“Mac Hack”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D. Greenblatt. Also known as Mac Hac and The Greenblatt Chess Program, it was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mac Hack VI was the first chess program to play in human tournament conditions, the first to be granted a chess rating, and the first to win against a person in tournament play.

Its name comes from Project MAC ("Multi-Level Access Computer" or "Machine-Aided Cognition"^[2]) a large sponsored research program located at MIT. Over time, it became a hack in the sense of Heroes of the Computer Revolution,^[3] a book by Steven Levy in which Greenblatt appears. The number VI refers to the PDP-6 machine for which it was written.

Development

Greenblatt was inspired to write Mac Hack upon reading MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 41,^[4] or a similar document describing Kotok-McCarthy, which he saw while visiting Stanford University in 1965. A good chess player, he was inspired to make improvements at MIT in 1965 and 1966.^[5]

In about 2004, he had an opportunity to tell Alan Kotok that "7 7" would have done better than "4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0" in Kotok-McCarthy's REPLYS subroutine which generated each player's next plausible moves.^[6]{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}

Greenblatt added fifty heuristics that reflected his knowledge of chess. Mac Hack was written in MIDAS macro assembly language on the PDP-6 computer DEC donated to MIT (the first working PDP-6, serial number 2). Many versions may exist. During this period the program was compiled about two hundred times.

Tournament play

By the time it was published in 1969 Mac Hack had played in eighteen tournaments and hundreds of complete games. The PDP-6 became an honorary member of the Massachusetts State Chess Association and the United States Chess Federation,^[7] a requirement for playing tournaments. In 1966 the program was rated 1243 when it lost in the Massachusetts Amateur Championship. In 1967, the program played in four tournaments, winning three games, losing twelve, and drawing three. In 1967 Mac Hack VI defeated Ben Landy with a USCF rating of 1510 in game 3, tournament 2 of the Massachusetts State Championship.^[5]^[8]

Greenblatt published the program with Donald E. Eastlake III and Stephen D. Crocker in MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 174 and recorded some games there.^[9]

Influence

Mac Hack played by teletype, was ported to the PDP-10 and was the first computer chess program to be widely distributed.^[10] Mac Hack was the first chess computer to use a transposition table, which is a vital optimization in game tree search. Greenblatt and Tom Knight went on to advance artificial intelligence and build the Lisp machine in 1973.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite web | title=LISP prehistory - Summer 1956 through Summer 1958 | author=McCarthy, John | year=1996 | url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/lisp/node2.html | accessdate=2006-12-09}}
2. ^{{cite web | title=Acronyms and Abbreviations Used at MIT | author=Snover, Janet and Bill Litant | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology | date=n.d. | url=http://web.mit.edu/acronym/ | accessdate=2006-12-29}}
3. ^{{cite book | last = Levy | first = Steven | title = Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution | url = | date = 2 January 2001 | publisher = Penguin (Non-Classics) | isbn = 0-14-100051-1}}:{{Gutenberg | no=729 | name=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy}}
4. ^*{{cite web| title=A Chess Playing Program (AIM-41 - PDF)| author=Kotok, Alan| publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology| date=n.d.| url=ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-041.pdf| accessdate=2006-12-26}}
5. ^¹{{cite journal | author=Greenblatt, Richard D. | title=Oral History of Richard Greenblatt | publisher=Computer History Museum | date=12 January 2005 | url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Greenblatt_Richard/greenblatt.oral_history_transcript.2005.102657935.pdf | accessdate=2006-07-01 | authorlink=Richard Greenblatt (programmer)}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Greenblatt_Richard/greenblatt.oral_history_transcript.2005.102657935.pdf|title=Oral History of Richard Greenblatt|last=Hendrie|first=Gardner|date=12 January 2005|website=Computer History Museum|publisher=|access-date=6 April 2016}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbkBwAAQBAJ|title=Computer Chess Compendium|last=LEVY|first=D.|date=2013-06-29|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781475719680|language=en}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvUGCAAAQBAJ|title=Computer Games I|last=Levy|first=David N. L.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461387169|language=en}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream//1721.1/6176/2/AIM-174.pdf|title=The Greenblatt Chess Program|last=|first=|date=April 1969|website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|publisher=Richard Greenblatt, Donald Eastlake III, Stephen Crocker|access-date=6 April 2016}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://hightechhistory.com/2011/04/21/a-history-of-computer-chess-%25E2%2580%2593-from-the-mechanical-turk-to-%25E2%2580%259Cdeep-blue%25E2%2580%259D/|title=A history of computer chess - from the "Mechanical Turk" to "Deep Blue" - High Tech History|access-date=2016-04-06}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f64ea3e|title=Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT|website=www.computerhistory.org|access-date=2016-04-06}}

Development

Tournament play

Influence

References

Notes