| 词条 | M101 howitzer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=M101A1 105 mm Howitzer | image= M101-105mm-howitzer-camp-pendleton-20050326.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption= U.S. Marines fire a M101A1 105 mm howitzer during a ceremony in 2005 |origin= United States |type= Howitzer |is_ranged=yes |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=yes |is_vehicle= |is_UK= |service= |used_by= United States |wars=World War II Korean War First Indochina War Vietnam War Cambodian Civil War Laotian Civil War Insurgency in the Philippines Iran-Iraq War Lebanese Civil War Salvadoran Civil War |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= Rock Island Arsenal |production_date=1941–1953 |number=10,200 |variants= |weight= {{convert|2260|kg|lb|abbr=on|order=flip}} |length= {{convert|5.94|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}} |part_length={{convert|2.31|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}} L/22 |width= {{convert|2.21|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}} |height= {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}} |crew= |cartridge=105x372R |caliber={{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} |action= |rate= |velocity={{convert|472|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on|order=flip}} |range= |max_range= {{convert|11,270|m|mi|abbr=on|order=flip}} |feed= |sights= |breech=Horizontal-block |recoil=Hydro-pneumatic, constant, {{convert|42|in|cm|abbr=on}} |carriage=split trail |elevation=-5° to +66° |traverse=46° }} The 105 mm M101A1 howitzer (previously designated M2A1) was an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. It was the standard U.S. light field howitzer in World War II and saw action in both the European and Pacific theaters. Entering production in 1941, it quickly gained a reputation for accuracy and a powerful punch. The M101A1 fired {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} high explosive (HE) semi-fixed ammunition and had a range of {{convert|11,270|m|yards|order=flip}}, making it suitable for supporting infantry. All of these qualities of the weapon, along with its widespread production, led to its adoption by many countries after the war. Its ammunition type also became the standard for many foreign countries' later models. HistoryDuring the Second World War, U.S. artillery regiments consisted of an HQ detachment, one 155 mm artillery battalion, and three 105 mm artillery battalions. Both the 155 mm and 105 mm battalions had twelve guns each, divided into three batteries of four guns. That gave each regiment a total of twelve 155 mm howitzers, and thirty-six 105 mm howitzers.[1] The U.S. military artillery designation system was changed in 1962, redesignating the 105 mm M2A1 howitzer the M101A1. The gun continued to see service in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Though a similar model, the M102 howitzer, shared the same roles in battle, it never fully replaced the M101A1. Today, the M101A1 has been retired by the U.S. military, though it continues to see service with many other countries. By the end of the Second World War, 8,536 105 mm towed howitzers had been built and post-war production continued at Rock Island Arsenal until 1953, by which time 10,202 had been built. The Canadian Army continued to use the M2A1 as the C2 Howitzer until 1997 when a modification was made to extend its service life; it is now designated the C3. The changes include a longer barrel, a muzzle brake, reinforced trails and the removal of shield flaps. It remains the standard light howitzer of Canadian Forces Reserve units. The C3 is used by Reserve units in Glacier National Park in British Columbia as a means of avalanche control. In addition, the M101 has found a second use in the U.S. as an avalanche control gun, supervised by the US Forest Service and the US Army TACOM's cooperative effort in the Avalanche Artillery Users of North America Committee (AAUNAC). The M101 is used by a number of ski areas and state departments of transportation for long-range control work. Under the designation of M2A2, the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, 428th Field Artillery Brigade performs salutes with 7 guns with World War Two Medal of Honor recipient names on their barrels.[2] France and the State of Vietnam used M2A1 howitzers during the First Indochina War, as did the Viet Minh guerilla forces they fought against, who were supplied with at least 24 by the People's Republic of China, along with other captured American artillery pieces and mortars formerly operated by both Nationalist Chinese forces (the Kuomintang military) and US troops fighting in Korea.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Today upgraded M2A1 howitzers (some of which have been mounted on trucks and employed as self-propelled artillery) are still being used by the People's Army of Vietnam (the VPA).{{sfn|Military Balance 2016|p=297}} The French Army used the M2 hotwitzer, designated HM2, in the Algerian War[3] and during the Opération Tacaud in Chad.[4] France later supplied a battery of HM2 to the Rwandan Armed Forces during the Rwandan Civil War that led into the Rwandan genocide.[5] A number of M2/M101 howitzers were used by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and approximately 50 were inherited by Croatia, of which four are still in use for training with the Croatian Army.{{cn|date=March 2019}} M2 Howitzers are still in limited service in the Australian Army Reserve, but are being replaced with {{convert|81|mm|in|adj=on}} mortars with an emphasis on the retention of indirect fire support skills.[5] In regular service they were replaced by the 105 mm L119 Hamel gun and the {{convert|155|mm|in|adj=on}} M198 howitzers. Two M2 howitzers (1942) are still employed in providing the gun salute at Kristiansten Fortress, in Trondheim, Norway. M101/M2 is one of three approved salute guns in the Norwegian armed forces, and have been reduced to a caliber of {{convert|75|mm}} for this purpose. They are used for gun salute also at Rena and Setermoen. VariantsGun variants:
Carriage variants:
Self-propelled mounts
AmmunitionThe gun fired semi-fixed ammunition, with 105 mm Cartridge Case M14. The propelling charge consisted of a base charge and six increments, forming seven charges from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). Use of M1 HE rounds prepared for the 105 mm howitzer M3 (same projectile and cartridge, but different propelling charge) was authorized.[15] HEAT M67 Shell was originally designed as fixed round, with Cartridge Case M14 type II. It was later changed to semi-fixed type with the standard cartridge, but with non-adjustable propelling charge. For blank ammunition, a shorter Cartridge Case M15 with black powder charge was used.[15]
Operators{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/OH_of_FA/CMH_60-16-1.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-09-22 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222014139/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/OH_of_FA/CMH_60-16-1.pdf |archivedate=2016-12-22 |df= }} McKenney, Janice E (2007). The Organizational History of Field Artillery, 1775–2003 (CMH Pub 60-16). Army Lineage Series. Washington: Center of Military History. pp 146. 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://sill-www.army.mil/428thfa/2-2/cmd.html|title=428th Field Artillery Brigade {{!}} Fort Sill {{!}} Oklahoma {{!}} Fires Center of Excellence|website=sill-www.army.mil|access-date=2018-07-05}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Jung|first=Norbert|date=2009|title= L'artillerie dans la lutte contre-insurrectionnelle en Algérie (1954 – 1962)|journal=Stratégique|issue= 93-94-95-96|volume= 1|pages=409-424|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-strategique-2009-1-page-409.htm|language=fr}} 4. ^{{cite web|title= Quand tire l'artillerie |trans-title=When artillery fires|url=http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/2008/07/22/quand-tire-lart/|date=22 July 2008|author-link=Jean-Dominique Merchet|first=Jean-Dominique|last=Merchet|language=fr|website=secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=Toohill|first=MAJ Ian|title=Mortars for Reserve Gunners|url=http://www.defencereserves.com/cms_resources/TheBayonet_AUG09_v3.pdf|work=2nd Division, Army Reserves Public Affairs|publisher=The Bayonet|accessdate=6 January 2012|page=10|date=August 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227102559/http://www.defencereserves.com/cms_resources/TheBayonet_AUG09_v3.pdf|archivedate=27 February 2012|df=}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hogg - Allied Artillery of World War Two, p 42-49. 7. ^1 Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons. 8. ^1 2 3 Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.yugoimport.com/sites/default/files/knjizica_za_cargo_dvd_jednostrana.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2018-04-04 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405040155/http://www.yugoimport.com/sites/default/files/knjizica_za_cargo_dvd_jednostrana.pdf |archivedate=2018-04-05 |df= }} 10. ^1 Technical Manual TM 9-1325, 105 mm Howitzers M2 and M2A1; Carriages M2A1 and M2A2; and Combat Vehicle Mounts M3 and M4. 11. ^Hunnicutt - Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series 12. ^1 2 3 4 Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank 13. ^1 2 3 Hunnicutt - Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/may_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/vietnam_has_developed_a_105mm_self-propelled_howitzer_on_a_ural-375d_chassis_20051531.html|title=Vietnam Has Developed a 105mm Self-Propelled Howitzer on a Ural-375D Chassis 20051531 - May 2015 Global Defense Security news UK - Defense Security global news industry army 2015 - Archive News year|website=www.armyrecognition.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524021756/http://www.armyrecognition.com/may_2015_global_defense_security_news_uk/vietnam_has_developed_a_105mm_self-propelled_howitzer_on_a_ural-375d_chassis_20051531.html|archivedate=2015-05-24|df=}} 15. ^1 2 Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 167-178. 16. ^Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 471-484. 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.90thidpg.us/Reference/Manuals/FM%206-40.pdf}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://bulletpicker.com/pdf/OP%201720,%20Shape%20Charge%20Ammunition.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-06-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517012725/http://bulletpicker.com/pdf/OP%201720,%20Shape%20Charge%20Ammunition.pdf |archivedate=2017-05-17 |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Rearming Austria: WWII weapons|date=14 June 2015|url=https://wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com/2015/06/14/rearming-austria-wwii-weapons/|website=wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com}} 20. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book|title=The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment|series=Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3|year= 1987|first=Friedrich |last=Wiener |page=494-495|publisher=Herold Publishers|location=Vienna}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |date= |accessdate=15 March 2019}} 22. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Iran- Iraq war|first=Pierre |last=Razoux|translator-first=Nicholas|translator-last= Elliott|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England|date=2015|isbn=978-0-674-08863-4|pages=517, 523}} 23. ^{{cite book|title=The War in Laos 1960–75|series=Men-at-Arms 217|first=Kenneth |last=Conboy|date=23 Nov 1989 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9780850459388|page=15}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Registers|website=armstrade.sipri.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archivedate=2010-04-14|df=}} 25. ^{{cite magazine|title=Macedonia's Weaponry: A New Nation Re-Arms and Fights|first= Rob |last=Krott|url=https://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2122|journal= Small Arms Review |volume=7|issue=1 |date=October 2003}} 26. ^John Keegan, page 589 World Armies, {{ISBN|0-333-17236-1}} 27. ^1 {{cite news|title=Rwanda: selon les services de renseignementfrançais, Les rebelles bénéficieraient du soutien de l’armée ougandaise|url=http://francegenocidetutsi.org/SoutienOugandaisRebellesLeMonde17fevrier1993.pdf|first=Jacques |last=Isnard|newspaper=Le Monde|date= 17 February 1993| page=5|language=fr}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13537:fact-file-g6-l45-self-propelled-towed-gun-howitzer-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|title=Fact file: G6 L45 self-propelled towed gun-howitzer - defenceWeb|first=Leon|last=Engelbrecht|website=www.defenceweb.co.za|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109033607/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13537:fact-file-g6-l45-self-propelled-towed-gun-howitzer-&catid=79:fact-files&Itemid=159|archivedate=2014-01-09|df=}} References
| last = Hogg | first = Ian V. | authorlink = Ian V. Hogg | coauthors = | others = | title = Allied Artillery of World War Two | publisher = Crowood Press, Ramsbury | series = | year = 1998 | isbn = 1-86126-165-9 }}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Pershing: A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series | publisher = Feist Publications | series = | year = 1971 | isbn = }}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank | publisher = Presidio Press | series = | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-89141-462-2 }}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank | publisher = Presidio Press | series = | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-89141-080-5 }}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles | publisher = Presidio Press | series = | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89141-742-7 }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1325, 105 mm Howitzers M2 and M2A1; Carriages M2A1 and M2A2; and Combat Vehicle Mounts M3 and M4 | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons | publisher = War Department, 1942 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
External links{{Commons|M101 105 mm howitzer}}
6 : 105 mm artillery|World War II field artillery|Field artillery of the Cold War|World War II artillery of the United States|Cold War artillery of the United States|Artillery of the United States |
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