“London Underground 1967 Stock”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The London Underground 1967 Stock was a type of deep-level tube stock which operated on the Victoria line of the London Underground from when the line first opened on 1 September 1968 until 30 June 2011. Some of the stock was also used on the Central line between Woodford and Hainault between 21 February 1968 and 1984, as the same automatic train operation (ATO) system was used on both lines.^[2]

A total of 316 cars (39.5 train sets) were built by Metro-Cammell, and the stock was refurbished at Rosyth.^[3] Withdrawn cars of Mk I 1972 stock were later moved into the 1967 stock fleet in the 1990s, thus creating a fleet of 43 1967 stock trains. As they did not feature ATO, they were only used as non-driving cars, positioned in the middle of trains rather than at the ends. By the beginning of their retirement in 2010 the 1967 stock had achieved a mean distance between failures of over {{convert|14,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.^[4]

Each complete train consisted of two four-car units coupled together. Being ATO equipped, the train operator started the train by simultaneously pressing two buttons in the cab to start the automatic process. The trains were the first London Underground rolling stock to be built with wrap-around windows in the driving cabs.

Background

London Transport had built a batch of 12 prototype motor cars, known as the 1960 stock, to test out a number of new features,^[5] and it was originally intended that these would form the basis for a production run to replace the ageing Standard Stock. However, tube usage was increasing, and with the Standard Stock proving unreliable in these new circumstances, the decision was taken to build the 1962 stock, which was essentially the same as the earlier 1959 stock. Metropolitan-Cammell, the manufacturers, built both classes on the same production line, without a break.^[6]

In August 1962, after years of lobbying by London Transport, the government authorised the construction of the Victoria line, a completely new {{convert|10.5|mi|km|adj=on}} underground line running from Walthamstow to Victoria. Designs for the line included high levels of automation, and this included Automatic Train Operation.{{sfn |Green|1987 |pp=58–59}} Trials were carried out on the District line, and once it had been established that automatic train operation was feasible, a full-scale trial was run on the Woodford to Hainault section of the Central line. Five of the six trains of 1960 stock were modified,{{sfn |Bruce |1968 |p=93}} and automatic operation of the branch began on 5 April 1964. This enabled the system for the 1967 stock to be thoroughly tested,{{sfn |Bruce |1968 |p=95}} and early units of the stock were tested out on the branch.{{sfn |Bruce |1988 |p=106}}

Design

The 1967 Stock was the first opportunity to build cars which included many of the enhancements tried out in the 1960 Stock. They were designed for the Victoria line, and each train consisted of eight cars, marshalled as two four-car units. Each unit had a driving motor car at both ends, and two trailer cars between them. The outer ends of the motor cars were fitted with Wedglock automatic couplers, and all cars in a unit were semi-permanently coupled together. It was not expected that units would be uncoupled in service, and the arrangement on previous stock where uncoupling required simultaneous operations to be performed in both cabs was replaced by one where uncoupling could be initiated in the first car and completed afterwards in the second.^[7]

The Victoria line was to be equipped for automatic operation, and the driver was replaced by a "train operator", with responsibility for shutting the doors, and then pressing two buttons simultaneously to start the train, after which the train would move under automatic control until the next station was reached.{{sfn |Glover |1996 |p=117}} However, a single controller to allow the trains to be driven manually in the depot or in emergency while in service was provided. This incorporated both traction control and braking. Door controls were provided in the cabs, and a facility to isolate either of the two units from the leading cab was also included. For the first time on tube stock, all control circuits were switched by cam-operated micro-switches. They were used on the traction and brake controller, the disconnecting units, the fault isolating switches, the door controls and other control equipment, and resulted in a significant reduction in the routine electrical inspection needing to be carried out.^[8]

Window design followed the 1960 Stock, consisting of two large windows between each set of doors, giving a double-glazed appearance. The doors opened into the gap between the inner and outer skins. However, on the doors themselves, the windows were curved, so that the top was much higher than previous designs, allowing passengers to see station signs without stooping. Visibility for the driver was improved by the provision of wrap-around cab windows. Loading times at stations were improved by providing a stand-back beside the doors, so that passengers standing near the doors did not block so much of the exit. Lighting was by fluorescent tube, with two lights in each car fed from the battery through an invertor, so that they remained lit should the motor alternator shut down.^[10] Two types of motor alternator were used. Some were manufactured by AEI, and generated 230 V AC at 850 Hz, which was stepped down to 115 V for the lighting and 58 V for the battery charger. The alternative was manufactured by English Electric, and generated 60 V at 850 Hz, which was stepped up for the lighting.^[11]

The trains were the first in the system to be designed by an artistic designer (Professor Misha Black), rather than an engineer.^[12]

Delivery

When first opened, the Victoria line terminated at Victoria station. They were fitted with Automatic train operation (ATO) equipment, which had been tested on the Woodford to Hainault section of the Central line, using modified 1960 Stock trains. At first, trains were delivered to Ruislip Depot on the Piccadilly line. Following initial preparation for service, they were then transferred to Hainault Depot, where they ran as single units, so that the ATO equipment could be thoroughly tested. Once passed, they were taken to Leytonstone, from where battery locomotives were used to haul them over Eastern Region tracks to Northumberland Park Depot. After September 1968, when the first part of the Victoria line opened, trains were transferred from Ruislip to Northumberland Park directly, via a connecting link between the Piccadilly line and the Victoria line at Finsbury Park. Several four-car units were briefly transferred to operate the Woodford-Hainault service over the years, when the 1960 Stock units needed modification or overhaul.^[13]

The extension of the Victoria line to Brixton required additional trains, and a further 18 four-car units were built. These were identical to the original units, and the numbering scheme followed on from where the first batch ended. Increasing traffic levels on the Victoria line during the 1980s eventually required more trains, which posed a problem, since no other stock could operate on the line, because of the need for it to operate automatically.^[13] The 1972 Mk I Stock was similar, although it was built to run as seven-car trains, with a four-car unit much like the 1967 stock, and a three-car unit consisting of a driving motor car, a trailer car, and an uncoupling non-driving motor car, which was a motor car with no cab for the driver. Instead it was fitted with a shunting control cabinet at the outer end. The main differences between the 1972 and the 1967 stock was that the latter was designed for two-man operation, having door controls for the guard at the trailing end of the driving motor cars, and that it was reversible, as it had been ordered for the Northern line, where the Kennington Loop can result in either end of the train facing the north end of the line.^[14]

However, most of the equipment was compatible with the 1967 stock, and so some of the 1972 stock was modified to work on the Victoria line. Two seven-car trains would be split up, and the uncoupling non-driving motors would be discarded, providing three four-car units. From an eight-car train, the outer motor cars would be removed, and used to replace the inner motor cars of an eight-car train of 1967 stock, releasing two motor cars fitted with ATO equipment, which would then be fitted to the outer ends of the 1972 stock.^[13] The conversion work was carried out at Acton Works.^[15] Fourteen driving motor and fourteen trailer cars were added to the Victoria line stock by this method between 1987 and 1989, and a further two driving motor cars and one trailer were added between 1995 and 1999.{{sfn |TfL |2007 |p=3}}

Automatic operation

The system of automatic train operation developed for the Victoria line, and hence the 1967 Stock, used two types of coded signals, which were fed into the running rails, and pickup up by two independent sets of coils on the train. The first was the safety signalling system, which used a continuous signal encoded at 125 Hz. This was used to pass codes at 420, 270 or 180 pulses per minute (ppm) to the control circuits. Failure to receive any of these codes resulted in the emergency brake operating. 180 ppm allowed the train to operate at speeds up to {{convert|25|mph|kph}} but did not allow power to be applied if it had previously been shut off. 270 ppm allowed the train to operate up to the same speed, but power could also be re-applied if it had previously been shut off. Finally, 420 ppm allowed the train to run at the speeds set by the driving command system, which was the second of the two coded message systems.^[16]

The driving command system used short sections of the running rails, {{convert|10|ft|m|2}} long, which were called 'spots', and carried signals coded at between 1 kHz and 20 kHz. Running speeds were coded so that 100 Hz represented {{convert|1|mph|kph}}, so a 3.5 kHz spot indicated that the train should be travelling at {{convert|35|mph|kph}} and a 2 kHz spot that it should be travelling at {{convert|20|mph|kph}}. In addition, a 15 kHz spot indicated that the traction motors should be shut down, but the train allowed to coast, while a 20 kHz spot indicated that the train should stop, as the next signal was at danger. When a train passed a speed control spot on the approach to a station, the brakes were applied at different rates, depending on whether the train was travelling faster or slower than the specified speed. Once the speed was below {{convert|4|mph|kph}}, the brakes were released slightly, to ensure a smooth stop, and the resting position would be within {{convert|5|ft|m}} of the desired stop point.^[16]

Braking spots were provided at {{convert|5|mph|kph|adj=on}} increments, from the expected maximum speed downwards, but if the train had been stopped at a signal by a 20 kHz spot, for instance, the actual speed on approaching the station would be much slower, and the outer spots would be ignored. Speed control was by an electronic governor and a frequency generator mounted on one of the traction motors, with an overriding mechanical governor, connected to one of the axles on the trailer cars.^[17] All trains were fitted with a fail-safe trip valve connected to the emergency brakes, and the mechanical governor operated this device if the speed exceeded {{convert|25|mph|kph}} when the 420 code was not being received, if the speed exceeded {{convert|50|mph|kph}} under any circumstances, or if the speed exceeded {{convert|11.5|mph|kph}} when the train was being operated in 'slow manual' mode. The trains could be driven manually at speeds up to {{convert|25|mph|kph}} if safety codes were still being received, or at {{convert|10|mph|kph}} if no codes were being received, either because of a failure or because the train was in the depot, where the tracks were not coded.^[18]

Refurbishment

Beginning in 1989, all of the 43 8-car trains were taken to Acton Works, where they were fitted with passenger alarms, a public address system and other safety related features. The original hydraulic parking brakes were replaced by a new spring-operated brake. Following these changes, two units were selected for refurbishment, which was undertaken by Tickford Rail of Rosyth Royal Dockyard and Vic Berry of Leicester. The work included replacement of the seats, lighting, panelling and grab rails. Externally, the cars were painted in a red, white and blue livery. The two units resumed service on 9 October 1989, and in June 1990, a rolling programme to update all of the cars was awarded to Tickford Rail.^[15] The work was completed in 1995.{{sfn |TfL |2007 |p=2}}

Roster

Announcer system

In 2000–2001 the trains were retrofitted with an automated voice announcer system, featuring the voice of Emma Clarke.^[19] Some of the announcements had to be changed in 2007 due to the arrival of the Eurostar at St Pancras and the London Overground. However some announcements have to be manually done by the driver.

Replacement

The 1967 Stock has been replaced by 2009 Stock, built by Bombardier Transportation as part of the Victoria line modernisation programme. The first prototype of the 2009 Stock was completed in 2007, and production trains were delivered from 2009 onwards. The first one entered service on 21 July 2009.

In January 2010, the first eight cars of 1967 Stock were moved to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped.^[20] They had been used as a test train for several years.

After 28 May 2011, 1967 Stock trains were no longer able to run to stations north of Seven Sisters, because of the commissioning of a new, incompatible signalling system (and decommissioning of the old one) between there and Walthamstow Central. The last 1967 stock train from Walthamstow Central was formed of units 3075 and 3078, running as set number 246.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The last-ever 1967 Stock train in passenger service on the remainder of the Victoria line (Brixton to Seven Sisters) ran on 30 June 2011.^[21]

The last service departed Seven Sisters at 18:29, formed of cars 3159+4159+4059+3059 and 3179+4179+4079+3079, running as set number 247. After having reached Brixton, the train returned to Seven Sisters for the last time, arriving at approx 1950. Due to delays caused by other factors, it ran around 20 minutes late on its last run.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

Most cars were sent to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped. However some units, particularly those which include 1972Mk1 cars, have been placed into storage at Eastleigh works, possibly as spare cars for the Bakerloo line. Two driving motor cars from the last run, 3079 and 3179, have been incorporated into the Asset Inspection Train. In addition to this, one four-car unit, 3160, remained in Northumberland Park depot. It was used to shunt newly delivered trains of 2009 Stock, however now that these have all been delivered it has been moved. Another unit, 3067, is used to train cleaners, and can move between various depots to facilitate this. It currently resides at London Road depot on the Bakerloo line.

Post-withdrawal use

Cultural preservation

A refurbished motor car in which Queen Elizabeth II travelled during the official opening of the line in 1969, number 3052, is preserved in a non-working condition in the London Transport Museum's Acton collection. It was withdrawn from service in October 2010.^[30] A damaged and unrefurbished driving motor, number 3016, was preserved at the Walthamstow Pump House Museum until the end of the site's lease in 2011, and was partly scrapped on site.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} Part of number 3016 is to be fully restored in time for the 150th anniversary of the London Underground, in 2013. However, refurbished driving motor car 3186 has now been preserved at the site, in experimental condition with a dark grey rather than white car end, and narrower transverse seating.

The 1967 stock was used as the tube train design for the Royal Mint's special £2 coin designs of 2013 marking the 150th anniversary of the London Underground.^[31]

Engineering use

Motor cars 3079 and 3179 are now part of the Asset Inspection Train, sandwiched between two cars of 1972 stock on either side and without the wrap-around cab windows.^[32]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|title=Rolling Stock Data Sheet, London Underground (First Edition)|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/66598/response/170252/attach/4/Rolling%20stock%20Data%20Sheet%202nd%20Edition%201.pdf|website=WhatDoTheyKnow|accessdate=17 April 2016}}
2. ^{{harvnb |Hardy |2002 |p=10}}
3. ^{{harvnb |Hardy |2002 |p=11}}
4. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/Item04-RUP-7-7-2010-MD-report-LU.pdf|page=4|title=Managing Director's Report – London Underground|date=7 July 2010|publisher=Transport for London}}
5. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=86}}
6. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=91}}
7. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=96}}
8. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=97}}
9. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |pp=97–98}}
10. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |pp=98–99}}
11. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1988 |p=103}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=Underground – Official Handbook|date=2000|author=Bayman, Bob|publisher=Capital Transport|page=66}}
13. ^¹²{{harvnb |Bruce |1988 |p=106}}
14. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1988 |p=109}}
15. ^¹{{harvnb |Hardy |1993 |p=18}}
16. ^¹{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=107}}
17. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |p=110}}
18. ^{{harvnb |Bruce |1968 |pp=110, 112}}
19. ^{{cite news |last= Phillips |first= Rhodri |title= What Emma, outspoken 'Voice of the Underground', really thinks of Tube travellers |work =Daily Mail |location =London |date= 24 November 2007 |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-496165/What-Emma-outspoken-Voice-Underground--really-thinks-Tube-travellers.html}}
20. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/news/85279/booth-wins-underground-trains-scrap-contract.aspx |title=Booth wins Underground trains scrap contract |work= Rotherham Advertiser |date=8 February 2010}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://londonist.com/2011/06/last-day-of-service-for-old-victoria-line-trains.php |title=Last Day Of Service For Old Victoria Line Trains |last=Nicholas |first=Dean |date=30 June 2011 |publisher=Londonist (blog) |accessdate=30 June 2011}}
22. ^¹{{cite journal|date=February 2012|title=Rolling Stock Changes and Movements|journal=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issue=602|page=94|issn=0306-8617}}
23. ^{{cite web|author1=George|title=1967 Tube Stock – Walthamstow Pump House|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/juniper007/22254594054/|website=Flickr|accessdate=9 November 2015|date=8 November 2015}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ltmcollection.org/vehicles/objects/object.html?IXinv=2010/23833|title=London Underground 1967-tube stock driving motor car, number 3052, 1967|publisher=London Transport Museum|accessdate=14 June 2014}}
25. ^¹{{cite journal|date=May 2014|title=Rolling Stock Changes and Movements|journal=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issue=629|page=296|issn=0306-8617}}
26. ^¹{{cite journal|date=March 2014|title=Rolling Stock Changes and Movements|journal=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issue=627|page=171|issn=0306-8617}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ltmuseumfriends.co.uk/projects/friends/project/29/underground+engineering|title=Underground engineering|publisher=London Transport Museum Friends|accessdate=25 January 2015}}
28. ^{{cite journal|date=November 2011|title=Rolling Stock Changes and Movements|journal=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issue=599|page=631|issn=0306-8617}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.walthamstowpumphousemuseum.org.uk/filming.html|title=Filming and Photography Location Hire|publisher=Walthamstow Pump House Museum|accessdate=14 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820102837/http://www.walthamstowpumphousemuseum.org.uk/filming.html|archivedate=20 August 2014|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/blog/2010/11/08/londons-transport-museum-gains-a-royal-train/|title=London’s Transport Museum gains a "Royal Train"|date=8 November 2010|publisher=IanVisits|accessdate=22 May 2011}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-21185864|title=Tube 150th anniversary – new coins mark milestone|work=BBC News|date=24 January 2013|accessdate=13 May 2015}}
32. ^{{cite journal|date=June 2014|title=Asset Inspection on the Move|journal=Underground News|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|issue=630|page=342|issn=0306-8617}}