“Little Treaty of Versailles”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Poland regained independence (as the Second Polish Republic), after 123 years of partitions, in the aftermath of the First World War. The victorious powers decided that due to significant non-Polish minorities on areas claimed by Poland (which historically controlled many Lithuanian and Ruthenian territories under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and would likely inherit a substantial German minority within its new borders) and the ongoing civilian strife caused by the local wars (in particular the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-1919 and Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920), Poland had to sign the treaty in exchange for Polish independence and for Poland to sign the peace treaty with Germany (the Article 93 of the Treaty of Versailles stated that: "Poland accepts... provisions... to protect the interests of inhabitants of Poland who differ from the majority of the population in race, language, or religion").^[4] In addition, the treaty declared that Poland had to take over a part of debts of Russian state and grant a most favored nation clause in transit trade to "Allied and Associated States" (Articles 14-18).

The treaty

The Polish government declared its support for "total and complete protection of life and freedom of all people regardless of their birth, nationality, language, race or religion" (Article 2) and religious tolerance (Article 7 which stated that "difference of religion, creed, or confession shall not prejudice any Polish national in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or political rights, as for instance the admission to Public employment, functions and honors, or the exercise of professions and industries"). Provisions of the treaty "were obligations of international importance and were guaranteed by the League of Nations".

They could not be changed "without consent of majority of the League of Nations Council" (Article 12). National minorities could direct their complaints to the League of Nations Council. Difference of opinions "in legal or actual matters" between Poland and any of the western powers or any of the members of the League of Nations Council, which would result from provisions of the treaty was to have an international character (Article 12).

The treaty was signed by Polish representatives at Versailles (Roman Dmowski, Ignacy Paderewski) on 28 June 1919, the same day as the main Treaty of Versailles (hence it is known as Little or Small Treaty of Versailles. The parliament of Poland, the Sejm, ratified the treaty on 31 July 1919; the treaty was implemented on 10 January 1920. Poland renounced it at the League of Nations forum in Geneva on 13 September 1934.

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Notes

1. ^Lauterpacht, Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood, A.G. Oppenheimer, International Law Reports, Cambridge UniversityPress, 1998, {{ISBN|0-521-58070-6}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FEzBqJIF440C&pg=PA537&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=pD5cR5D5C5T8iwHH9JDyAw&sig=Os80oXGY29Lp5pBhEj21yu7lMOo Google Print, p.537]
2. ^Christian L. Wiktor, Multilateral Treaty Calendar: Répertoire Des Traités Multilatéraux, 1648-1995, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1998, {{ISBN|90-411-0584-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8GnNQLGDRQC&pg=RA1-PA188&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=pD5cR5D5C5T8iwHH9JDyAw&sig=sYrJfusiaOZWtB6SgYe6u5VgaBE Google Print, p.188]
3. ^Thomas D. Grant, The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution, Praeger/Greenwood, 1999, {{ISBN|0275963500}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC&pg=PA114&dq=Poland+recognition+1919+versailles&as_brr=3&ei=ET9cR__8G6butAPi0NDvAw&sig=uc8xW0mfzxTFUDYohdfCEG5t81Q Google Print, p.114]
4. ^See the text of the Treaty of Versailles {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214175104/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/partiii.htm |date=2008-02-14 }}. Note that identical requirement was given to Czechoslovakia in Article 86.

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Background

The treaty

See also

Notes

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