| 词条 | Data General Nova |
| 释义 |
The Data General Nova is a series of 16-bit minicomputers released by the American company Data General. The first model of Nova, called simply the "Nova", was released in 1969.[1] The Nova was packaged into a single rack mount case and had enough power to do most simple computing tasks. The Nova became popular in science laboratories around the world. It was succeeded by the Data General Eclipse, which was similar in most ways but added virtual memory support and other features required by modern operating systems. HistoryEdson de Castro was the Product Manager of the pioneering PDP-8 at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), a 12-bit computer generally considered by most to be the first true minicomputer.[2] De Castro was convinced that it was possible to improve upon the PDP-8 by building a 16-bit minicomputer with better performance and lower cost than the PDP-8.[3] de Castro left DEC[3] along with another hardware engineer, Richard Sogge, and a software engineer, Henry Burkhardt III, to found Data General (DG) in 1968.[4] The fourth founder, Herbert Richman, had been a salesman for Fairchild Semiconductor and knew the others through his contacts with Digital Equipment.[4]In keeping with the PDP-8, the Nova was based on {{convert|15|x|15|in|cm}} printed circuit boards.[5][6] The boards were designed so they could be connected together using a printed circuit backplane, with minimal manual wiring, allowing all the boards to be built in an automated fashion. This greatly reduced costs over the traditional wire-wrapping technique.[7] The larger-board construction also made the Nova more reliable, which made it especially attractive for industrial or lab settings. Fairchild Semiconductor provided the new medium-scale integration (MSI) chips used throughout the system.[8][9] The Nova was one of the first 16-bit minicomputers and was a leader in moving to word lengths that were multiples of the 8-bit byte in that market. DG released the Nova in 1969 at a base price of US$3,995,[10] advertising it as "the best small computer in the world."[11] The basic model was not very useful out of the box, and adding RAM in the form of core memory typically brought the price up to $7,995. Starting in 1969, Data General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at $8000 each.[12] The Nova’s biggest competition was from the new DEC PDP-11 computer series, and to a lesser extent the older DEC PDP-8 systems.[13] The Nova became popular in scientific and laboratory uses.[14][15][16] Subsequent Nova models were:[17]
PerformanceThe Nova 1200 executed core memory access instructions (LDA and STA) in 2.55 microseconds (μs). Use of read-only memory saved 0.4 μs. Accumulator instructions (ADD, SUB, COM, NEG, etc.) took 1.55 μs, MUL 2.55 μs, DIV 3.75 μs, ISZ 3.15-4.5 μs.[22] On the later Eclipse MV/6000, LDA and STA took 0.44 μs, ADD, etc. took 0.33 μs, MUL 2.2 μs, DIV 3.19 μs, ISZ 1.32 μs, FAD 5.17 μs, FMMD 11.66 μs.[23] References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/companies.php?alpha=d-f&company=com-42b9d5f5afbd4|title=Computer History Museum - Data General Corporation (DG) - The Best Small Computer in the World}} 2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=NrMkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 |title= The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution|first1= Tony |last1=Hey |first2=Anthony |last2=Hey |first3=Gyuri |last3=Pápay |date= 2014 |page=165}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jeffrey S. Young|title=Forbes Greatest Technology Stories: Inspiring Tales of the Entrepreneurs and Inventors Who Revolutionized Modern Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeKnJilSyx8C&pg=PA104|date=29 September 1998|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-24374-8|pages=104–}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jon Peddie|title=The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6a8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=13 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4471-4932-3|pages=154–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Paul E. Ceruzzi|title=A History of Modern Computing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1YESXanrgQC&pg=PA195|year=2003|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53203-7|pages=195–}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Modern Data Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXdKAQAAIAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Delta Publications}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Electronic Products Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsQpAQAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=United Technical Publications}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Katherine Maxfield|title=Starting Up Silicon Valley: How ROLM Became a Cultural Icon and Fortune 500 Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6c5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|date=8 April 2014|publisher=Emerald Book Company|isbn=978-1-937110-63-5|pages=26–}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=The Electronic Engineer: EE.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DU07AQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Chilton Company}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Ziff Davis, Inc.|title=PC Mag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hdeC0k_JHwC&pg=PA53|date=July 1986|publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc.|pages=53–|issn=0888-8507}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Tracy Kidder|title=The Soul of A New Machine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP0odQpUKUYC&pg=PT17|date=23 August 2011|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-20455-2|pages=17–}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Dan Ryan|title=History of Computer Graphics: DLR Associates Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=136myWlKpwEC&pg=PA225|date=14 April 2011|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4567-5115-9|pages=225–}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Edwin D. Reilly|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Computer Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jaa1BVverIC&pg=PA266|date=3 September 2004|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-09095-4|pages=266–}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Coates|title=Programming.Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lMuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180|date=6 October 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89905-8|pages=180–}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=Computerized Laboratory Systems: A Symposium Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference, American Society for Testing and Materials, Cleveland, Ohio, 4-5 March 1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkDHxrRPvUgC&pg=PA152|year=1975|publisher=ASTM International|isbn=978-0-8031-0268-2|pages=152–}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=J. Anderson|title=Medical Informatics Europe 78: First Congress of the European Federation for Medical Informatics Proceedings, Cambridge, England September 4 – 8, 1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiqgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT566|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-93095-9|pages=566–}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.simulogics.com/gallery/index.php?nova |title=A Brief NOVA Timeline |date=2019 |publisher=Wild Hare Computer Systems |access-date=March 27, 2019}} Provides list of models 18. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/computersAndAutomation/_Computer_Census_1962-74.pdf |title=Digital Computer Census |date= September 1971 |page=219 |access-date=March 27, 2019}} 19. ^1 Datamation, November 1970, p.101 20. ^Datamation, April 1973. p.16 21. ^Datamation, September 1973, p.15 22. ^Technical Manual Nova 1200, Data General 015-000002, 1971, p.1-4 23. ^Eclipse MV/6000 Principles of Operation, Data General 014-000648, 1980, App. F External links{{commonscat|Data General}}
2 : Minicomputers|Data General |
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