“Los Vaqueros Reservoir”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Los Vaqueros Reservoir is located in the northern Diablo Range, within northeastern Contra Costa County, northern California.

It was completed by the Contra Costa Water District (CCWD) in 1998 to improve the quality of drinking water for its 550,000 customers in Central and Eastern Contra Costa County.

The reservoir is accessible via Vasco Road which connects Brentwood and Livermore. An expansion project begun in 2010 raised the height of the dam to increase storage capacity from 100,000 acre-ft to 160,000 acre-ft of water.

At the start of February 2017, the reservoir contained {{convert|133700|acre.ft|m3}} of water.^[2]

History

Los Vaqueros Reservoir is named for the 19th century Mexican Rancho Cañada de los Vaqueros land grant that included its site. The Spanish word vaquero means "cowboy" in English.

Incursions of saline water into the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta from the San Francisco Bay has been a concern since the 1870s. This concern was one of the reasons CCWD was formed in 1936. A drought in 1977, caused salinity levels to exceed public health standards. It forced CCWD to ration deliveries of fresh water to its customers.^[3]

Project requirements

In 1988, voters approved funding of the Los Vaqueros Reservoir project to begin design and construction. It was a massive project. In addition to building the $61 million, 192-foot-tall dam, the district had to:

Construction timeline

2010 - 2012 expansion project

In March, 2010, CCWD approved a capacity increase of {{convert|60,000|acre.ft|m3|lk=in}}.^[4] Costs will be passed on to those that receive water from the water District. Mitigation for the loss of sensitive wildlife habitat will be necessary. This increase is scheduled for completion in 2012. On July 14, 2012, the following portions of the expansion project were opened to the public:

Barnard Construction Company, which was hired by CCWD to perform the reservoir expansion, employed Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) technology to create the dam walls. Barnard subcontracted Reinforced Earth Company (RECo) to design and supply the MSE walls using its proprietary GeoMega™ MSE wall system, which utilizes precast concrete facing panels with GeoStrap® (high tenacity polymeric strips) as soil reinforcements.{{efn|The GeoMega™ MSE system had previously been used in marine environments where corrosion made steel reinforcement an undesirable choice.^[5]}} RECo also provided the precast concrete barrier and coping segments atop the newly expanded dam, reducing both cost and construction time for completion.^[5]

The south end of the reservoir reopened in October 2012, after revamping the marina.^[7] The storage level reached 132,900 acre-feet in 2013, before the CCWD began drawing down the level to serve user needs during the recent drought. Heavy rains in the watershed since October 2016, increased the level to more than {{convert|133700|acre.ft|m3}} at the end of January 2017, the all-time record for the reservoir.^[2]

2017 expansion study

A coalition of 12 Bay Area water agencies formally approved a study of expanding the reservoir by increasing the existing dam height by another {{convert|55|feet|m}} to a total height of {{convert|273|feet|m}}. {{efn| If implemented, the expansion would make Los Vaqueros Dam the second-tallest dam in the Bay Area. The Warm Springs Dam on Lake Sonoma near Healdsburg, California is already {{convert|319|feet|m}} tall.^[16]}} The proposed project would increase capacity of the reservoir from the present {{convert|160000|acre.ft|m3}} to {{convert|275000|acre.ft|m3}} at an estimated cost of $800 million.^[8]

In August 2017, the East Bay Times reported that the estimated cost of the expansion had increased from the previously-announced $800 million to $914 million. It also reported that six environmental groups had authored a letter of support for the proposed expansion to the California Water Commission.{{efn| The Commission is scheduled to decide on whether to grant funds to this project from stat Proposition 1, which voters approved in 2014. The decision is scheduled to be madden June 2018.^[18]}} Groups signing the letter included Nature Conservancy, Audubon California, Planning and Conservation League, California Waterfowl Association, Defenders of Wildlife, and Point Blue Conservation Science. If the Commission grants the funds, construction could start in 2022 and be completed in 2026, according to the Times.^[9]

Recreation

Certain types of recreation are allowed on the lake. These include boating and fishing. Boats may be rented at the marina, but no boats may be brought into the watershed. Gasoline-powered boats are not allowed. Swimming and wading are forbidden.

Hiking trails

Los Vaqueros Dam Trail is rated "Moderate" for difficulty by all trails.com.

Los Vaqueros Shoreline Loop Trail is rated "Moderate" for difficulty by all trails.com.

Watershed Description

The Los Vaqueros watershed comprises {{convert|19300|acre|km2}} of open space surrounding the {{convert|1500|acre|km2|sing=on}} reservoir. Water is pumped into the reservoir from a Delta intake on Old River in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The intake is located just east of Discovery Bay. Water is pumped into the reservoir when salinity is low, and used for drinking water when salinity in the Delta is too high. Water from the reservoir is released via a pipeline to the {{convert|48|mi|km|sing=on}} Contra Costa Canal, which conveys water to six water treatment plants throughout the Water District's service area. The reservoir can store up to {{convert|160000|acre.ft|lk=in}} of water. The earthen dam is {{convert|192|ft|m}} high with a {{convert|1000|ft|m|sing=on}} crest length. It is made of 2.7 million cubic yards of fill material.

The Watershed also serves as a weather data collection site for Mallory Ridge weather station located at the top of the ridge above the Marina. The station has a remote access water station (RAWS), which is maintained by the Los Vaqueros Watershed Staff and linked to the National Fire Weather System.^[11]

Other benefits of the reservoir include water storage for drought or emergencies, a protected open space, and recreation. There are {{convert|55|mi|km}} of hiking trails in the watershed. The watershed is open for fishing, hiking and other activities year-round. Electric rental boats are available, but no outside boats can be launched on the lake.^[12] No swimming is allowed in the reservoir.

Potential for further expansion

An additional expansion of Los Vaqueros to a capacity of {{convert|275000|acre.ft|m3}} is again being discussed by CCWD and other water agencies in Northern California. This goal was considered when the reservoir was first conceived, then revived in 2010 when the first expansion was being planned. Both times it was discarded because CCWD could find no other agencies who could put up sufficient money.^[13]

According to CCWD, the other public agencies that are involved as partners in current planning for the Phase III expansion are:^[14]

Wildlife protection

Another benefit is the protection of nearly {{convert|20000|acre|km2}} of wildlife habitat in Eastern Contra Costa County. The watershed is currently home for many rare, threatened and endangered species including fairy shrimp, bald and golden eagles, Alameda whipsnake, western pond turtle, California tiger salamander, California red-legged frog, San Joaquin kit fox, and the San Francisco dusky-footed wood rat. It also provides habitat for hundreds of common plant and animal species in the area. Strict environmental commitments with State and federal agencies, and a commitment to preserving the resource help preserve this site.

As of February 17, 2017, seven of the trails on the Los Vaqueros property have been temporarily closed to protect possible golden eagle nests. Four pairs of eagles have exhibited nesting behavior, according to CCWD, and the number may change during the spring. More trails may be closed, or some that have been closed may be reopened, depending on how productive the nests are. The closures typically last until late May or June, when the eaglets are fledged.^[2]

Visiting Los Vaqueros

The north entrance is about {{convert|7|miles|km}} south of Brentwood on Walnut Blvd, leading to the main parking area and is near the start of the Interpretive Center and the main hiking trails. The south entrance is off of Vasco Road, north of Livermore and leads to the marina area and four fishing piers. There is no road inside the property that connects the two entrances. Outside boats and pets may not be brought into the watershed.^[15]

Notes