| 词条 | M3 howitzer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=105 mm Howitzer M3 | image= M3 105mm Howitzer.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=A M3 howitzer outside the Army Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. |origin=United States |type=Light Howitzer |is_ranged=1 |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=1 |is_vehicle= |is_UK= |service=1943–present |used_by=United States |wars=World War II |designer= |design_date=1941 |manufacturer= |production_date=1943–1945 |number=2,580 |variants= |weight=2,495 lb (1,130 kg) |length={{convert|12|ft|11|in|m|abbr=on}} |part_length=Overall: {{convert|6|ft|2|in|abbr=on}} L/17.9 Bore: {{convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} L/16 |width={{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} |height={{convert|4|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} |crew= |cartridge=105 x 372 mm R |cartridge_weight={{convert|16.6-19.6|kg|lboz|abbr=on|order=flip}} |caliber={{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} |action= |rate=Burst: 4 rpm Sustained: 2 rpm |velocity=1,020 ft/s (311 m/s) |range= |max_range=HE: 8,300 yd (7,600 m) |feed= |sights= |breech=Horizontal-block |recoil=Hydro-pneumatic, constant |carriage=Split trail |elevation=-9° to 30° |traverse=45° |diameter= |filling= |filling_weight= |detonation= |yield= }} The 105 mm Howitzer M3 was a U.S. light howitzer designed for use by airborne troops. The gun utilized the barrel of the 105 mm Howitzer M2, shortened and fitted to a slightly modified split trail carriage of the 75 mm pack howitzer. The howitzer was used by the U.S. Army during World War II. It was issued to airborne units and the cannon companies of infantry regiments. Development and productionThe process of building airborne forces in 1941 led to a requirement for an air portable 105 mm howitzer. The weapon, initially designated T7, featured a barrel from the 105mm Howitzer M2, shortened by {{convert|27|in|mm}} and combined with a recoil system and carriage of the 75 mm field howitzer. A prototype reached trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in March 1942.[1] The howitzer was designed to fire the same ammunition as the longer M2. However, it turned out that shorter barrel resulted in incomplete burning of the propelling charge. The problem could be solved by use of faster burning powder. Otherwise the design was considered acceptable and was standardized as 105 mm Howitzer M3 on Carriage M3. The carriage was soon succeeded by the M3A1, which had trails made from thicker plate. Even stronger tubular trails were designed, but never reached production.[1] The production started in February 1943 and continued until May 1944; an additional batch was produced in April–June 1945.[1]
ServiceThe initial production of the M3 was adequate to equip the three hundred Infantry Regiment's Cannon Companies that had been forecast in the initial war plans. The M3 was the primary weapon of the Infantry Regimental Cannon Companies and appear in the Tables of Organization and Equipment in early 1944.[3]Even though the M3 was not mentioned in the February 1944 Tables of Organization and Equipment (TO&E), shortly before the Normandy Airdrops some airborne divisions received a 105 mm glider field artillery battalion equipped with them as a supplement to their existing three 75 mm howitzer battalions (designated the M1A1 during World War II). 1/4 ton jeeps were used as prime movers. Later increased to four battalions, one, between 1943 and 1945, was converted to 105mm M3. The weapon was finally authorized as an option by the December 1944 TO&E and, by 1945, employed by all airborne divisions in the European Theater.[1][4] The M3 was also issued to the cannon companies of infantry regiments (six, in three platoons of two).[5] Often the cannon companies were integrated into the division artillery. The infantry used 1½ ton cargo trucks as the prime mover.[1] In an assessment written after the war "The cannon company of 1943-45 failed to live up to the expectations of the force designers of 1942. The main problem was the substitution of towed low-velocity howitzers for the self-propelled versions as originally intended. This howitzer, the M3 , had a shorter barrel than the regular 105-mm howitzer M2, possessed no ballistic shield, and had an effective range on only 7,250 yards as compared to 12,500 yards for the M2."[6] A small number of M3s were supplied via lend lease channels to France (94), United Kingdom (2) and countries of Latin America (18).[7] They were used early in the Korean War as ROK divisional artillery. Operators
VariantsGun variants:
Carriage variants:
Self-propelled mountsThere were two proposals for a self-propelled artillery piece armed with the M3. Neither reached mass production. {{Externalimage|align=right |width=210px |image1=105 mm HMC T82. }}
AmmunitionThe gun fired semi-fixed ammunition, similar to the ammunition of the M2; it used the same projectiles and the same 105 mm Cartridge Case M14, but with different propelling charge. The latter used faster burning powder to avoid incomplete burning; it consisted of a base charge and four increments, forming five charges from 1 (the smallest) to 5 (the largest). In an emergency, gunners were authorized to fire M1 HE rounds prepared for the Howitzer M2, but only with charges from 1 to 3. M1 HE rounds for the M3 could be fired from an M2 with any charge.[12] HEAT M67 Shell had non-adjustable propelling charge. For blank ammunition, a shorter Cartridge Case M15 with black powder charge was used.[12]
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zaloga - US Field Artillery of World War II, p 13-14. 2. ^Zaloga - US Field Artillery of World War II, p 9. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryresearch.org/7-14%2026Feb44.pdf|title=T/O&E 7-14 Infantry Cannon Company (26 February 1944)|accessdate=12 Feb 2019}} 4. ^Zaloga - US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944-45, p 37. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.militaryresearch.org/7-14%2026Feb44.pdf|title=T/O&E 7-14 Infantry Cannon Company (26 February 1944)|accessdate=18 June 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a210927.pdf|title = THE CANNON COMPANY - A WORLD WAR II SOLUTION TO THE CLOSE SUPPORT PROBLEM OF THE 1990's A Monograph By Major John H. McDonald, Jr. Field Artillery }} 7. ^Zaloga - US Field Artillery of World War II, p 37. 8. ^1 2 3 4 http://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail-page-2.asp?armor_id=123 9. ^{{cite web|author1=Pachada|title=Phillippine army 105mm M3 howitzer|url=http://www.timawa.net/forum/index.php?topic=12020.0|date=19 March 2008}} 10. ^Hunnicutt - Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles, p 121. 11. ^Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 332-333, 504. 12. ^1 2 Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 167-178 13. ^Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide, p 471-484. 14. ^1 2 Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 504. References{{Commons category|105mm Howitzer M3}}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | others = | title = Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank. | publisher = Presidio Press | series = | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-89141-462-2 }}
| last = Hunnicutt | first = R. P. | authorlink = | others = | title = Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles | publisher = Presidio Press | series = | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89141-742-7 }}
| last = Zaloga | first = Steven J. | authorlink = Steven Zaloga | others = illustrated by Brian Delf | title = US Field Artillery of World War II | publisher = Osprey Publishing | series = New Vanguard 131 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84603-061-1 }}
| last = Zaloga | first = Steven J. | authorlink = Steven Zaloga | others = | title = US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 1944-45 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | series = Battle Orders 25 | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781846031182}}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1326, 105 mm Howitzer M3 and Howitzer Carriages M3 and M3A1 | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}
| last = | first = | authorlink = | others = | title = Technical Manual TM 9-1904, Ammunition Inspection Guide | publisher = War Department, 1944 | series = | date = | isbn = }}{{WWIIUSGuns}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:M3 Howitzer}} 4 : World War II artillery of the United States|Cold War artillery of the United States|World War II field artillery|105 mm artillery |
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