HarrisonRepublican
Walter Q. GreshamRepublican Secretary of State[1] 1893–1895 ƗGrover ClevelandDemocratic
Theodore RooseveltRepublican Civil Service Commissioner 1893–1895 Ɨ
Edward S. BraggDemocratic Consul General in Havana 1902Theodore RooseveltRepublican
Consul General in Hong Kong 1903–1906
Luke E. WrightDemocratic Secretary of War[1] 1905–1910
Francis CockrellDemocratic Interstate Commerce Commission 1908–1909
Jacob M. DickinsonDemocratic Secretary of War[1] 1909–1911William Howard TaftRepublican
Herbert HooverRepublican Administrator of the United States Food Administration 1917–1919Woodrow WilsonDemocratic
Elihu RootRepublican Ambassador extraordinary, mission to Russia 1917
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.RepublicanGovernor-General of the Philippines1933 ƗFranklin RooseveltDemocratic
Hugh R. Wilson[4]Republican[5] Ambassador to Switzerland 1933–1937 Ɨ
Assistant Secretary of State 1937–1938
Ambassador to Germany 1938
William M. JardineRepublican Ambassador to Egypt 1933 Ɨ
William H. WoodinRepublicanSecretary of the Treasury1933
Marriner Stoddard EcclesRepublican[6] Chairman of the Federal Reserve 1933–1948
Henry StimsonRepublican Secretary of War 1940–1945
Frank KnoxRepublican Secretary of the Navy 1940–1944
Nelson RockefellerRepublican Coordinator of the Office of Inter-American Affairs 1940–1944
Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs 1944–1945
Fiorello La GuardiaRepublican Office of Civilian Defense 1941
William DonovanRepublican Head of the Office of the Coordinator of Information 1941–1942
Head of the Office of Strategic Services 1942–1945
Patrick J. HurleyRepublican Minister to New Zealand 1942
Ambassador to China 1945
John Gilbert WinantRepublican Ambassador to Britain 1941–1946
U.S. Representative to UNESCO 1946Harry S. TrumanDemocratic
Herbert HooverRepublican Chairman of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government (Hoover Commission) 1947
Warren AustinRepublican Ambassador to the United Nations 1947–1953
Martin Patrick DurkinDemocratic Secretary of Labor 1953Dwight EisenhowerRepublican
Walter F. GeorgeDemocratic Special Ambassador to NATO 1957
William McChesney Martin, Jr.Democratic Chairman of the Federal Reserve 1955–1961 Ɨ
Robert Bernard AndersonDemocratic Secretary of Navy 1953–1954
Deputy Secretary of Defense 1954–1957
Secretary of the Treasury 1957–1961
Robert McNamaraRepublican[7] Secretary of Defense 1961–1968John F. KennedyDemocratic
C. Douglas DillonRepublican Secretary of the Treasury 1961–1965
John McConeRepublican Director of Central Intelligence 1961–1965
McGeorge BundyRepublican[8][9] National Security Advisor 1961–1966
Christian HerterRepublican U.S. Trade Representative 1962–1966
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.RepublicanAmbassador to South Vietnam1963–1964
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic
1965–1967
United States Ambassador at Large 1967–1968
Ambassador to West Germany 1968–1969
John W. GardnerRepublican Secretary of Health and Human Services 1965-1968
Jack VaughnRepublican Director of the Peace Corps 1966-1969
Edward BrookeRepublican Member of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) 1967
John LindsayRepublican Vice Chairman of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) 1967
William McCullochRepublican Member of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) 1967
Erwin GriswoldRepublican Solicitor General 1967–1969
William H. Brown IIIRepublican Commissioner, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 1968–1969
Sargent ShriverDemocratic Ambassador to France 1969–1970 ƗRichard NixonRepublican
Elizabeth HanfordDemocratic[10] Deputy Assistant to President for Consumer Affairs 1969–1973
Federal Trade Commission 1973–1977
John ConnallyDemocratic[10] Secretary of the Treasury 1971–1972
Daniel Patrick MoynihanDemocratic Assistant for Urban Affairs 1969–1970
Ambassador to India1973–1975
Gerald FordRepublican
Ambassador to the United Nations 1975–1976
Togo D. West Jr.Democratic Associate Deputy Attorney General 1975-1976
Robert CaseyDemocratic Federal Maritime Commission 1976–1977
James SchlesingerRepublican Secretary of Energy 1977–1979Jimmy CarterDemocratic
Lawrence EagleburgerRepublican Ambassador to Yugoslavia 1977–1981
William H. WebsterRepublican Director of the FBI 1978-1981
Frank CarlucciRepublican Deputy Director of the CIA 1978-1981
Mike MansfieldDemocratic Ambassador to Japan 1981–1988 ƗRonald ReaganRepublican
Paul VolckerDemocratic Chairman of the Federal Reserve 1983–1987 Ɨ
Jeane KirkpatrickDemocratic[10] Ambassador to the United Nations 1981–1985
William BennettDemocratic[10] National Endowment for the Humanities 1981–1985
Secretary of Education 1985–1988
R. James Woolsey Jr.Democratic Delegate at Large to the U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Talks 1983–1986
Delegate to the Nuclear and Space Arms Talks[11] 1986–1987
Paul NitzeDemocratic Chief Negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1981–1984
Eric J. FygiDemocratic Deputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy 1981-1989Ɨ
Max KampelmanDemocratic Ambassador to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 1981–1983 Ɨ
Delegation to the Negotiations with the Soviet Union on Nuclear and Space Arms in Geneva 1985–1989
Counselor to the Department of State 1987–1989
Preston Robert TischDemocratic Postmaster General 1986–1988
Lauro CavazosDemocraticSecretary of Education1988–1990
George H. W. BushRepublican
Dennis B. RossDemocratic Director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff 1989–1992
Eric J. FygiDemocratic Deputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy 1989-1993Ɨ
Griffin BellDemocratic Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform 1989
Robert StraussDemocratic Ambassador to Soviet Union/Russia 1991–1992
Diane RavitchDemocratic Assistant Secretary of Education 1991–1993
Richard StoneDemocratic Ambassador to Denmark 1992–1993
Michael ChertoffRepublican Attorney for the District of New Jersey 1993–1994 ƗBill ClintonDemocratic
William S. SessionsRepublican Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1993 Ɨ
David GergenRepublican Counselor to the President 1993–1993
Sheila BairRepublicanActing}} 1993
Roger W. JohnsonRepublican GSA Administrator 1993–1996
Louis FreehRepublican Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 1993–2001
John NegroponteRepublican Ambassador to the Philippines 1993–1996
William J. CroweRepublican Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board 1993–1994
Ambassador to the United Kingdom 1994–1997
Julie BelagaRepublican Board of Directors of the Export Import Bank 1994–1999
Marc L. MarksRepublican Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission 1994–2000
John HamreRepublican Comptroller of the Department of Defense 1994–1997
Deputy Secretary of Defense 1997–2000
Alan GreenspanRepublican Chairman of the Federal Reserve 1995–2001 Ɨ
William CohenRepublican[12] Secretary of Defense 1997–2001
Robert MuellerRepublican Attorney for the Northern District of California 1998–2001
David M. WalkerRepublican Comptroller General of the United States 1998–2001
John DiIulioDemocratic[13] Director of the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives 2001George W. BushRepublican
George McGovernDemocratic United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture 2001Ɨ[14]
Richard SwettDemocratic Ambassador to Denmark 2001Ɨ
John MarburgerDemocratic Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy 2001–2009
Tom SchiefferDemocratic Ambassador to Australia 2001–2005
Ambassador to Japan 2005–2009
Eric J. FygiDemocratic Deputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy 2001-2009Ɨ
Norman MinetaDemocratic Secretary of Transportation 2001–2006
Paul McHaleDemocratic Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense 2002–2006
Richard CarmonaDemocratic Surgeon General 2002–2006
Tony P. HallDemocratic United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture 2002–2006
Gracia HillmanDemocratic Commissioner for the Election Assistance Commission 2003–2009
R. David PaulisonDemocratic Federal Emergency Management Agency 2005–2009
Pete GerenDemocratic Acting Secretary of the Air Force 2005
Secretary of the Army 2006–2009
Zell MillerDemocratic American Battle Monuments Commission member[15] 2005–2009[15]
Lanny DavisDemocratic Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board 2006–2007
Diane FarrellDemocratic Board of Directors of the Export Import Bank 2007–2009
Lois LernerDemocratic Director Exempt Organizations 2006–2009
Neel KashkariRepublican Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability 2009 ƗBarack ObamaDemocratic
Michael B. DonleyRepublican Secretary of the Air Force 2009–2013 Ɨ
Ray LaHoodRepublican Secretary of Transportation 2009–2013
Robert GatesRepublican Secretary of Defense 2009–2011 Ɨ
Jon Huntsman Jr.Republican Ambassador to China 2009–2011
Dan RooneyRepublican Ambassador to Ireland 2009–2012
Douglas KmiecRepublican Ambassador to Malta 2009–2011
John M. McHughRepublican Secretary of the Army2009–2015}}
Jim LeachRepublican Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities 2009–2013
Chuck HagelRepublican Co-Chair of President's Intelligence Advisory Board 2009–2013
Secretary of Defense 2013–2015
Larry PresslerRepublican U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad 2009–2014
Ben BernankeRepublican Chairman of the Federal Reserve 2010–2014 Ɨ
Jeff ImmeltRepublican Chairperson of the President’s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness 2011–2013
Jerome PowellRepublican Federal Reserve Board of Governors 2012–2017
James ComeyRepublican Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 2013–2017
Sloan D. GibsonRepublican United States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs 2014–2017
Robert A. McDonaldRepublican Secretary of Veterans Affairs 2014–2017
Chris SmithRepublican Representative to the United Nations General Assembly 2015-2016
Michael FlynnDemocratic[16] National Security Advisor 2017Donald TrumpRepublican
Gary CohnDemocratic Director of the National Economic Council 2017–2018
Peter NavarroDemocratic Director of the National Trade Council 2017
Director of the Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy 2017–present
Robert O. WorkDemocratic Deputy Secretary of Defense 2017 Ɨ
Jared KushnerDemocratic Senior Advisor to the President of the United States and Director of the Office of American Innovation 2017–present
Eric J. FygiDemocratic Deputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy 2017 – present Ɨ
Jeff MerkleyDemocratic Representative to the United Nations General Assembly 2017-present
Barbara LeeDemocratic Representative to the United Nations General Assembly 2017-present

Ɨ Person was an appointee of the previous administration and was reappointed or retained by the President.

Other notable appointments that crossed party lines

  • President Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, asked Charles Lee, a Federalist, to be appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, appointed Stephen Field, a Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Benjamin Harrison, a Republican, appointed Howell Edmunds Jackson, a Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President William Howard Taft, a Republican, appointed Edward Douglass White, a Democrat, as Chief Justice of the United States.
  • President Warren G. Harding, a Republican, appointed Pierce Butler, a Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Herbert Hoover, a Republican, appointed Benjamin N. Cardozo, a prominent Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, appointed Harlan F. Stone, a Republican, as Chief Justice of the United States.
  • President Harry S. Truman, a Democrat, appointed Senator Harold Hitz Burton, a Republican, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a Republican, appointed William J. Brennan, Jr., a Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Richard Nixon, a Republican, appointed Walter Minnick as a staff assistant and deputy assistant director for the Office of Management and Budget before he was elected to Congress as a Democrat.
  • President Richard Nixon, a Republican, appointed Donald S. Russell, a former U.S. Senator and Democrat, as judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
  • President Richard Nixon, a Republican, nominated Clement Haynsworth, a Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Richard Nixon, a Republican, appointed Lewis F. Powell Jr., a lifelong Democrat, as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
  • President Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, nominated Frank Minis Johnson, a Republican, as a Fifth Circuit appellate court judge.
  • President Ronald Reagan, a Republican, appointed Kimba Wood, a Democrat, as Judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York; she was later an unsuccessful nominee of President Clinton to be United States Attorney General.
  • President Bill Clinton, a Democrat, appointed Maryanne Trump Barry, a Republican, as judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
  • President Bill Clinton, a Democrat, nominated Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, a Republican, as Secretary of Defense.
  • President Bill Clinton, a Democrat, nominated Governor of Massachusetts William Weld, a Republican, as United States Ambassador to Mexico.
  • U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, a Democrat, appointed John Danforth, a Republican, to lead an investigation into the FBI's role in the 1993 Waco Siege.
  • President George W. Bush, a Republican, appointed Philip Ray Martinez, a Democrat, as a U.S. federal judge on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.[17]
  • President Barack Obama, a Democrat, nominated U.S. Senator Judd Gregg, a Republican, as United States Secretary of Commerce.
  • President Donald Trump, a Republican, nominated Nellie Liang, a Democrat, to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.

References

1. ^1 2 3 [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/11/07/100380419.pdf Mr. Wilson's Cabinet; Will Be Sagacious Men, But Not Political Experts], The New York Times, November 7, 1912
2. ^1 2 William S. Cohen, Across Party Lines, Washington Post, December 17, 2000
3. ^1864 Vice Presidential Running Mate, 16th Vice President Of The United States of America, Successor and 17th President of the United States of America (1865) With the exception of Gerald Ford and Nelson Rockefeller, vice presidents are elected and not appointed. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson ran as members of the National Union Party and not as a Republican and a Democrat.
4. ^[https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/wilson-hugh-robert? Hugh Robert Wilson (1885–1946): Foreign Service officer]
5. ^Wilson, Hugh R., Pa-roots.org
6. ^http://www.centerforfinancialstability.org/bw2014/bw_eccles.pdf
7. ^SIX FOR THE KENNEDY CABINET, Time, December 26, 1960.
8. ^Hodgson, Godfrey. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-mcgeorge-bundy-1363860.html Obituary: McGeorge Bundy]. independent.co.uk, September 18, 1996.
9. ^McGeorge Bundy. jfklibrary.org
10. ^1 2 3 Appointee was a Democrat at the beginning of this tenure.
11. ^ 
12. ^Dana Priest, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/govt/admin/stories/cohen012297.htm An 'Outsider' Set to Take Over Pentagon], Washington Post, Wednesday, January 22, 1997; Page A21. "Although other presidents have crossed party lines to fill the top defense post, Cohen ... would be the first Republican politician to serve a Democratic president in the position."
13. ^Tapper, Jake. Losing his religion? Negotiating a bill through Congress, Bush's faith czar expresses frustration with his own White House {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307075024/http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2001/06/05/faith/index.html |date=2008-03-07 }}. Salon.com, June 5, 2001.
14. ^Becker, Elizabeth. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/23/us/public-lives-a-mcgovern-liberal-who-s-content-to-stick-to-the-label.html PUBLIC LIVES; A McGovern Liberal Who's Content to Stick to the Label]. Nytimes.com, July 23, 2001.
15. ^1 {{bioguide|article=MILLER, Zell Bryan|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001141}} "member, American Battle Monuments Commission, 2005–"
16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/18/us/politics/michael-flynn-national-security-adviser-donald-trump.html|title=Michael Flynn, Anti-Islamist Ex-General, Offered Security Post, Trump Aide Says|last=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=2016-11-17|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2017-01-21}}
17. ^Philip Martinez Votesmart.org

Key

{{United States political party shading key}}{{Portal bar|Politics|United States}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Appointments that crossed party lines}}

2 : Lists of American politicians|Political office-holders in the United States
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