“Liwa (Arabic)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Liwa, or Liwā’ ({{Lang-ar|لواء}}), is an Arabic term meaning ensign, or banner. The word has developed various other meanings in Arabic:

Liwa was used interchangeably with the Turkish term "Sanjak" in the time of the Ottoman Empire. After the fall of the empire, the term was used in the Arab countries formerly under Ottoman rule. It was gradually replaced by other terms like qadaa and mintaqa and is now defunct. It is only used occasionally in Syria to refer to the Hatay Province, ceded by the French mandate of Syria to Turkey in 1939, at which time was known as Liwa' Iskenderun.

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UalnoF5MBHMC&pg=PR45&dq=liwa+banner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXgo-wsYLXAhVLEVAKHa-iDqEQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=liwa%20banner&f=false|title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|last=Hillenbrand|first=Carole|date=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415929141|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ybAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA123&dq=liwa+district&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJxuXasYLXAhXCZlAKHQb1DYMQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=liwa%20district&f=false|title=Foreign Maps|date=1956|publisher=Department of the Army|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nk_WKSZqXr4C&pg=PA45&dq=liwa+brigade&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpiem2soLXAhXCLlAKHflxDjQQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=liwa%20brigade&f=false|title=Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan|last=Flint|first=Julie|last2=(Organization)|first2=Human Rights Watch|date=2004|publisher=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dMN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT298&dq=liwa+major&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZkbDVs4LXAhUPUlAKHRvLDEAQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=liwa%20major&f=false|title=Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History|last=Al-Marashi|first=Ibrahim|last2=Salama|first2=Sammy|date=2001-12-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134145638|language=en}}