| 词条 | Losaria coon |
| 释义 |
| name = Common clubtail | image = Papilionidae - Atrophaneura coon.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Mounted specimen at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Lepidoptera | familia = Papilionidae | genus = Losaria | species = L. coon | binomial = Losaria coon | binomial_authority = (Fabricius, 1793)[1] | synonyms = Atrophaneura coon — Fabricius, 1793 }} Losaria coon, the common clubtail, is a butterfly belonging to the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. The butterfly belongs to the clubtails, genus Losaria.[1] It includes several subspecies and is found from the Nicobar Islands and Assam in India, east to Hainan in China, and south through Indochina, to Java and other islands of Indonesia. DescriptionThe butterfly has a wingspan of {{convert|100|to|120|mm|in}}. Both sexes are generally alike, however the females have broader wings and shorter hindwing tails. The butterfly has long and narrow wings and a characteristic spatulate tail, which gives it its name. The forewing is black with pale markings between the veins. Two-thirds of the cell of the hindwing is white with a row of white spots around it. It has crimson or dusky white lunules along the margin and disc. Detailed description as given in Bingham (1907) is as follows:[2] {{quote|Male upperside dull black, paler on the fore than on the hind wing. Fore wing with very conspicuous pale streaks, two in each interspace that extend well into the cell, but do not reach the termen, where the dull black ground-colour forms a broadish transverse band. Hind wing black, with in fresh specimens in certain lights a beautiful blue gloss; a central large white area composed of a white patch in the apical two-thirds of the cell and more or less elongate spots of varying breadth at base of interspaces 1-7, all these very distinctly divided by the broadly black-bordered veins, the spot in interspace 4 more or less obsolescent; lastly, a subterminal row of more or less crescentic white spots, the lower two shaded with crimson followed by a crimson tornal and a terminal similar but brighter spot at apex of vein 3, the spatulate tail black. Underside similar; the ground-colour duller. Hind wing: a white discal spot often in interspace below vein 1, the lower two spots of the terminal series entirely crimson. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above up to the preanal segment black; head, palpi, sides of the thorax and rest of the abdomen crimson, the abdomen with black lateral spots.Female similar; fore wing paler. Hind wing: the central white markings larger, the subterminal spot in interspace 2 white, coalescent with the crimson tornal spot. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male}} Bingham describes race cacharensis, Butler, the subspecies found in Cachar (Assam) as follows: {{quote| Males and females smaller, with the ground-colour duller and the discal white spots on the hind wing conspicuously-reduced in size. According to Rothschild the subterminal and terminal markings are also paler, often yellowish red. Head, sides of breast and abdomen of a yellowish-red instead of vermilion-red.}}DistributionThe common clubtail is a woodland species which may be found both in the plains and the hills. This butterfly is found in Assam, Manipur and the Nicobar Islands (India), through mainland Southeast Asia, east to Hainan (China), and south to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java and Bawean. It is absent from Borneo. SubspeciesLosaria coon has eight subspecies, excluding the former L. palu, now regarded as the separate species Losaria palu (Palu swallowtail). Subspecies of the common clubtail found in India are:[3]
HabitsIt has been recorded in Manipur during February and April and from July to October. The distinctive black and yellow/orange/red (depending on subspecies) markings and slow flight indicate that it is a protected butterfly being inedible due to sequestration of certain chemicals from the plants that the caterpillar feeds on. Food plant
Life cycleThe caterpillar is variable in colour and ranges from reddish grey to black and has many black spots and stripes. See also
Cited references1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm |title=Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft) |author1=Häuser, Christoph L. |author2=de Jong, Rienk |author3=Lamas, Gerardo |author4=Robbins, Robert K. |author5=Smith, Campbell |author6=Vane-Wright, Richard I. |date=28 July 2005 |work=Entomological Data Information System |publisher=Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany |accessdate=21 June 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |url=https://archive.org/details/butterflies02bingiala |volume=II |edition=1st |publisher= Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |location=London |year=1907 }} 3. ^{{cite journal|title=Subspecies catalogue of the butterflies of India (Papilionidae): A Synopsis|authors=Cotton, Adam; Fric, Zdenek Faltynek; Smith, Colin; Smetacek, Peter |url=http://www.entu.cas.cz/~fric/Cotton_2013_Bionotes_Papilionidae%20of%20India.pdf |journal=Bionotes |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |date=March 2013 |accessdate=16 April 2014}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=N. Mark |authorlink1=N. Mark Collins |last2=Morris |first2=Michael G. |date=1985 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98674#page/7/mode/1up |title=Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland & Cambridge |isbn=978-2-88032-603-6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}} References{{Commons category|Atrophaneura coon}}
10 : Losaria|Butterflies of Asia|Butterflies of India|Butterflies of Singapore|Insects of China|Butterflies of Laos|Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Butterflies of Java|Butterflies of Indochina|Butterflies described in 1793 |
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