“List of vacuum tubes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics. Many industrial, military or otherwise professional tubes were also produced. Only a few types are still used today, mainly in high-power, high-frequency applications.

Heater or filament ratings

Receiving tubes have heaters or filaments intended for direct battery operation, parallel operation off a dedicated winding on a supply transformer, or series string operation on transformer-less sets. High-power RF power tubes are directly heated; the heater voltage must be much smaller than the signal voltage on the grid and is therefore in the 5...25 V range, drawing up to hundreds of amperes from a suitable heater transformer. In some valve part number series, the voltage class of the heater is given in the part number, and a similar valve might be available with several different heater voltage ratings.

Tube bases and envelopes

Abbreviations used in this list

Numbering systems

North American systems

RMA system (1942)

The system assigned numbers with the base form "1A21", and is therefore also referred to as the "1A21 system".^[1]

The first numeric character indicated the filament/heater power rating, the second alphabetic character was a code for the function, and the last 2 digits were sequentially assigned, beginning with 21

RETMA receiving tubes system (1953)

RETMA is the acronym for the Radio Electronic Television Manufacturers Association formed in 1953.

Often designations that differed only in their initial numerals would be identical except for heater characteristics.

EIA professional tubes system

A four-digit system was maintained by the EIA for special industrial, military and professional vacuum and gas-filled tubes, and all sorts of other devices requiring to be sealed off against the external atmosphere.

Eimac high power RF tubes system

West European systems

Mullard–Philips system

This system is very descriptive of what type of device (triode, diode, pentode etc.) it is applied to, as well as the heater/filament type and the base type (octal, noval, etc.).^[1]^[8] Adhering manufacturers include AEG (de), Amperex (us), CdL (1921, French Mazda brand), CIFTE (fr, Mazda-Belvu brand), EdiSwan (uk, British Mazda brand), Radiotechnique (fr, Coprim, Miniwatt-Dario and RTC brands), Lorenz (de), MBLE^(fr, nl) (be, Adzam brand), Mullard (uk), Philips (nl, Miniwatt brand), RCA (us), RFT^(de, sv) (de), Siemens (de), Telefunken (de), Tesla (cz), Toshiba (ja), Tungsram (hu), Unitra (pl, Dolam, Polam and Telam brands) and Valvo^(de, it) (de).

Standard tubes

This part dates back to the joint valve code key ({{lang-de|Röhren-Gemeinschaftsschlüssel}}) negotiated between Philips and Telefunken in 1933–34. Like the North American system the first symbol describes the heater voltage, in this case, a Roman letter rather than a number. Further Roman letters, up to three, describe the device followed by one to four numerals assigned in a semi-chronological order of type development within number ranges assigned to different base types.

If two devices share the same type designation other than the first letter (e.g. ECL82, PCL82, UCL82) they will usually be identical except for heater specifications; however there are exceptions, particularly with output types (for example, both the PL84 and UL84 differ significantly from the EL84 in certain major characteristics, although they have the same pinout and similar power rating). However, device numbers do not reveal any similarity between different type families; e.g. the triode section of an ECL82 is not related to either triode of an ECC82, whereas the triode section of an ECL86 does happen to be similar to those of an ECC83.

Notes: Tungsram preceded the M-P designation with the letter T, as in TAD1 for AD1; VATEA Rádiótechnikai és Villamossági Rt.-t. (VATEA Radio Technology and Electric Co. Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) preceded the M-P designation with the letter V, as in VEL5 for EL5.

{{anchor|MP_SQ}}Special quality tubes

Vacuum tubes which had special qualities ({{lang-fr|Securité - Qualité}}) of some sort, very often long-life designs, particularly for computer and telecommunications use, had the numeric part of the designation placed immediately after the first letter. They were usually special-quality versions of standard types. Thus the E82CC was a long-life version of the ECC82 intended for computer and general signal use, and the E88CC a high quality version of the ECC88/6DJ8. While the E80F pentode was a high quality development of the EF80, they were not pin-compatible and could not be interchanged without rewiring the socket (the E80F is commonly sought after as a high quality replacement for the similar EF86 type in guitar amplifiers). The letters "CC" indicated the two triodes and the "F", the single pentode inside these types.

A few special-quality tubes did not have a standard equivalent, e.g. the E55L, a broadband power pentode used as the output stage of oscilloscope amplifiers and the E90CC, a double triode with a common cathode connection and seven pin base for use in cathode-coupled Flip-flops in early computers. The E91H is a special heptode with a passivated third grid designed to reduce secondary emission; this device was used as a "gate", allowing or blocking pulses applied to the first, (control) grid by changing the voltage on the third grid, in early computer circuits (similar in function to the U.S. 6AS6).

Many of these types had gold-plated base pins and special heater configurations inside the nickel cathode tube designed to reduce hum pickup from the A.C. heater supply, and also had improved oxide insulation between the heater and cathode so the cathode could be elevated to a greater voltage above the heater supply. (Note that elevating the cathode voltage above the average heater voltage, which in well-designed equipment was supplied from a transformer with an earthed center-tapped secondary, was less detrimental to the oxide insulation between heater and cathode than lowering the cathode voltage below the heater voltage, helping to prevent pyrometallurgical electrolytic chemical reactions where the oxide touched the nickel cathode that could form conductive aluminium tungstate and which could ultimately develop into a heater-cathode short-circuit.)

Better, often dual, getters were implemented to maintain a better vacuum, and more-rigid electrode supports introduced to reduce microphonics and improve vibration and shock resistance. The mica spacers used in "SQ" and "PQ" types did not possess sharp protrusions which could flake off and become loose inside the bulb, possibly lodging between the grids and thus changing the characteristics of the device. Some types, particularly the E80F, E88CC and E90CC, had a constricted section of bulb to firmly hold specially shaped flakeless mica spacers.^[14]

Later special-quality tubes had not base and function swapped but were assigned a 4-digit number,^[8] such as ECC2000 or ED8000, the first digit of which again denoting the base:

Professional tubes

In use since at least 1961, this system was maintained by Pro Electron after their establishment in 1966.^[9]

Transmitting tubes

The first letter (or letter pair, in the case of a dual-system device) indicates the general type:

The following letter indicates the filament or cathode type, or the fill gas or other construction detail. The coding for vacuum devices differs between Philips (and other Continental European manufacturers) on the one hand and its Mullard subsidiary on the other.

The next letter indicates the cooling method or other significant characteristic:

Phototubes and photomultipliers

Voltage stabilizers

Compagnie des Lampes (1888, "Métal") system

The first (1888) incarnation of La Compagnie des Lampes produced the TM tube since 1915 and defined one of the first French systems;^[1]^[16] not to be confused with Compagnie des Lampes (1921, "French Mazda", see below).

{{anchor|BritishMazda}}EdiSwan ("British Mazda") systems

Signal tubes

Power rectifiers

EEV system

This system consists of one or more letters followed by a sequentially assigned number^[21]

ETL computing tubes system

The British Ericsson Telephones Limited (ETL), of Beeston, Nottingham (not to be confused with the Swedish TelefonAB Ericsson), original holder of the now-generic trademark Dekatron, used the following system:

Marconi-Osram system

The British GEC–Marconi–Osram designation from the 1920s uses one or two letter(s) followed by two numerals and sometimes by a second letter identifying different versions of a particular type.^[1]

Mullard designations before 1934

Older Mullard tubes were mostly designated PM, followed by a number containing the filament voltage.

Many later tubes were designated one to three semi-intuitive letters, followed by a number containing the heater voltage. This was phased out after 1934 when Mullard adopted the Mullard–Philips scheme.

Philips system before 1934

The system consisted of one letter followed by 3 or 4 digits. It was phased out after 1934 when Philips adopted the Mullard–Philips scheme.

STC/Brimar receiving tubes system

Valvo system before 1934

Valvo^{(de, it)} was a major German electronic components manufacturer from 1924 to 1989; a Philips subsidiary since 1927, Valvo was one of the predecessors of NXP Semiconductors.

The system consisted of one or two letters followed by 3 or 4 digits. It was phased out after 1934 when Valvo adopted the Mullard–Philips scheme.

A following letter D indicates more than one grid, not counting a space charge grid

East European systems

Lamina transmitter tube system

Polish Lamina^(pl) transmitter tube designations consist of one or two letters, a group of digits and an optional letter and/or two digits preceded by a "/" sign.

The first letter indicates the tube type, two equal letters denoting a dual tube:

RFT transmitter tube system

Rundfunk- und Fernmelde-Technik^{(de, sv)} was the brand of a group of telecommunications manufacturers in the German Democratic Republic. The designation consists of a group of three letters and a group of three or four digits.

The first digit (or the first two digits in double tubes) indicates the number of electrodes:

Note: RFT used the Mullard–Philips and RETMA schemes for their low-power tubes.

Tesla systems

Signal tubes

Besides the genuine Mullard–Philips system, Tesla also used an M-P/RETMA hybrid scheme:^[1]

Power tubes

Tungsram receiving tubes system before 1934

The Tungsram system was composed of a maximum of three letters and three or four digits.^[26]^[25] It was phased out after 1934 when Tungsram adopted the Mullard–Philips scheme, frequently preceding it with the letter T, as in TAD1 for AD1.

Russian systems

Vacuum tubes produced in the former Soviet Union and in present-day Russia are designated in Cyrillic. Some confusion has been created in transliterating these designations to Latin.

The first system was introduced in 1929. It consisted of one or two letters (designating system type and, optionally, type of cathode), a hyphen, then a sequentially assigned number with up to 3 digits.^[25]

In 1937, the Soviet Union purchased a tube assembly line from RCA (who at the time had difficulties raising funds for their basic operations), including production licenses and initial staff training, and installed it on the Svetlana/Светлана plant in St. Petersburg, Russia. US-licensed tubes were produced since then under an adapted RETMA scheme.

{{anchor|RuCS}}GOST standard tubes system

In the 1950s a 5-element system ({{lang-ru|Государственный Стандарт}} "State standard" ГОСТ/GOST 5461-59, later 13393-76) was adopted in the (then) Soviet Union for designating receiver vacuum tubes.^[28]^[29]

The first element is a number specifying filament voltage. The second element is a Cyrillic letter specifying the type of device. The third element is a sequentially assigned number that distinguishes between different devices of the same type.

The fourth element denotes the type of envelope. An optional fifth element consists of a hyphen followed by one or more characters to designate special characteristics of the tube. This usually implies construction differences, not just selection from regular quality production.

{{anchor|RuCP}}Professional tubes system

There is another designation system for professional tubes such as transmitter ones.^[30]^[25]

The first element designates function. The next elements varies in interpretation. For ignitrons, rectifiers, and thyratrons, there is a digit, then hyphen, then the anode current in amperes, a slash, anode voltage in kV. A letter may be attached to designate water cooling (no letter designates a radiation cooled device). For transmitting tubes in this system, the second element starts with a hyphen, a sequentially assigned number, then an optional letter specifying cooling method. For phototubes and photomultipliers, the second element is a sequential number and then a letter code identifying vacuum or gas fill and the type of cathode.

Japanese systems

Older numbering system 1941–51

Then a hyphen ("-"), followed by a sequentially assigned number or the designation of the American original

JIS C 7001 system

Military naming systems

British CV naming system

This system prefixes a three- or four-digit number with the letters "CV", meaning "civilian valve" i.e. common to all three armed services. It was introduced during the Second World War to rationalise the previous nomenclatures maintained separately by the War Office/Ministry of Supply, Admiralty and Air Ministry/Ministry of Aircraft Production on behalf of the three armed services (e.g. "ACR~", "AR~", "AT~", etc. for CRTs, receiving and transmitting valves used in army equipments, "NC~", "NR~" and "NT~" similarly for navy equipments and "VCR~", "VR~" and "VT~" etc. for air force equipments), in which three separate designations could in principle apply to the same valve (which often had at least one prototype commercial designation as well). These numbers generally have identical equivalents in both the North American, RETMA, and West European, Mullard–Philips, systems but they bear no resemblance to the assigned "CV" number.

Note: The 4000 numbers identify special-quality valves though SQ valves CV numbered before that rule came in retain their original CV number.

The principle behind the CV numbering scheme was also adopted by the US Joint Army-Navy JAN numbering scheme which was later considerably expanded into the US Federal and then NATO Stock Number system used by all NATO countries. This part-identification system ensures that every particular spare part (not merely thermionic valves) receives a unique stock number across the whole of NATO irrespective of the source, and hence is not held inefficiently as separate stores. In the case of CV valves, the stock number is always of the format 5960-99-000-XXXX where XXXX is the CV number (with a leading 0 if the CV number only has 3 digits).

U.S. naming systems

One system prefixes a three-digit number with the letters "VT", presumably meaning "Vacuum Tube". Other systems prefix the number with the letters "JHS" or "JAN". The numbers following these prefixes can be "special" four-digit numbers, or domestic two- or three-digit numbers or simply the domestic North American "RETMA" numbering system. Like the British military system, these have many direct equivalents in the civilian types.

Confusingly, the British also had two entirely different "VT" nomenclatures, one used by the Royal Air Force (see the preceding section) and the other used by the General Post Office, responsible for post and telecommunications at the time, where it may have stood for "valve, telephone"; none of these schemes corresponded in any way with each other.

Other numeral-only systems

Various numeral-only systems exist. These tend to be used for devices used in commercial or industrial equipment. The oldest numbering systems date back to the early 1920s, such as a two-digit numbering system, starting with the UV-201A, which was considered as "type 01", and extended almost continuously up into the 1980s. Three- and four-digit numeral-only systems were maintained by R.C.A., but also adopted by many other manufacturers, and typically encompassed rectifiers and radio transmitter output devices. Devices in the low 800s tend to be transmitter output types, those in the higher 800s are not vacuum tubes, but gas-filled rectifiers and thyratrons, and those in the 900s tend to be special-purpose and high-frequency devices. Use was not rigorously systematic: the 807 had variants 1624, 1625, and 807W.

Other letter followed by numerals

There are quite a number of these systems from different geographical realms, such as those used on devices from contemporary Russian and Chinese production. Other compound numbering systems were used to mark higher-reliability types used in industrial or commercial applications. Computers and telecommunication equipment also required tubes of greater quality and reliability than for domestic and consumer equipment.

Some designations are derived from the behavior of devices considered to be exceptional.

List of American RETMA tubes, with European equivalents

"0 volt" gas-filled cold cathode tubes

1 volt heater/filament tubes

1.25 volt filament subminiature tubes

The following tubes were used in post-World War II walkie-talkies and pocket-sized portable radios. All have 1.25 volt DC filaments and directly heated cathodes. Some specify which end of the filament is to be powered by the positive side of the filament power supply (usually a battery). All have glass bodies that measure from {{convert|0.285|to|0.400|in|mm|abbr=off}} wide, and from {{convert|1.25|to|2.00|in|mm|abbr=off}} in overall length.

1 prefix for home receivers

These tubes were made for home storage battery receivers manufactured during the early to mid-1930s. The numbers of the following tubes all start with 1, but these tubes all have 2.0 volt DC filaments. This numbering scheme was intended to differentiate these tubes from the tubes with 2.5 volt AC heaters listed below.

2 volt heater/filament tubes

Nominally 5 volt heater/filament tubes

5 volt heater/filament tubes

6 volt heater/filament tubes

"7" prefix loctal tubes

12 volt heater/filament tubes

"14" prefix loctal tubes

25 volt heater/filament tubes

35 volt heater/filament tubes

50 volt heater/filament tubes

117 volt heater tubes

All of the following tubes are designed to operate with their heaters connected directly to the 117 volt (now 120 volt) electrical mains of North America. All of them use indirectly heated cathodes. All of them incorporate at least one rectifier diode.

Other tubes with nonstandard filament voltages

List of EIA professional tubes

Note: Most of these are special quality versions of the equivalents given. Some manufacterers preceded the EIA number with a manufacterer's code, as explained above.

4000s

5000s

6000s

7000s

8000s

List of European Mullard–Philips tubes, with American equivalents

List of Pro Electron professional tubes

X - Electro-optical devices

Y - Vacuum tubes

Z - Gas-filled tubes

List of European transmitting tubes

{{anchor|TB}}B - Backward-wave amplifier

{{anchor|TD}}D - Rectifier incl. grid-controlled

DCG

DCX

{{anchor|TJ}}J - Magnetron

JPT

{{anchor|TK}}K - Klystron

{{anchor|TL}}L - Traveling-wave tube

{{anchor|TM}}M - AF modulator Triode

{{anchor|TP}}P - Pentode

PAL

PAW

{{anchor|TQ}}Q - Tetrode

QBL

QBW

QEL

QEP

QQC

QQE

QQV

QQZ

QYS

{{anchor|TR}}R - Rectifier

RGQ

TBL

TBW

TYS

{{anchor|TX}}X - Thyratron

XGQ

List of other letter tubes

{{anchor|OEA}}A

{{anchor|OEACediswan}}AC*/

{{anchor|OEACT}}ACT

{{anchor|OEmullardAP}}AP

{{anchor|OEmullardAT}}AT

{{anchor|OEB}}B

{{anchor|OEBA}}BA

{{anchor|OEBG}}BG

{{anchor|OEPD}}BT

{{anchor|OEC}}C

{{anchor|OECK}}CK

{{anchor|OED}}D

DDR

{{anchor|OEE}}E

{{anchor|OEG}}G

GCA

GDT

GRD

GSA

GTE

GTR

{{anchor|OEK}}K

{{anchor|OEKN}}KN

{{anchor|OEKT}}KT

{{anchor|OEM}}M

{{anchor|OEM8000}}M8000s

{{anchor|OEMC}}MC

{{anchor|OEME}}ME

{{anchor|OEP}}P

{{anchor|OEPBG}}PBG

{{anchor|OEPD}}PD

{{anchor|OEPL}}PL

{{anchor|OEQ}}Q

{{anchor|OEQK}}QK

{{anchor|OER}}R

{{anchor|OERK}}RK

{{anchor|OES}}S

{{anchor|OESB}}SB

{{anchor|OESU}}SU

{{anchor|OET}}T

{{anchor|OETH}}TH

{{anchor|OETM}}TM

{{anchor|OETT}}TT

{{anchor|OEV}}V

{{anchor|OEVHT}}VHT

{{anchor|OEVS}}VS

List of other number tubes

{{anchor|O1}}1

1600s

{{anchor|O2}}2

200s

{{anchor|O3}}3

300s

{{anchor|O4}}4

400s

{{anchor|O5}}5

500s

{{anchor|O6}}6

{{anchor|O7}}7

700s

{{anchor|O8}}8

800s

{{anchor|O9}}9

900s

9000s

{{anchor|NT1920}}List of tubes used in 1920s and 1930s radio receivers

Tubes with directly heated cathodes

With 1.1 Volt DC filaments

Used in 1920s home radios. Filaments powered by 1.5 volt dry cells, anodes powered by storage batteries.

With 2.0 Volts DC filaments

With 3.3 Volts DC filaments

Used in 1920s home radios powered by dry cells (filaments) and storage batteries (B-plus voltage).

With 5.0 Volts DC filaments

Other directly DC-heated tubes

Directly AC-heated power tubes

Directly AC-heated rectifier tubes

Tubes with indirectly heated cathodes

With DC heaters

For use with an AC heating transformer

For use with AC/DC or vehicle-based storage-battery power supplies

Shielded tubes for Majestic radios

In the early 1930s, the Grigsby-Grunow Company – makers of Majestic brand radios – introduced the first American-made tubes to incorporate metal shields. These tubes had metal particles sprayed onto the glass envelope, copying a design common to European tubes of the time. Early types were shielded versions of tube types already in use. (The shield was connected to the cathode.) The Majestic numbers of these tube types, which are usually etched on the tube's base, have a "G" prefix (for Grigsby-Grunow) and an "S" suffix (for shielded). Later types incorporated an extra pin in the base so that the shield could be connected directly to the chassis.

Replacement versions from other manufacturers, such as Sylvania or General Electric, tend to incorporate the less expensive, form-fitting Goat brand shields that are cemented to the glass envelope.

Grigsby-Grunow did not shield rectifier tubes (except for type 6Y5 listed below) or power output tubes.

Rarely used tubes

Lettered loctal tubes used in Philco radios

Russian tubes

{{anchor|RuS}}List of standard tubes, with American equivalents

{{anchor|RuP}}List of professional tubes

{{anchor|RuI}}List of indicator tubes

{{anchor|RuO}}List of other tubes

{{anchor|FrenchMazda}}Compagnie des Lampes (1921, "French Mazda") and Mazda-Belvu

Not to be confused with Compagnie des Lampes (1888, see above) nor with British Mazda (see above).

The 1921 incarnation of La Compagnie des Lampes (since 1953 as Lampe Mazda) made light bulbs and electronic tubes under the French Mazda brand. Many of their tubes were also available from Compagnie Industrielle Française des Tubes Electroniques (CIFTE)^[129] under their Mazda-Belvu brand, which otherwise used mostly EIA, RETMA and Mullard–Philips tube designations.

References and footnotes

Specific items

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸See "Decoding type numbers" ff.
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/sp/GL-2H21.pdf |publisher=General Electric |date=September 1945 |title=GL-2H21 Phasitron data sheet |accessdate=25 December 2016}} (as JPGs) • RMA Release #486, 25 April 1946
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.w9gr.com/adler.pdf |last=Adler |first=Robert |publisher=Institute of Radio Engineers |date=January 1947 |title=A New System of Frequency Modulation |accessdate=25 December 2016}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.w9gr.com/ge-fm.pdf |author1=Rider, John. F. |author2=Seymour D. Uslan |publisher=John F. Rider Publisher, Inc. |year=1948 |title=FM Transmission and Reception |pages=130–135 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}
5. ^¹Dave Hershberger (W9GR): PHASITRON vacuum tube web page
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.w9ixx.com/attachments/Tungar_Bulb_Data_Manual_52410.pdf |title=Tungar bulb data manual |publisher=General Electric |accessdate=12 February 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Eimac/Eimac_1975_Quick-Ref.pdf |title=Eimac power grid tubes - Quick Reference Catalog 175 |publisher=Eitel McCullough |year=1975 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
8. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.tubedata.info/other/TypeDesignationCode1967.pdf |title= Preferred Types of Electron Tubes 1967|accessdate=17 May 2013}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://material.htlwien10.at/wissensspeicher/Halbleiterkennzeichnungen/European_Type_Designation_Code-Sstem_for_Electronic_Components_PE-D15-2008_Pro-Electron.pdf |publisher=Pro-Electron, Brussels, Belgium |date=June 2008 |title=European Type Designation Code System for Electronic Components |edition=15 |accessdate=25 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229131903/http://material.htlwien10.at/wissensspeicher/Halbleiterkennzeichnungen/European_Type_Designation_Code-Sstem_for_Electronic_Components_PE-D15-2008_Pro-Electron.pdf |archivedate=29 December 2013 |df= }}
10. ^[https://www.radiomuseum.org/images/tubeenvdiag_klein/d_telefunken_df64.png "Akumed Berlin" hearing-aid eyeglasses schematic]
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tubebooks.org/tubedata/Philips_Miniwatt_Vacuum-Tube_Catalog_1938.pdf |title= Philips Miniwatt 1938|accessdate=31 January 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jogis-roehrenbude.de/Roehren-Geschichtliches/Mil-Roeh_Fassg/Dxx41w/Datasheet.pdf |title= Tabelle der Heeres-Batterie-Spezialröhren |publisher=Lorenz |language=de |accessdate=21 December 2015}}
13. ^Miniwatt Technical Data, 6th Edition; 1958; Published by the "Miniwatt" Electronics Division of Philips Electrical Industries Pty. Limited, 20 Herbert Street, Artarmon, N,S,W., Australia
14. ^"Miniwatt" Premium Quality and Special Purpose Tubes, Philips Electrical Industries Pty. Ltd., Australia, November 1957.
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tubecollector.org/documents/numbers-2.htm |title= Cold cathode tubes ZnnnA|accessdate=17 May 2013}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://paillard.claude.free.fr/lampes1.pdf |title=Les lampes |language=fr |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
17. ^BW604 data sheet
18. ^BW1010 data sheet
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Belvu/catalogue.pdf |title=Belvu tubes electroniques, Licence R.C.A |language=fr |accessdate=25 April 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Adzam/adzam1957.pdf |title=Vade-mecum ADZAM |year=1957 |language=fr |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/203/suppinfo/EEV_Vol1.pdf |title= EEV Valve data book |date=March 1966 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Mullard/Mullard_MVG_1935.pdf |title=Master Valve Guide |year=1935 |publisher=Mullard |accessdate=12 February 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/092/suppinfo/Ph1927.pdf |title=Philips radio-artikelen 1927 |language=nl |accessdate=1 May 2017}}p. 15
24. ^¹²{{cite web |url=https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/upload/Tubes%20of%20Drozdov.pdf |title=Справочник по западно-европейским приёмным лампам (West-European receiving tubes) |year=1948 |author=Дроздов, К. И. |language=ru |access-date=1 May 2017}}
25. ^¹²³{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/docs/CatalogDeTuburiElectronice1956.pdf |title= Catalog De Tuburi Electronice |language=ro |publisher=Editura Tehnikă Bukurești |year=1956 |author1=Georgescu, Aurel |author2=Golea, Ion |accessdate=10 September 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jacmusic.com/techcorner/TUBE-DECODING/Tungsram-1925-1934.pdf |title=TUNGSRAM ELECTRON TUBE NUMBERING SYSTEM |year=2004 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
27. ^МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКИЕ ЛАМПЫ (METAL TUBES)
28. ^ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ ЛАМПОВОЙ РАДИОАППАРАТУРЫ (Encyclopedia of tubes for radio equipment)
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/docs/SovietElectronTubeManual.pdf |title=СПРАВОЧНИК ПО ЗЛЕКТРОВАКЧЧМНЫМ ПРИБОРАМ (HANDBOOK ON ELECTRONIC DEVICES) |year=1982 |author1=А.Л. Булыев |author2=В.И. Галкин |author3=В.А. Прохоренко |publisher=БЕЛАРУСЬ |pages=10ff |language=ru |access-date=1 May 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://jeora.net/Valves/RoehrenNum.htm#Russian |title=Vacuum Tube Numbering Schemes, Bases & Bulbs |first1=Jürgen |last1=Ewert}}
31. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.jp/radiomann/HomePageVT/Tube_Naming_System_Japan.htm |title=日本の真空管名称制度 (Tube Naming System Japan) |first1=Koji |last1=HAYASHI |first2=Ibaraki |last2=JAPAN |language=ja}}
32. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.jp/radiomann/AJRtube.html |title=Gallery on Tubes/真空管展示室 |first1=Koji |last1=HAYASHI |first2=Ibaraki |last2=JAPAN |language=ja}}
33. ^5J6 data sheet - this particular Tung-Sol datasheet contains a copy/paste error in the description where it cites 6J6's 450 mA heater current when it should read 5J6's 600 mA.
34. ^Schematic for General Electric model F-40, a 1938 reflex radio using a 6B7.
35. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/191/1/12AB5.pdf
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/184/1/12AU7.pdf |publisher=STC |title= 12AU7 data sheet |date=August 1950 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
37. ^http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/127/1/12AV7.pdf
38. ^http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/127/1/12AZ7.pdf
39. ^http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/049/1/12BH7A.pdf
40. ^RCA: Receiving Tube Manual RC21, p.360
41. ^RCA: Receiving Tube Manual RC30, p.397
42. ^http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/japadvance/boots.html
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/049/4/4560.pdf |publisher=RCA Electronic Components |title= 4560 Custom-built, 2" diameter, Electrostatic-Focus, Electrostatic-Deflection Monoscope Tubes For Use As Alphanumeric Character Generators data sheet |date=May 1969 |accessdate=27 September 2017}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/049/4/4598.pdf |publisher=RCA Electronic Components |title= 4598 Graphechon Tube data sheet |date=February 1971 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7539.pdf |publisher=RCA Electronic Components |title= 7539 Graphechon Tube data sheet |date=March 1960 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7828.pdf |publisher=General Electric Corporation |title= GEC 7828 Scan conversion tube data sheet |date=10 April 1961 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/8/8087.pdf |publisher=Machlett Laboratories, Inc. |title= 8087 Scan-Conversion Storage Tube data sheet |date=16 September 1963 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/8/8098.pdf |publisher=Rauland Corporation |title= Rauland 8098 Signal Storage Tube data sheet |date=8 January 1962 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
49. ^RMA Release #600, 2 September 1947
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/5/5729.pdf |publisher=National Union Electric Corporation |title= 5729 30 channel radial beam tube - collector type data sheet |date=9 April 1951 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/049/5/5734.pdf |publisher=R.C.A. Manufacturing Company |title=5734 Mechano-electronic transducer, triode type data sheet |date=November 15, 1948 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/202/5/5734A.pdf |publisher=Toshiba Corp. |title=5734A Mechano-electronic transducer data sheet |date=March 14, 1964 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
53. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/5/5738.pdf |publisher=Federal communication laboratories, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, USA |title= 5738 Commutator tube data sheet |date=6 October 1948 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6047.pdf |publisher=Rogers Majestic Corp. |title=6047 Additron data sheet, RTMA Engineering Dept. Release #954 |date=March 20, 1951 |accessdate=14 August 2016}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/sp/NU6090.pdf |publisher=National Union Electric Corporation |title= 6090 18 channel radial beam tube - multiple anode type data sheet |date=January 1956 |accessdate=15 June 2013}}
56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6091.pdf |publisher=National Union Electric Corporation |title= 6091 25 channel radial beam tube - multiple grid type data sheet |date=January 1956 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
57. ^{{cite web |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/sp/6170-6324.pdf |publisher=National Union Electric Corporation |title=6170 & 6324 25 channel radial beam tube - multiple grid type data sheet |date=December 1955 |accessdate=15 June 2013}}
58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/020/6/6196.pdf |title= Tube Electrometre Double Tétrode à 2 Grilles de Charge d'Espace data sheet |language=fr |publisher=Compagnie Industrielle Française des Tubes Electroniques (CIFTE) |date=January 1968 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6218.pdf |publisher=Rogers Majestic Corp. |title=6218 data sheet, RTMA Engineering Dept. Release #1115 |date=25 August 1952 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/030/e/E80T.pdf |publisher=Philips |title=E80T data sheet |date=4 April 1956 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
61. ^{{cite web |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA460044 |publisher=United States Naval Research Laboratory |title= NRL Memorandum Report 606: Application of Tacitron Type RCA 6441 to Pulse Circuitry |author=Richard G. Cumings |date=8 June 1956 |format=PDF |accessdate=19 November 2017}}
62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6462.pdf |publisher=National Union Electric Corporation |title= 6462 Magnetic pick-up tube data sheet |date=9 May 1956 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
63. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6571.pdf |title=6571 Computer storage tube data sheet |publisher=RCA Electron Tube Division |date=21 March 1955|accessdate=1 May 2017}}
64. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6577.pdf |publisher=Hughes Aircraft Corporation |title= 6577 Typotron, 5" character-writing CRT-type storage tube data sheet |date=24 November 1954 |accessdate=29 August 2017}}
65. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/Burroughs%206700.pdf |publisher=Burroughs Corporation |title=6700 Magnetron Beam Switching Tube data sheet |date=August 1956 |accessdate=4 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304175321/http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/Burroughs%206700.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2014 |df= }}
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/Burroughs%206701.pdf |publisher=Burroughs Corporation |title=6701 Magnetron Beam Switching Tube data sheet |date=August 1956 |accessdate=4 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304175615/http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/Burroughs%206701.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2014 |df= }}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/6/6762.pdf |publisher=Sylvania Electric Products |title=6762 Wamoscope data sheet |date=17 January 1957 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/6/6835.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK6835 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=1 November 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/7/7570.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK7570 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=1 November 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/7/7571.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK7571 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=1 November 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/137/6/6846.pdf |publisher=Sylvania Electric Products |title=6846 Binary tube data sheet |date=July 1956 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7229.pdf |publisher=CBS/Hytron |title= 7229 Cold-Cathode Trigger Tube data sheet E287B |date=22 June 1958 |accessdate=11 September 2017}}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7230.pdf |publisher=CBS/Hytron |title= 7230 Reliable Cold-Cathode Trigger Tube data sheet E287C |date=25 August 1958 |accessdate=11 September 2017}}
74. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7231.pdf |publisher=CBS/Hytron |title= 7231 Subminiature Cold-Cathode Trigger Tube data sheet E287D |date=22 June 1958 |accessdate=11 September 2017}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7232.pdf |publisher=CBS/Hytron |title= 7232 Reliable Subminiature Cold-Cathode Trigger Tube data sheet E287E |date=22 June 1958 |accessdate=11 September 2017}}
76. ^CBS/Hytron "Krytron Trigger Tubes" spec sheets E-337 (30 March 1959), E-337A-1 (20 June 1960), E-337A-2 (20 June 1960)
77. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/049/7/7360.pdf |publisher=R.C.A. Manufacturing Company |title=7360 Beam Deflection Tube data sheet |date=March 1961 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
78. ^{{cite web |url=http://electronbunker.ca/DL/RCA_Review_7360.pdf|title=A new miniature beam deflection tube|author=M. B. Knight|publisher=RCA Electron Tube Division|year=1960|accessdate=January 22, 2017}}
79. ^{{cite web |url=http://jlandrigan.com/files/RECEIVER%20Schematics/SSB%20Exciter%20Circuits%20Using%20the%207360.pdf|title=SSB Exciter Circuits Using a New Beam-Deflection Tube|author=H. C. Vance K2FF|publisher=QST|year=1960|accessdate=May 30, 2013}}
80. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7414.pdf |publisher=Bendix Corporation |title= 7414 Subminiature Time Totalizer data sheet |date=14 March 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
81. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/7/7572.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK7572 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=15 December 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
82. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/7/7575.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK7575 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=15 December 1959 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
83. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/7/7702.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK7702 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=15 March 1960 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
84. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7763.pdf |publisher=General Electric |title=7763 Sheet Beam Tube data sheet |date=5 March 1962 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
85. ^This tube's designation is inconsistent with the scheme
86. ^{{cite book |author= |title=Wechselspannungs- und Wechselstrom-Stabilisierungsschaltungen mit der Diode YA1000 |pages=189–195 |series=Telefunken Laborbuch |volume=IV |language=de |publisher=AEG-Telefunken |location=Ulm |year=1967}}
87. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dos4ever.com/ring/ring.html#ZA100X |title= The ZA100x series switching tubes from Philips|accessdate=19 August 2013}}
88. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/013/z/ZC1050.pdf |title= ZC1050 data sheet |publisher=Philips |date=February 1968 |accessdate=21 December 2013}}
89. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dos4ever.com/Z550M/text_display.pdf |author1= Thaens, J. G. M. |author2= van Vlodrop, P. H. G. |publisher= Philips Elcoma Division, Central Application Laboratory, Eindhoven, The Nederlands |title=Electronic Applications Vol. 27 No. 3: Running Text Display with Cold-Cathode Trigger Tubes |accessdate=21 December 2013}}
90. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Mullard/PD/disc_seal_triodes.pdf |title=Disc Seal Triodes |year=1965 |publisher=Mullard |accessdate=12 February 2016}}
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/829/312 |author=C. E. Wynn-Williams |publisher=Royal Society |title= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: A Thyratron Scale of Two Automatic counter |series=A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character |volume=136 |issue=829 |pages=312–324 |date=2 May 1932 |format=PDF |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
92. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1366.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK1366 CK1367 Printer-type cathode ray tube data sheet |date=1 November 1960 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
93. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1368.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK1368 CK1369 Printer-type cathode ray tube data sheet |date=1 November 1960 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
94. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1383.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company |title= CK1383 Recording storage tube data sheet |date=15 February 1963 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1414.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company components division, industrial components operation |title= CK1414 Symbolray character generating cathode ray tube data sheet |date=15 April 1966 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
96. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/Raytheon/Raytheon_symbolray_an.pdf |publisher=Raytheon Company components division, industrial components operation |title= Symbolray™ application note |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
97. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/154/d/DDR100.pdf |publisher= Mullard |title= DDR100 Accelerometer double diode data sheet |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
98. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.roehren-museum.de/pdf/KRYTRON.pdf |publisher=EG&G Electro-Optics Division, Salem, Massachusetts, USA |title= Krytrons - Cold Cathode Switch Tubes data sheet K5500B-1 |date=September 1973 |accessdate=11 September 2016}}
99. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.onleihe.de/static/content/franzis/20091127/978-37723-3836-6/v978-37723-3836-6.pdf |author=Wahl, Günter |publisher=Franzis Verlag |title=Hightech-Elektronik-Experimente |language=de |accessdate=26 Dec 2014}}
100. ^{{cite web |url=http://tubehobby.com/datasheets/plasma.pdf |publisher=Vishay Dale, Columbus, Nebraska, USA |title= Plasma Panel Displays - Dual Linear Bar Graph |date=November 2000 |accessdate=8 March 2014}}
101. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/6435/file/varie/QK329_App.pdf |author1=Miller, Joseph A. |author2=Soltes, Aaron S. |author3=Scott, Ronald E. |publisher=Electronics |date=February 1955 |title=Wide-band Analog Function Multiplier |accessdate=15 June 2013}}
102. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bvws.org.uk/publications/bulletins/pdf/BVWS_Bulletin_24_4.pdf |title=Extracts from "The Saga of Marconi Osram Valves", part 1 |first=Barry |last=Wyse |publisher=The British Vintage Wireless Society |volume=25 |page=12ff |year=2000 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
103. ^R-type tube on The National Valve Museum
104. ^{{cite web |url=http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/valves/VR199607.pdf |author=Lankshear, Peter |publisher=Electronics Australia |date=July 1996 |title=Valve filament/heater voltages |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
105. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/r/RK61.pdf |title=Subminiature gas triode type RK61 data sheet |publisher=Raytheon Company |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
106. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rchalloffame.org/Exhibits/Exhibit18/index.html |title=Ed Lorenz Mystery Tube |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
107. ^George Honnest-Redlich Radio Control for Models (1950) p. 7
108. ^{{cite web |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/sp/SB256.pdf |publisher=RCA Electron Tube Division |title=SB256 Selective Electrostatic Storage Tube data sheet |date=November 1951 |accessdate=4 November 2017}}
109. ^Charles S. Osborne • lampes-et-tubes.info
110. ^TuneOn data sheet
111. ^TuneOn Button data sheet
112. ^BRIMAR (STC) Tunograph, Visual Tuning Indicator on lampes-et-tubes • Tunograph data sheet
113. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/200/t/TH9503.pdf |publisher=Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston, division tubes electroniques, Paris (France) |title= TH9503 Scripticon character generating cathode ray tube data sheet |date=January 1968 |accessdate=27 September 2017}}
114. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bvws.org.uk/publications/bulletins/pdf/BVWS_Bulletin_25_2.pdf |title=About the French TM valve |first=Fons |last=Van Bergen |publisher=The British Vintage Wireless Society |volume=25 |page=20ff |year=2000 |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
115. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/GrandeEtPetiteHistoireDeLaLampeTm |title=Grande et Petite Histoire de la Lampe TM |first=Robert |last=Champeix |publisher=Les Anciens de la Radio et de l'Électronique |language=fr |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
116. ^TM tube; Horned tube on The National Valve Museum
117. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.r-type.org/articles/art-020.htm |title= Why the French R valve? |author=Gerald Garratt G5CS |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
118. ^Grid-anode curves for the Soviet R-5 triode, a licensed clone of the French TM triode made by La Compagnie des Lampes (1888)
119. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.ase-museoedelpro.org/Museo_Edelpro/Catalogo/tubes/records_nw/175HQ/175HQ_bstj36-1-163.pdf |title=Electron tubes for the transatlantic cable system |series=The Bell system technical journal |date=January 1957 |author1=McNally, J.O. |author2=Metson, G.H. |author3=Veazie, E.A. |author4=Holmes, M.F. |pages=163ff |accessdate=9 February 2016}}
120. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/1/1636.pdf |title=1636 U-H-F Beam deflection mixer |publisher=RCA Electron Tube Division |date=3 November 1944|accessdate=1 May 2017}}
121. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://lampes-et-tubes.info/tt/388A.pdf |title=368A, 368AS and 388A data sheet |publisher=Western Electric |accessdate=19 January 2016}}
122. ^http://www.tubecollectors.org/eimac/archives/450th(50).pdf
123. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/bstj43-4-1311 |title=Electron tubes for the SD submarine cable system |series=The Bell system technical journal |date=July 1964 |author1=Holdaway, V.L. |author2=Van Haste, W. |author3=Walsh, E.J. |pages=1311ff |format=PDF |access-date=9 Feb 2016}}
124. ^https://www.crtsite.com/tv-crt.html
125. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/other/RCA/RCA_TT3.pdf |publisher=R.C.A. Manufacturing Company, Harrison, New Jersey, USA |title= RCA Air-Cooled Transmitting Tube Manual TT3 |year=1938 |accessdate=17 October 2013}}
126. ^{{cite web |url=http://messui.polygonal-moogle.com/valves/VR198808.pdf |author=Lankshear, Peter |publisher=Electronics Australia |date=August 1988 |title=The Methuselah of valves |accessdate=1 May 2017}}
127. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/ITM2Mdatasheet.PDF |publisher=Moscow Electric Lamp Plant (МЭЛЗ/MELZ) |title=ИНДИКАТОР ИТМ2-М data sheet |language=ru |year=1944 |accessdate=9 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031227/http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/ITM2Mdatasheet.PDF |archivedate=12 October 2013 |df= }}
128. ^{{cite web |url=http://oldtriod.ru/upload/Spravka/Lamp/LP4.pdf |publisher=Moscow Electric Lamp Plant (МЭЛЗ/MELZ) |title=Линейный Трохотрон Типа ЛП-4 data sheet |language=ru |accessdate=8 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309025810/http://oldtriod.ru/upload/Spravka/Lamp/LP4.pdf |archivedate=9 March 2014 |df= }}
129. ^La Compagnie des Lampes on radiomuseum.org
130. ^French Mazda datasheets before 1949: 18MA4 by CdL • 1883 (July 1948) by CdL, BELVU • 2XM400 (September 1947) by CdL • 2XM600 (September 1947) by CdL • 4Y25 (February 1949) by CdL, BELVU • 5Y35 (July 1948) by CdL • 6H8G (September 1947) by CdL • 879 (September 1947) by CdL • 884 (January 1949) by CdL • 8SAx by CdL • C75S (June 1947) by CdL • C95S (June 1947) by CdL
131. ^French Mazda datasheets 1949–53: 2E30 (November 1949) by CdL • 31MA4 (February 1950) by CdL • 3T20 (July 1949) by CdL • 3T100 (July 1949) by CdL, BELVU • 4Y50 (November 1950) by CdL, BELVU • C30S (January 1950) by CdL • C127S (January 1950) by CdL • C220MW1 (January 1950) by CdL • E1 (April 1950) by CdL • E2 (April 1950) by CdL • ST130 (September 1949) by CdL
132. ^French Mazda datasheets 1953–59: 2G21 (October 1953) by CdL, BELVU • 4Y100 (September 1960) by CdL, BELVU • 43MG4 (December 1954) by CdL • 43MH4 (March 1954) by CdL • 43MR4 (December 1954) by CdL • 54MS4 (June 1955) by CdL • 829 (June 1955) by CdL • 832 (June 1955) by CdL • 927 (July 1954) by CdL • 929 (June 1957) by CdL • 6196 (November 1959) by CdL • 6250 (November 1959) by CdL, BELVU • E5 (September 1960) by CdL • JA10 (September 1960) by CdL, BELVU
133. ^French Mazda datasheets since 1959: 3T50 (February 1966) by CdL, BELVU • 4Y75 (February 1964) by CdL, BELVU • 6K8 (June 1964) by CdL • 78A (September 1966) by CdL, BELVU • 7233 (April 1962) by CdL • 7242 (April 1965) by CdL • 7377 (April 1962) by CdL • 8418 (February 1963) by CdL, BELVU • E6 (February 1964) by CdL • E7 (June 1965) by CdL • E9 (September 1965) by CdL • ECF202 (April 1967) by CdL, BELVU • ECL802 (December 1966) by CdL, BELVU • ED501 (February 1966) by CdL • EF816 (April 1967) by CdL • EL183 (June 1959) by CdL, BELVU • EL503 (June 1966) by CdL, BELVU • EY81F (April 1967) by CdL, BELVU • EY802 (April 1967) by CdL, BELVU • F7024x (April 1967) by CdL, BELVU • F9102 (April 1965) by CdL, BELVU • F9116 (December 1965) by CdL • GY86 (June 1966) by CdL • GY802 (April 1967) by CdL • K25000A1 (June 1961) by CdL • PY81F (April 1967) by CdL, BELVU

Heater or filament ratings

Tube bases and envelopes

Abbreviations used in this list

Numbering systems

North American systems

RMA system (1942)

RETMA receiving tubes system (1953)

EIA professional tubes system

Eimac high power RF tubes system

West European systems

Mullard–Philips system

Standard tubes

{{anchor|MP_SQ}}Special quality tubes

Professional tubes

Transmitting tubes

Phototubes and photomultipliers

Voltage stabilizers

Compagnie des Lampes (1888, "Métal") system

{{anchor|BritishMazda}}EdiSwan ("British Mazda") systems

Signal tubes

Power rectifiers

EEV system

ETL computing tubes system

Marconi-Osram system

Mullard designations before 1934

Philips system before 1934

STC/Brimar receiving tubes system

Valvo system before 1934

East European systems

Lamina transmitter tube system

RFT transmitter tube system

Tesla systems

Signal tubes

Power tubes

Tungsram receiving tubes system before 1934

Russian systems

{{anchor|RuCS}}GOST standard tubes system

{{anchor|RuCP}}Professional tubes system

Japanese systems

Older numbering system 1941–51

JIS C 7001 system

Military naming systems

British CV naming system

U.S. naming systems

Other numeral-only systems

Other letter followed by numerals

List of American RETMA tubes, with European equivalents

"0 volt" gas-filled cold cathode tubes

1 volt heater/filament tubes

1.25 volt filament subminiature tubes

1 prefix for home receivers

2 volt heater/filament tubes

Nominally 5 volt heater/filament tubes

5 volt heater/filament tubes

6 volt heater/filament tubes

"7" prefix loctal tubes

12 volt heater/filament tubes

"14" prefix loctal tubes

25 volt heater/filament tubes

35 volt heater/filament tubes

50 volt heater/filament tubes

117 volt heater tubes

Other tubes with nonstandard filament voltages

List of EIA professional tubes

4000s

5000s

6000s

7000s

8000s

List of European Mullard–Philips tubes, with American equivalents

List of Pro Electron professional tubes

X - Electro-optical devices

XA

XG

XL

XM

XP

XQ

XR

XX