| 词条 | Long March 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|image = 长征五号遥二火箭转场.jpg |caption = Long March 5 Y2 transporting to launch site |name = Long March 5 |function = Heavy orbital launch vehicle |manufacturer = CALT |country-origin = China |pcost = |cpl = |alt-cpl = |height = {{convert|57|m|ft|abbr=on}} |diameter = {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} |width = |mass = {{convert|867000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |stages = 2 |capacities = |location = LEO (200{{nbsp}}km × 400{{nbsp}}km × 42°) |kilos = {{convert|25000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} }} {{Infobox rocket/payload|location = GTO |kilos = {{convert|14000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} }} {{Infobox rocket/payload|location = TLI |kilos = {{convert|8200|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |family = Long March |derivatives = |comparable = {{flatlist|
}} |status = Active |sites = Wenchang LC-1 |launches = 2 |success = 1 |fail = 1 |partial = |other_outcome = |landings = |first = 3 November 2016[1][2] |last = |only = |payloads = |stagedata = |type = booster |diff = |stageno = |name = CZ-5-300 |number = 4 |length = {{cvt|27.6|m}} |diameter = {{cvt|3.35|m}} |width = |empty = |gross = {{cvt|155,700|kg}} |propmass = {{cvt|144,000|kg}} |engines = 2 × YF-100 |solid = |thrust = {{abbr|SL|Sea level}}: {{cvt|2400|kN}} {{abbr|Vac.|Vacuum}}: {{cvt|2680|kN}} |total = {{cvt|9600|kN}} |SI = SL: {{convert|300|isp}} Vac: {{convert|335|isp}} |burntime = 180 seconds |fuel = RP-1/LOX }} {{Infobox rocket/stage|type = stage |diff = |stageno = First |name = CZ-5-500 |number = |length = {{cvt|31.7|m}} |diameter = {{cvt|5|m}} |width = |empty = |gross = {{cvt|175,600|kg}} |propmass = {{cvt|158,300|kg}} |engines = 2 × YF-77 |solid = |thrust = SL: {{cvt|1020|kN}} Vac: {{cvt|1400|kN}} |total = |SI = SL: {{convert|310.2 |isp}} Vac: {{convert|430|isp}} |burntime = 480 seconds |fuel = LH2/LOX }} {{Infobox rocket/stage|type = stage |diff = |stageno = Second |name = CZ-5-HO |number = |length = {{cvt|10.6|m}} |diameter = {{cvt|5|m}} |width = |empty = |gross = {{cvt|22,200|kg}} |propmass = {{cvt|17,100|kg}} |engines = 2 × YF-75D |solid = |thrust = {{cvt|176.52|kN}}88.26 |total = |SI = {{convert|442|isp}} |burntime = 700 seconds |fuel = LH2/LOX }} {{Infobox rocket/stage|type = stage |diff = |stageno = Third |name = YZ-2(Optional) |number = |length = |diameter = {{convert|3.8|m|abbr=on}} |width = |empty = |gross = |propmass = |engines = 2 x YF-50D |solid = |thrust = {{cvt|6.5|kN}} |total = {{cvt|13|kN}} |SI = {{convert|316|isp}} |burntime = 1105 seconds |fuel = N2O4/UDMH }}Long March 5 (LM-5, CZ-5, or Changzheng 5) is a Chinese heavy lift launch system developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). CZ-5 is the first Chinese vehicle with a new design focusing on liquid rocket propellants from the ground up.[3] Currently, two CZ-5 vehicle configurations are planned for different missions, with a maximum payload capacity of ~{{convert|25000|kg}} to LEO[4] and ~{{convert|14000|kg}} to GTO.[5] The Long March 5 roughly matches the capabilities of American EELV heavy-class vehicles such as the Delta IV Heavy. The CZ-5's maiden launch successfully occurred on 3 November 2016, from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Center on Hainan island. Its second launch on 2 July 2017 failed due to an engine problem in the first stage. HistorySince 2010, Long March launches have made up 15–25% of all space launches globally. Growing domestic demand has maintained a healthy manifest. International deals have been secured through a package deal that bundles the launch with a Chinese satellite, circumventing the U.S. embargo.[5] The Chinese government approved the development of the Long March 5 rocket in 2007 following two decades of feasibility studies. It was to be manufactured at a facility in Tianjin, a coastal city near Beijing.[4] In 2008 the first launch of the Long March 5 was predicted to occur in Wenchang of the southernmost island province of Hainan, where a new satellite launch center was allegedly being constructed.[4] The first CZ-5 rocket to be launched completed production and testing in Tianjin manufacturing facility around 16 August 2016 and shipped to the launch centre on Hainan island shortly after.[6] DevelopmentThe Chief Designer for the CZ-5 rocket was Long Lehao. The main objective for the CZ-5 rocket was to fulfill China's requirement for large payload to LEO and GTO missions for the next 20–30 years. The CZ-5 project was initially announced in February 2001, with initial development slated to begin in 2002 and the first versions of the vehicle to go into service by 2008. However, funding was only finally granted in 2007 as revealed by the developers during the Northeast China exhibition. On 30 October 2007, construction for the CZ-5 production plant began in the TEDA West area near the Binhai New Area in Tianjin city. Building a completely new production facility that is close to the harbor will solve logistical problems associated with over-land transport of the large-sized rocket to launching centers. Instead, the rockets will be transported by sea from Tianjin to a new launch facility at Wenchang on Hainan Island. The new production facility would have an area totaling more than half a million square meters at the cost of RMB 4500 million (USD 650 million), with the first stage of the construction scheduled to be completed by 2009. When the production facility is completed in 2012, it would be capable of a maximum output of thirty CZ-5s annually. {{As of |2012|07}}, development of the {{nowrap|1,200 kN}} thrust LOX/kerosene engine was test fired.[7][8]New photos of CZ-5 and of its tests were released in March 2015.[9] CZ-5 carrier rocket was shipped from North China's Tianjin port at 20 September 2015 for a rehearsal (some drills carried out in a Wenchang Satellite Launch Center that involves both the carrier rocket and a probe) of a scheduled Chang'e-5 lunar mission planned around 2017.[10] The first test flight was initially scheduled for 2014, but this subsequently slipped to 2016.[11] Maiden flightThe launch was planned to take place at around 10:00 UTC, however several issues involving an oxygen vent and chilling of the engines were detected during the preparation which caused a delay of nearly 3 hours. The final countdown was interrupted three times due to problems with the flight control computer and the tracking software.[12] The rocket finally launched at 12:43 UTC.[13] Also, according to an internet blogger on the Chinese microblogging platform Weibo, a minor problem occurred during flight and the rocket put the YZ-2 upper stage and satellite into an orbit that was less accurate than expected. However, the trajectory was easily corrected with the YZ-2 upper stage and the payload was inserted into the desired orbit.[14] Second flightIts second launch on 2 July 2017 experienced an anomaly shortly after launch and was switched to an alternate, gentler trajectory. However it was declared a failure 45 minutes into the flight.[15][16] The cause of the failure was confirmed by CASC and related to an anomaly which happened on one of the YF-77 engines in the first stage.[17] YF-77 was put into test-fire in 2018 after CASC redesigned the engine.[18] Long March 5 was estimated to return to flight in January 2019,[19] but the launch date has subsequently been pushed back to July 2019.[23]DesignThe chief designer of CZ-5 is Mr. Li Dong of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). The CZ-5 family will include three primary modular core stages of 5.2-m diameter (maximum). The total length is 60.5 metres and the weight at launch is 643 tons, with a thrust of 833.8 tons. Boosters of various capabilities with diameters ranging from 2.25 metres and 3.35 metres would be assembled from three modular core stages and strap-on stages. There would be a choice of engines with different liquid rocket propellants: 1,200 kN thrust LOX/kerosene engines or 500 kN thrust LOX/LH2 engines on first stage and boosters. The upper stage would use improved version of YF-75 engines. Engine development began in 2000–2001, with testing directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. Versions of both new engines: YF-100 and YF-77 had been successfully tested by mid-2007. The CZ-5 series will deliver ~23 tonnes payload to LEO, or ~13 tonnes payload to GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit).[24] This would replace the CZ-2, CZ-3, and CZ-4 series in service, as well as providing new capabilities not possessed by current Long March rocket family. CZ-5 launch vehicle would consist of a 5.0-m diameter core stage and four 3.35-m diameter strap-on boosters, which would be able to send a ~25 tonne payload to low earth orbit (LEO). Six CZ-5 variants were originally planned.[20][21] However the light variants were cancelled, in favor of CZ-6 and CZ-7 family launch vehicles.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Specifications
List of launches{{main|List of Long March launches}}
See also{{Portal|Spaceflight|China}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.cctv.com/special/long_march_rocket/index.shtml|title=Successful Launch of Long March-5 Rocket|publisher=CCTV|date=3 November 2016|accessdate=3 November 2016}} {{Long March rockets}}{{CNSA space program}}{{China space station}}{{Orbital launch systems}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}2. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/11/china-long-march-5-maiden-launch/ |title=China conducts Long March 5 maiden launch |website=NASASpaceflight.com |date=2016-11-03 |accessdate=2016-11-03}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20150408/490.html |title=Chinese Long March 5 rocket |publisher=AirForceWorld.com |date=12 June 2015}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Long March 5 Will Have World's Second Largest Carrying Capacity |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Long_March_5_Will_Have_World_Second_Largest_Carrying_Capacity_999.html |accessdate=8 February 2016 |website=Space Daily|date=4 March 2009}} 5. ^{{cite news|last1=Henry|first1=Caleb|title=Back-to-back commercial satellite wins leave China Great Wall hungry for more|url=http://spacenews.com/back-to-back-commercial-satellite-wins-leave-china-great-wall-hungry-for-more/|work=SpaceNews|date=August 22, 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20160819/3187.html |title=Chinese Long March 5 rocket ready to launch |publisher=AirForceWorld.com |date=17 Aug 2015}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/16814-china-engine-test-long-march-5-rocket.html |title=China Tests Powerful Rocket Engine for New Booster |publisher=Space.com |author=Space.com staff |date=30 July 2012 |quote=The more capable Long March 5 rocket is expected to help the country achieve its goal of constructing a space station in orbit by the year 2020, as well as play a key role in China's future space exploration aims beyond low-Earth orbit. The rocket's maiden launch is expected to occur in 2014}} 8. ^Additional engine test-firings have taken place in July of 2013.{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/21957-china-rocket-engine-test-space-station.html |title=China Long March 5 Rocket Engine Test |publisher=Space.com |first1=Leonard|last1=David |date=15 July 2013 |quote=Chinese Rocket Engine Test a Big Step for Space Station Project}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://errymath.blogspot.com/2015/03/first-released-picture-of-long-march-5.html|title=First released picture of Long March 5 (CZ-5) Heavy Rocket|author=Errymath|accessdate=8 February 2016}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/20/c_134642723.htm|title=China to rehearse new carrier rocket for lunar mission|website=English.news.cn|date=20 September 2015|accessdate=8 February 2016}} 11. ^spaceflightnow {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224000000/http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |date=24 December 2016 }}, accessed 30 September 2016 12. ^{{cite web |author=罪恶大天使 |url=https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404038022592094692 |title=长征五号首飞纪实 |trans-title=The first flight of the Long March 5 |website=Sina Weibo |date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=8 February 2019 |language=zh}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/11/03/china-launches-long-march-5-one-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-rockets/ |title=China launches Long March 5, one of the world’s most powerful rockets |publisher=SpaceFlightNow.com |date=3 November 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web |author=大脚丫的汤婆婆 |url=https://weibo.com/3613317253/EfWY6hVzM |title=远征二号是两次点火，第一次近地点附近点火... |trans-title=Yuanzheng-2 ignited twice, with the first ignition near the perigee... |website=Sina Weibo |date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=8 February 2019 |language=zh}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/02/asia/china-rocket-launch/index.html|title=Chinese rocket launch fails after liftoff|date=3 July 2017|publisher=CNN}} 16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/long-march-5-lofts-shijian-18/ |title=Long March 5 suffers failure with Shijian-18 launch |date=2 July 2017 |work=NASASpaceFlight |first=Rui C. |last=Barbosa |access-date=4 September 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awinspace/casc-confirms-cause-long-march-5-failure|title=Casc Confirms Cause Of Long March 5 Failure|date=2 Mar 2018|publisher=Aviation Week}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://gbtimes.com/china-test-fires-yf-77-rocket-engine-ahead-of-return-to-flight-of-long-march-5|title=China test fires YF-77 rocket engine ahead of return-to-flight of Long March 5|date=28 Feb 2018|publisher=Global Times}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://gbtimes.com/chinese-long-march-5-heavy-lift-launcher-ready-for-january-2019-comeback-flight|title=Chinese Long March 5 heavy-lift launcher ready for January 2019 comeback flight |work=GBTimes.com|access-date=2019-01-07}} 20. ^{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=China in Space: The Great Leap Forward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZBAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-5043-6|page=364}} 21. ^{{cite web |last1= Zhao |first1=Lei |url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/21/content_24714283.htm |title=6 versions of LongMarch 5 rocket inworks |website=usa.chinadaily.com.cn |date=21 April 2016 |accessdate=23 April 2016}} 22. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/cz5.html|title=CZ-5 Data Sheet|first=Ed|last=Kyle|publisher=}} 23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.iafastro.net/download/congress/IAC-14/DVD/full/IAC-14/D2/1/manuscripts/IAC-14,D2,1,11,x20929.pdf|title=The New Generation Launch Vehicles In China|format=PDF|first1=Meng|last1=Xiang|first2=Li|last2=Tongyu|publisher=International Astronautical Federation|accessdate=21 April 2016}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |title=Chinese Launch Manifest |url=http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/china-man.txt |first=Steven |last=Pietrobon |date=30 January 2019 |access-date=8 February 2019}} 3 : Long March (rocket family)|Vehicles introduced in 2016|2016 in technology |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。