| 词条 | Machaquila |
| 释义 |
Machaquila (or Machaquilá, using Spanish orthography) is a major ruined city of the Maya civilization in what is now the El Peten department of Guatemala.[1] LocationThe ruins of Machaquila fall within the municipality of Poptún, in the Petén department of Guatemala.[1] It is approximately {{convert|90|km|mi}} west of the town of Poptún, and {{convert|80|km|mi}} southeast of Sayaxché.[2] Machaquila is situated on the banks of the lower Machaquila River, which is a major tributary of the Pasión River.[3] The site is in a relatively isolated region.[4] During the Classic period, the city's location would have placed it upon a trade route running from the Maya Mountains in the east to the Pasión River in the west, and ultimately to the Usumacinta River.[5] Machaquila is {{convert|30|km|mi}} southeast of the contemporary Maya site of Seibal.[6] The site core containing the city's monumental architecture is protected, but under threat from occupation by landless peasants. The surrounding area, where the majority of the residential architecture is located, falls within privately owned farmland.[8] PolityMachaquila shared a pared Emblem Glyph with Cancuen, probably suggesting some form of joint rule and participation in a larger polity that included both cities.[7] A proposal that Machaquila, Cancuen, and Tres Islas participated in a form of government that involved the transference of the status of capital from one city to the next has not been universally accepted.[6] HistoryMachaquila flourished in the Late to Terminal Classic periods,[8] reaching the height of its power in approximately the ninth century.[9] The rise in activity at Machaquila appears to have been a side effect of the collapse of the power of Dos Pilas over the Petexbatún kingdom.[10] In 2004, archaeologists announced that they had uncovered a hieroglyphic panel at Cancuen that depicts Tajal Chan Ahk, the 8th-century king of that city. The high relief sculpture shows him installing subordinate rulers at Machaquila.[11] Modern historyThe site was excavated in the early 21st century by the Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala in collaboration with the Universidad Complutense de Madrid.[12] Site descriptionThe principal architecture at Machaquila has been dated to the Late Classic period, and includes temples and palace complexes. By 1984, nineteen stelae had been found at the site.[8] Machaquila is unusual in the local region in lacking both an E-Group astronomical complex, and a ballcourt, which are both architectural arrangements that are often found in neighbouring cities.[13] Machaquila is not particularly notable for its architecture or size, rather for its abundant sculpted monuments.[14] Plaza AThis architectural group is a ceremonial complex that includes various pyramids (Structures 16 to 20, and 22). Stelae and altars are associated with each of the pyramids. The investigating archaeologists also assume that this complex includes the tombs of city's rulers. The group was closed off from the rest of the city by Structure 45, which was probably residential in nature.[15] Plaza CThis complex is the largest group at Machaquila, and had a primarily residential function.[15] MonumentsAlthough many sculpted monuments were noted when the site was discovered, none remain at Machaquila. A few were moved in order to protect them, but the majority were looted and their whereabouts is unknown. Sculpted monuments from Machaquila included 18 stelae and 6 altars, and a series of sculpted blocks.[14] Those stelae that were rescued are now in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología in Guatemala City. The remaining monuments at the site include broken stela butts, and featureless stelae where the sculpted portions have been cut away by looters.[15] Notes1. ^Chocón and Laporte 2002, p. 1. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. #215. 2. ^ITMB 1998. 3. ^Fahsen 1984, p. 94. Laporte, Mejía and Chocón 2005, p. 401. 4. ^Just 2007, p. 4. 5. ^1 Chocón and Laporte 2002, p. 1. 6. ^1 Laporte, Mejía and Chocón 2005, p. 400. 7. ^Martin and Grube 2000, p. 119. 8. ^1 Fahsen 1984, p. 94. 9. ^Just 2007, p. 3. 10. ^Martin and Grube 2000, p. 65. 11. ^Markey 2004. 12. ^1 Ciudad Ruiz et al 2003, p. 260. 13. ^Laporte, Mejía and Chocón 2005, p. 405. 14. ^1 Laporte, Mejía and Chocón 2005, p. 406. 15. ^1 2 Ciudad Ruiz et al 2003, p. 261. References{{refbegin|indent=yes}}{{cite book |author1=Chocón, Jorge E. |author2=Juan Pedro Laporte |year=2002 |chapter=La ciudad de Machaquila en el municipio de Poptun |title=Reporte 16, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=1–31 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/rep16/pdf/01.02%20-%20Machaquila%20para%20PDF.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111160251/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/rep16/pdf/01.02%20-%20Machaquila%20para%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=2015-01-11}} {{cite book |author1=Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés |author2=María Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León |author3=Jesús Adánez Pavón |author4=Jorge E. Chocón |year=2003 |chapter=La entidad política de Machaquila, Poptun, en el Clásico Tardío y Terminal: Informe de la temporada 2003 |title=Reporte 17, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=224–259 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/17.14%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914142006/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/17.14%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author1=Fahsen, Federico |date=January 1984 |title=Notes for a Sequence of Rulers of Machaquila |journal=American Antiquity |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=94–104 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |jstor=280514 |doi=10.2307/280514}} {{subscription required}} {{cite map |author=ITMB |publisher=ITMB Publishing |title=Guatemala |edition=3rd |year=1998 |scale=1:500000 |series=International Travel Maps |isbn=0-921463-64-2 |oclc=421536238 |location=Richmond, British Columbia, Canada}} {{cite web|url=http://www.famsi.org/reports/01050/01050Just01.pdf|title=Ninth-Century Stelae of Machaquilá and Seibal|author=Just, Brian|publisher=FAMSI|year=2007|accessdate=2008-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216200154/http://www.famsi.org/reports/01050/01050Just01.pdf|archivedate=2015-02-16}} {{cite journal |author1=Laporte, Juan Pedro |authorlink1=Juan Pedro Laporte |author2=Héctor E. Mejía |author3=Jorge E. Chocón |year=2005 |title=Machaquila en una perspectiva geográfica regional |volume=XVIII (2004) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=400–417 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/36%20-%20Laporte%20Mejia%20y%20Chocon.04.pdf}} {{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0423_040423_mayapanel.html|title=Archaeologists Uncover Maya "Masterpiece" in Guatemala|author=Markey, Sean|publisher=National Geographic|date=2004-04-23|accessdate=2008-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102151113/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0423_040423_mayapanel.html|archivedate=2014-11-02}} {{cite book|author=Martin, Simon |authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist)|author2=Nikolai Grube |year=2000 |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |location=London and New York |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05103-8 |oclc=47358325}} {{cite web|author=Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |url=http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/sitios-arqueologicos-con-lugares-sagrados.pdf |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |title=Base de Datos Sitios Arqueológicos |accessdate=2010-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526130029/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/sitios-arqueologicos-con-lugares-sagrados.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-26| language=es}}{{refend}} Further reading{{refbegin|indent=yes}}{{cite book |author1=Adánez Pavón, Jesús |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: La Plaza E durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=124–148 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_07_-_Machaquila_Plaza_E_-_Jesus.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914130709/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_07_-_Machaquila_Plaza_E_-_Jesus.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite book |author1=Adánez Pavón, Jesús |author2=Jorge E. Chocón |year=2006 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Temporada 2005: La Estructura 34 (Plazas D y E) |title=Reporte 20, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=124–151 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%204%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Estructura%2034.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914120828/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%204%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Estructura%2034.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author=Chocón, Jorge E. |year=2003 |title=Machaquila, un sitio abandonado por la Arqueología |volume=XVI (2002) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Escobedo |display-editors = 3 |editor4=H. Mejía |pages=108–120 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/13.02%20-%20Jorge%20Chocon%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf}} {{cite book |author1=Chocón, Jorge E. |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: La Plaza H y los Grupos 7 y 8 durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=201–213 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_10_-_Machaquila_Plaza_H,_7_y_8_-_Jorge.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914122918/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_10_-_Machaquila_Plaza_H,_7_y_8_-_Jorge.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author1=Chocón, Jorge E. |author2=María Josefa Iglesias |author3=Alfonso Lacadena |author4=Jesús Adánez |year=2007 |title=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Petén: Temporada de campo 2005 |volume=XX (2006) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=679–698 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/41_-_Chocon_et_al.pdf}} {{cite journal |author1=Ciudad, Andrés |author2=María Josefa Iglesias |author3=Jesús Adánez |author4=Jorge E. Chocón |year=2005 |title=La organización del espacio en una ciudad del Clásico Maya: Las plazas centrales de Machaquila, Petén |volume=XVIII (2004) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=418–430 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/37%20-%20Andres%20y%20Pepa.04.pdf}} {{cite book |author1=Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés |author2=María Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León |author3=Jesús Adánez Pavón |author4=Alfonso Lacadena |author5=Jorge E. Chocón |year=2003 |chapter=La entidad política de Machaquila, Poptun, en el Clásico Tardío y Terminal: Informe de la temporada 2003 |title=Reporte 17, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=260–378 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/17.15%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914141451/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/17.15%20-%20en%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite book |author1=Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: La plaza G durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=188–200 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_09_-_Machaquila_Plaza_G_-_Andres.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914130144/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_09_-_Machaquila_Plaza_G_-_Andres.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite book |author1=Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: Los grupos habitacionales 9 y 10 durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=214–234 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_11_-_Machaquila_Grupos_9_y_10_-_Andres.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914132608/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_11_-_Machaquila_Grupos_9_y_10_-_Andres.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author1=Ciudad Ruiz, Andrés |author2=Jesús Adánez |year=2006 |title=Excavaciones en las Plazas E y G de Machaquila, Petén |volume=XIX (2005) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=1031–1043 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/91_-_Andres_y_Jesus.05_-_Digital.pdf}} {{cite book |author1=Iglesias, María Josefa |author2=Alfonso Lacadena |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: La Plaza F durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=149–187 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_08_-_Machaquila_Plaza_F_-_Pepa.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914123003/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_08_-_Machaquila_Plaza_F_-_Pepa.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite book |author1=Iglesias, María Josefa |year=2006 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Temporada 2005: Las Estructuras 7 y 8 en las Plazas F y G. |title=Reporte 20, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=152–192 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%205%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Estructuras%207%20y%208.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914121906/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%205%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Estructuras%207%20y%208.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author1=Krempel, Guido |title=A new hieroglyphic sculpture from Machaquila, Petén, Guatemala |journal=Mexicon |volume=33 |issue=4 |date=August 2011 |pages=92–96 |jstor=23758864 |publisher=Verlag Anton Saurwein |location=Markt Schwaben, Germany |issn=0720-5988}} {{subscription required}} {{cite book |author1=Lacadena, Alfonso |year=2005 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Poptun: Estudio epigráfico realizado durante la temporada 2004 |title=Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=235–247 |publisher=Instituto de Antropología e Historia |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_12_-_Machaquila_Informe_Epigrafico_-_Alfonso.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914124829/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion_12_-_Machaquila_Informe_Epigrafico_-_Alfonso.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite journal |author1=Lacadena, Alfonso |author2=María Josefa Iglesias |year=2005 |title=Una relación epigráfica relacionada con la Estructura 4 de Machaquila, Petén |volume=XVIII (2004) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=655–668 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/63%20-%20Alfonso%20y%20Pepa.04.pdf}} {{cite journal |author1=Lacadena, Alfonso |author2=María Josefa Iglesias |year=2006 |title=La recreación del espacio mítico de la Montaña de las Flores en un palacio de Machaquila, Petén |volume=XIX (2005) |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |editor1=J.P. Laporte |editor2=B. Arroyo |editor3=H. Mejía |pages=647–660 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |url=http://www.asociaciontikal.com/pdf/59_-_Lacadena_e_Iglesias.05_-_Digital.pdf}} {{cite book |author1=Lacadena, Alfonso |year=2006 |chapter=Excavaciones en Machaquila, Temporada 2005: El recinto cuadrilobulado de la Plaza A. |title=Reporte 20, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala |pages=74–123 |publisher=Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |language=es |chapterurl=http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%203%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Cuadrilobulado.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914122154/http://www.atlasarqueologico.com/pdf/reportes/Seccion%203%20-%20Machaquila%20-%20Cuadrilobulado.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-14}} {{cite book |title=Machaquilá: Through the Mayan Jungle to a Lost City |last=Lisi |first=Albert |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1968 |publisher=Hastings House |location=New York |isbn= |page= |pages= |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4QllAAAAMAAJ |oclc=440075}} {{cite web|url=http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/text/index.php?action=view_section&id=600&story_id=152&images=|title=Inscriptions found at a 1000-year-old sacred ball court provide insights into the Maya civilization's final days|author=Salisbury, David F.|publisher=Vanderbilt Magazine|date=2004-05-07|accessdate=2008-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208014541/http://exploration.vanderbilt.edu/text/index.php?action=view_section&id=600&story_id=152&images=|archivedate=2012-02-08}}{{refend}} External links
4 : Maya sites in Petén Department|Archaeological sites in Guatemala|Former populated places in Guatemala|Classic period in Mesoamerica |
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