|speakers=30,000
|date=2012
|ref=e18
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = Indo-Iranian
|fam3 = Indo-Aryan
|fam4 = Northwestern Zone
|fam5 = Sindhi
| script = Khojki script
|iso3=luv
|glotto=luwa1238
|glottorefname=Luwati
}}Luwati (Al-Lawatia (Arabic: اللواتية, sing. Lawati), also known as Khoja, Khojki, Lawatiyya, Lawatiya, or Hyderabadi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 people known as the Lawatiya (also called the Khojas or Hyderabadis) in the country of Oman.[2] In total it has been estimated there are 20,000 to 30,000 Lawatiya people.[1] Despite the various names, the Lawatiya refer to the language as Khojki.[2] It is considered an endangered language because a portion of the Lawatiya do not speak Luwati, and it is not continuously passed down to younger generations.[2] Classifications
The Luwati language is superficially similar to Kutchi, but retains sounds found in other Sindhi languages and Saraiki but that have been lost from Kutchi.[3] Luwati also bares similarities with other languages such as Sindhi, Kachichi, Gujarati, Hindustani and Persian.[4] As with other languages located in Oman, Luwati is influenced by the Omani dialect of Arabic.
History
Originating from the Pakistani town of Sindh,[4] the Luwati language has had a presence in Oman for nearly four centuries.[5] The language and people were first mentioned historically by the Omani historian Ibn Ruzayq. The Lawatiya appeared to have settled in Oman in waves of immigration from Sindh between 1780 and 1880 bringing the language with them.[5]
Geographic distribution
Luwati is a minority language found in Oman specifically in the capital of Muscat as well as in the coastal towns of Saham, Barka, Khabura, and Musana. It is spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 people.[3]
Phonology
Luwati consists of 37 consonants, 10 vowels, and 3 diphthongs. Usually the world-level stress falls on the first syllable however in loan words from Arabic, it retains its original stress position.[3]
Consonants
Below is a chart of Luwati consonants:[3]
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labializedvelar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | | Plosive | p b pʰ | t d tʰ | ʈ ɖ ʈʰ | k ɡ kʰ | q |
|---|
| Affricative | tʃdʒ tʃʰ |
|---|
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ |
|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ |
|---|
| Trill | r |
|---|
| Fricative | f | s z | ʃ | x ɣ | ħ ʕ | h |
|---|
| Approximate | j | w |
|---|
| Lateral Approximate | l |
|---|
Vowels
Luwati consists of 10 oral long and short vowels: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, a, ɘ, ə, u, ʊ, o/.
It consists of three diphthongs as well. They are: /a͡ɪ, a͡ʊ, ɔ͡ɪ/.[3]
Writing system
Luwati no longer has a writing system and is only a spoken language.[2]
References
1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|date=|title=Identity Politics and Nation-Building under Sultan Qaboos|url=|journal=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Golf|volume=179|pages=}}
2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Al Jahdhami|first=S|date=|title=Minority Languages in Oman|url=|journal=Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies|volume=4|pages=105–112}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 Salman, Amel & Kharusi, Nafla S. (2012) ‘The Sound System of Lawatiyya’, Journal of Academic and Applied Studies May Vol. 2(5), pp. 36–44, {{ISSN|1925-931X}}, available online @ www.academians.org
4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Asani|first=A|date=|title=The Khojkī Script: A Legacy of Ismaili Islam in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent|url=|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=3|pages=439–449}}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Valeri|first=M|date=|title=High Visibility, Low Profile: The Shiʿa in Oman under Sultan Qaboos|url=|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=42|pages=251–268}}
{{Languages of Oman}}{{Western Indo-Aryan languages}}{{Oman-stub}}{{ie-lang-stub}} 3 : Languages of Oman|Western Indo-Aryan languages|Sindhi language