| 词条 | Mabel Gardiner Hubbard |
| 释义 |
From the time of Mabel's courtship with Graham Bell in 1873, until his death in 1922, Mabel became and remained the most significant influence in his life.[1][4] Folklore held that Bell undertook telecommunication experiments in an attempt to restore her hearing which had been destroyed by disease close to her fifth birthday, leaving her completely deaf for the remainder of her life.[5]{{rp|1}}[6][7][8]{{#tag:ref| Eber claimed that Mabel suffered scarlet fever in New York "...shortly before her fifth birthday...", however Toward provided a detailed chronology of the event claiming "...shortly after their arrival in New York [in January 1863]....", when Mabel would have been at least five years and five weeks of age. Mabel's exact age when she became deaf would later play a part in the debate on the effectiveness of manual versus oral education for deaf children, as children who are older at the onset of deafness retain greater vocalization skills and are thus more successful in oral education programs. Some of the debate centred on whether Mabel had to relearn oral speech from scratch, or whether she never lost it.|group=Note}} BiographyMabel Gardiner Hubbard was born on November 25, 1857 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, to Gardiner Greene Hubbard and Gertrude Mercer McCurdy.[3]{{#tag:ref| Her New York Times obituary lists her birth as November 25, 1859. Robert Bruce's and Charlotte Gray's biographies both give Mabel's birth year as 1857. |group=Note}} She suffered a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday in 1862 while visiting her maternal grandparents in New York City, and was thereafter left permanently and completely deaf.[4][8] The disease also destroyed her inner ear's vestibular sensors, additionally leaving her with a greatly impaired sense of balance, to the extent that it was very difficult for her to walk at night in the dark.[3] Mabel was the inspiration for her father's involvement in the founding of the first oral school for the deaf in the United States, the Clarke School for the Deaf. Having been educated in both the United States and in Europe, she learned to both talk and lip-read with great skill in multiple languages.[4][9][10] She was also, due in great part to her parents' efforts, one of the first deaf children in the nation to be taught to both lip-read and speak, which allowed her to integrate herself easily and almost completely within the hearing world,[11] an event virtually unknown to those in the deaf community of that era. In support of her parents' efforts to increase funding for deaf education, Mabel testified before a congressional hearing at a young age. Her avoidance of the deaf community until her middle age when her parents died and left her to assume their roles as benefactor to the societies for the deaf, would later lead to criticisms that she was embarrassed by her impairment. Described as "strong and self-assured", she became one of Graham Bell's pupils at his new school for the deaf, and later evolved into his confidant.[4] They married on July 11, 1877 in the Cambridge home of her parents, when she was 19, more than 10 years Bell's junior.[3][10] Together they had four children, including two daughters:[3] Elsie May Bell (1878–1964) who married Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor of National Geographic fame,[12][13] and Marian Hubbard Bell (1880–1962), who was referred to as "Daisy", and who was nearly named Photophone by Bell after her birth.[14] Mabel also bore two sons, Edward (1881) and Robert (1883), both of whom died shortly after birth leaving their parents bereft.[15] From 1877, Mabel and "Alec", as she preferred to call him, lived in Washington, D.C. at their home, the Brodhead-Bell Mansion, which they occupied for several years, and from 1888 onwards residing increasingly at their Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic for "beautiful mountain") estate, in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada. After Alec's death in 1922, Mabel slowly lost her sight and grew increasingly consigned to the care of her daughters, withdrawing into a world of silent darkness.[10] She died of pancreatic cancer at the home of her daughter Marian, in Chevy Chase, Maryland, less than a year after her husband,[3][6][7] both of whom are buried near their home on "The Point" at their estate of Beinn Bhreagh, originally their summer residence. Her ashes were interred with Alexander's grave exactly one year, to the hour, after his burial.[3]{{rp|208}} Today, they rest together near the top of their "beautiful mountain" of their estate overlooking Bras d'Or Lake, under a simple boulder of granite.[3] Deaf to Bell's utterancesMabel was the indirect source of her husband's early commercial success after his creation of the telephone. The U.S. Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 made Bell's newly invented telephone a featured headline worldwide. Judges Emperor Dom Pedro II of the Empire of Brazil and the eminent British physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) recommended his device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell the Gold Medal for Electrical Equipment. Bell also won a second Gold Medal for Visible Speech, for his additional display at the exposition, helping to propel him to international fame. Bell, who was then a full-time teacher, hadn't even planned on exhibiting at the fair due to his heavy teaching schedule and preparation for his student's examinations. He went there only at the stern insistence of Mabel, his fiancée and future wife.[16][17] Mabel had understood Bell's reluctance to go to the exhibition and display his works. She secretly bought his train ticket to Philadelphia, packed his bag, and then took the unknowing Bell to Boston's train station where she told her shocked fiancé that he was going on a trip. When Bell started to argue, Mabel turned her sight away from him, thus becoming literally deaf to his protests.[4][10][18] Mabel's stock ownership in the Bell Telephone CompanyThe Bell Telephone Company was organized on July 9, 1877 by Mabel's father Gardiner Greene Hubbard who owned 1,387 of the 5,000 issued shares and had the title of "trustee". Mabel's husband Alexander Bell owned 1,497 shares. But Bell immediately transferred all but 10 of his shares as a wedding gift to his new bride Mabel. A short time later, just prior to leaving for an extended honeymoon of Europe, Mabel signed a power of attorney giving control of her shares to her father. This made Gardiner Hubbard the de facto president and chairman of the Bell Telephone Company,[19] which later evolved into American Telephone & Telegraph, at times the world's largest telephone company. Support to aeronautical researchMabel was highly intelligent but usually preferred to remain in the background while Bell conducted scientific discussions and meetings among his peers—for many decades he held regular Wednesday evening intellectual salons in their home parlour, dutifully documented in the multiple volumes of his "homenotes".[4] However Mabel strongly believed that a heavier-than-air vehicle could be designed to fly, and she provided the inspiration and financing of about $20,000CAD to that end, a significant amount in 1907 (approximately $450,000 in 2008 dollars).[20] At that time Mabel Bell sold some of her real estate and gave that amount of money to her husband and four others to establish the Aerial Experimental Association (AEA),[21] for the purpose of constructing "a practical flying aerodrome", Canada's first heavier-than-air vehicle, the Silver Dart.[20] Based on their scientific experiments, the aircraft they designed and built incorporated several technical innovations not previously invented for flight, including lateral control by means of ailerons.[22] Partly because of her founding of the AEA, but also for founding social and educational institutions, she was named a National Historic Person in 2018.[23] Family tree{{Hubbard-Fortestcue family tree}}ReferencesNotes1. ^1 Eber, Dorothy Harley. Hubbard, Mabel Gardiner (Bell), in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003, accessed August 8, 2013. Citations {{reflist}}2. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= | title = Mrs. A.G. Bell Dies. Inspired Telephone. Deaf Girl's Romance With Distinguished Inventor Was Due to Her Affliction. | quote = Mrs. Mabel Hubbard Bell, widow of Alexander Graham Bell ... Mrs. Bell was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 25, 1859 [sic], the daughter of Gardiner Green Hubbard [sic] ... | publisher = New York Times | date = January 4, 1923 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Toward, 1984. 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 Winefield, Richard. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=MpWjzZwg7gsC& Never the Twain Shall Meet: Bell, Gallaudet, and the Communications Debate], Gallaudet University Press, 1987, pp.72–77, {{ISBN|1-56368-056-4}}, {{ISBN|978-1-56368-056-4}}. 5. ^Toward, 1984. 6. ^1 [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7W41AAAAIBAJ&sjid=gEADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6891,6255145& Mrs. Bell, Widow Of The Inventor Of The Telephone, Is Dead: Deaf From Girlhood, Her Infliction Inspired Husband's Great Triumph], Ludington Daily News, January 6, 1923. Originally publish in New York Times, January 4, 1923 7. ^1 [https://www.nytimes.com/1923/01/04/archives/mrsagbeudies-inspired-telephone-deaf-girls-romance-with-dis.html Mrs. A.G. Bell Dies. Inspired Telephone. Deaf Girl's Romance With Distinguished Inventor Was Due to Her Affliction], New York Times, January 4, 1923. 8. ^1 Eber, 1991; p. 43. 9. ^Eber, 1991. pp. 43–45 10. ^1 2 3 Gray, 2006 11. ^Eber, 1991; p .45 12. ^{{cite news | title = Dr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor Dies; Head of National Geographic, 90; Editor of Magazine 55 Years Introduced Photos, Increased Circulation to 4.5 Million| quote = Baddeck, Nova Scotia, 4 February 1964 (Canadian Press) Dr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, chairman of the board and former president of the National Geographic Society and editor of the National Geographic magazine from 1899 to 1954, died on the Cape Breton Island estate once owned by his father-in-law, the inventor Alexander Graham Bell. He was 90 years old. | publisher = New York Times | date = February 5, 1966 }} 13. ^{{cite news | title =Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor Dead; Joined in Geographic's Treks; Married Professor's Son | quote=Washington, DC, 26 December 1964. Mrs. Elsie May Bell Grosvenor, wife of Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, chairman of the board of the National Geographic Society, died this evening at her home in Bethesda, Maryland. She was 86 years old. Death was attributed to heart disease and old age. | publisher =New York Times | date =December 27, 1964 }} 14. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= | title = Mrs. David Fairchild, 82, Dead; Daughter of Bell, Phone Inventor |url= | quote = Baddeck, Nova Scotia, September 24, 1962 (Canadian Press) Mrs. Marian Bell Fairchild of Miami, widow of David Fairchild, noted plant explorer, and daughter of the telephone pioneer Alexander Graham Bell, died tonight at her summer home. She was 82 years old. | publisher = New York Times | date = September 25, 1962 }} 15. ^Gray, 2006. 16. ^Gray, 2006 17. ^Waite 1961. pp. 158–169. 18. ^De Land, Fred. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zyUDAAAAMBAJ Notes on the Development of the Telephone], Popular Science, November 1906, pp.427–438; 19. ^Pizer, Russell A. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=4Vjyz9fgs6sC The Tangled Web of Patent #174465], Authorhouse, 2009, {{ISBN|1-4389-8402-2}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4389-8402-5}}, page.127. 20. ^1 Rannie Gillis. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929215757/http://www.capebretonpost.com/index.cfm?sid=175549&sc=150 Mabel Bell Was A Focal Figure In The First Flight of the Silver Dart], Cape Breton Post, September 29, 2008. Retrieved from First Airplane Flight In Canada website, April 2, 2010. 21. ^Toward, 1984. pp.141–155 22. ^Kermode, A.C. Mechanics of Flight, Chapter 9 (8th edition), Pitman Publishing Limited, London, 1972, {{ISBN|0-273-31623-0}}. 23. ^[https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2018/01/government_of_canadaannouncesnewnationalhistoricdesignations.html Government of Canada Announces New National Historic Designations], Parks Canada news release, January 12, 2018 Further reading
7 : 1857 births|1923 deaths|Deaf people from the United States|Alexander Graham Bell|People from Baddeck, Nova Scotia|Gardiner family|Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) |
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