“London Underground 1996 Stock”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The London Underground 1996 stock is a type of rolling stock used on the Jubilee line of the London Underground. The trains were built by GEC Alsthom-Metro Cammell (now Alstom) and entered service in 1997.^[1] They are very similar to the 1995 Stock used on the Northern line.

The original 59 trains were initially built as 6-car trains, however, in 2005 an additional trailer car was added to lengthen each train to 7 cars. At the same time, four additional 7-car trains were ordered, bringing the total to 63 7-car trains.

History

The 1996 stock was ordered for the opening of the Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) from {{LUL stations|station=Green Park}} to {{LUL stations|station=Stratford}}. The original plan was to refurbish 1983 stock with the same exterior and interior as 1996 stock, even with double doors, but this proved too expensive and was abandoned. Delays in the construction of the JLE meant that the 1996 stock entered service on the existing Jubilee line, replacing the 1983 stock, well before the JLE was opened. The first train entered passenger service on Christmas Eve 1997, and the final train entered service on 31 July 2001.^[3]

The development of the 1995 stock and 1996 stock were conducted in parallel. Detailed design was done by Alstom S.A. at its Birmingham and Rugby facilities, and the first six train sets were manufactured in Alstom's Barcelona factory to the 1996 stock design. All type approvals were conducted on these early train sets. 1995 stock was produced in the Barcelona factory afterwards, and the balance of the 1996 stock followed. Final assembly and equipping was at Alstom's facility at Washwood Heath, Birmingham, on adjacent production lines.

Overview

1995 and 1996 stock are similar but have different interiors, seating layouts and cabs (designed by Warwick Design Consultants), traction packages and train management systems, and slight differences in tripcock geometry. 1995 stock uses LED body-side lights, 1996 stock filament bulbs. The most apparent difference is the bogie: 1996 stock uses an Alstom bogie with a rubber suspension, 1995 stock has AdTranz bogies with air suspension to cope with the arduous track conditions of the underground portions of the Northern line. The main technical differences arose because 1996 stock was designed for "cheapest first cost", while 1995 stock was designed for "life cycle cost", as Alstom had won the contract to act as the service provider and maintainer of this stock. Alstom subsequently won the maintenance contract for 1996 stock, to be carried out at the new Stratford market depot in East London.

The stock was delivered as six-car trains, with two three-car units coupled together, each consisting of a Driving Motor car [DM], a Trailer car [T] and an Uncoupling Non-Driving Motor car [UNDM]. The standard train formation was {{nowrap|DM–T–UNDM+UNDM–T–DM}}. Twelve later trailer cars had de-icing equipment; these are referred to as De-Icing Trailer cars [DIT].

The cars are odd-numbered at one end of the train, even numbers at the other. Each number has five digits: the first two are the stock type (96); the third refers to the car type: 0 or 1 for DM, 2 or 3 for T, 4 or 5 for UNDM and 8 or 9 for DIT. Thus, for example, a six-car train set would be 96001, 96201, 96401, 96402, 96202, 96002. Each car is given a letter designation. The even cab car is A, odd cab car B, even UNDM C, odd UNDM D, trailer cars E, DIT F.

Traction control

1995 and 1996 stocks have similar body shells but they use different AC traction control systems. The 1995 stock system is more modern, since the 1996 stock design specification was frozen in 1991.

1996 stock uses three-phase induction motors fed from a single-source inverter using a GTO (gate-turn-off) thyristor derived from those on Class 465 Networker trains. The 1995 stock uses Alstom's "Onix" three-phase Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) drive.

Earlier stock, like most electric trains before the 1990s, used DC motors. These are now regarded as inefficient, partly because they are traditionally controlled by resistors, and partly because a 3-phase AC induction motor can provide higher specific power and volumetric power density. The brushes and commutator of a DC motor are prone to wear and require regular maintenance, while an induction machine does not.

In an AC motor supplied by a fixed-frequency supply, maximum torque can only be achieved when the resistance of the rotor windings is equal to their reactance. AC motors in an industrial setting are normally operated at approximately constant speed, so if a wound-rotor machine is employed large banks of resistors can be used on start-up to raise resistance and maintain torque. This would be inefficient in a small motor designed for stop-start operation.

Thus it was only the adoption of electronic control systems from the 1980s that made AC traction viable for trains. The motor can be supplied using an inverter, and by varying the inverter's output frequency it is possible to keep the frequency of the current in the rotor windings, and hence the reactance, constant. (The reactance depends on frequency, whereas the resistance is fixed.)

The GTO thyristor achieves this by "chopping" the supply voltage in order to drive a sinusoidal current in the motor windings (pulse width modulation), creating the characteristic whine associated with the stock and with the Class 465 Networker trains that share its traction drive system. The sound changes as the pulse length changes. The noise is produced by the switching frequency current ripple{{Clarify|date=July 2012}} and the resulting torque pulsation experienced by the rotor of the induction machine.

More modern AC traction, such as on 1995 stock, uses an IGBT (which is essentially a combination of the MOSFET and BJT), which can operate at much higher switching frequencies than the GTO. The whining sound is far less noticeable because of the higher switching frequency of IGBT drives.

Addition of seventh car

In early 2005 London Underground announced that it would add a seventh car to each train, as well as order four new trains. The original factory on the Barcelona sea front had been closed, and the new stock was manufactured in Alstom's new factory at Santa Perpètua de Mogoda in the Barcelona suburbs. The four new trains were built as six-car trains and modified to seven-car configuration at Stratford Depot.

From 25 December 2005, the line was closed for completion of the conversion to seven cars, including signalling alterations and software modification to the platform-edge doors. The original plan was to hard-wire two cars together so that the onboard computer would "see" them as one car, but this proved unnecessary. Since the stock was designed as six-car sets with the ability to add a seventh car, platforms were already long enough for seven-car trains and platform-edge doors had been built with space for a seventh car. The line was scheduled to close for five days, but the work was completed ahead of schedule and the line reopened two days early. The new car is a trailer car in the "odd" unit, with design designation "G". An example of a seven-car train set would be 96117, 96317, 96717, 96517, 96518, 96318, 96118 (the seventh car in bold.)

There were various differences between the new and old cars at the time of introduction:

Following refurbishment, many of these differences are no longer visible. The new cars are numbered 96601 to 96725 (odd numbers only). The step-plate on the new cars reads "Alstom 1996" for continuity reasons, but they feature the newer Alstom logo instead of the original GEC-Alsthom.

Upgrades and refurbishment

The trains were originally delivered with seats with a mauve and grey moquette. They formed the letter J for Jubilee (the Northern line's moquette formed the letter N). This was replaced in November 2005 with the new dark blue Tube Lines moquette with multi-coloured and multi-size hollow squares, introduced at the same time on the 1973 and 1995 stock. At the same time, the purple armrests were repainted blue to match the new seats. However, the four additional trains delivered in 2005 were delivered with the original moquette and armrests, and remained in this condition for several years.

In 2012, the new Barman moquette was introduced on all units, prior to the 2012 Olympics.^[4]

From 2014 onwards, the external LCD destination displays were replaced with LED units. The new units use orange text, instead of the original yellow.^[5]

Starting in 2017, the 1996 stock underwent refurbishment, some 20 years after first being introduced. New flooring was fitted, with contrasting colours and grooves in the doorways. All grab rails were repainted Jubilee line grey, and new wheelchair backboards were provided in some trailer cars. The interior turquoise blue panels were also repainted white. The external door open/close buttons were also plated over. The first refurbished train entered service on 23 February 2017.^[6]

Automatic Train Operation

It had been intended to open the Jubilee Line Extension with an Automatic train operation system, however delays and technical difficulties meant that a conventional signalling system was hastily installed, and until 2011 the trains were operated manually by the driver using a dead man's handle, also known as the Traction-Brake controller.

Eventually, a new signalling system was installed by Thales, called SelTrac. Also known as Transmission-based train control, it allows the trains to be operated automatically, with the driver only responsible for opening and closing the doors, and initiating departure. The system uses inductive track loops, placed between the running rails, to communicate with the train

In order to operate with the new signalling system, all 1996 stock underwent modification, which included the installation of two Vehicle On Board Controllers (VOBC), and a new Train Operators Display (TOD) in the cab.^[7]

ATO was introduced on a gradual basis, and since 26 June 2011, the line has been operated entirely under ATO. As a result, the peak service frequency was increased to 27 trains per hour in July 2011, and it has since been increased further to 30 trains per hour.^[8]

Diagram

References

1. ^¹²{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Bob|title=Jubilee Line Extension: From Concept to Completion|publisher=Thomas Telford|location=London|pages=127–134|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vCPGrWeK04gC|accessdate=17 April 2016|isbn=9780727730282|year=2003}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web|last1=Neil|first1=Graham|title=London Underground Rolling Stock Information Sheet|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/cy/request/284276/response/737827/attach/6/RS%20Info%20Sheets%204%20Edition.pdf|website=WhatDoTheyKnow|accessdate=17 April 2016}}
3. ^https://www.squarewheels.org.uk/rly/stock/1996tubeStock/
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://districtdavesforum.co.uk/thread/19308/1996ts-refresh|title=1996ts Refresh {{!}} District Dave's London Underground Site|website=districtdavesforum.co.uk|access-date=2017-03-29}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://districtdavesforum.co.uk/thread/24821/new-displays-on-73s?page=3|title=New displays on the 73s {{!}} District Dave's London Underground Site|website=districtdavesforum.co.uk|access-date=2017-03-29}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://districtdavesforum.co.uk/thread/27118/jubilee-line-interior-upgrade?page=4|title=Jubilee Line Interior Upgrade - District Dave's London Underground Site|website=districtdavesforum.co.uk}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.railengineer.uk/2012/04/04/jubilee-line-transformed/|title=Jubilee Line Transformed|date=2012-04-04|website=Rail Engineer|access-date=2017-03-29}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt-13-jubilee-18-may-2014.pdf|title=timetable|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}