| 词条 | David F. Houston |
| 释义 |
|name = David Houston |image = David F. Houston by Lewis Hine (cropped).jpg |office = 48th United States Secretary of the Treasury |president = Woodrow Wilson |term_start = February 2, 1920 |term_end = March 3, 1921 |predecessor = Carter Glass |successor = Andrew Mellon |office1 = 5th United States Secretary of Agriculture |president1 = Woodrow Wilson |term_start1 = March 6, 1913 |term_end1 = February 2, 1920 |predecessor1 = Jim Wilson |successor1 = Edwin T. Meredith |office2 = 8th Chancellor of Washington University |term_start2 = 1908 |term_end2 = 1913 |predecessor2 = Marshall Snow {{small|(Acting)}} |successor2 = Frederic Hall |office3 = 4th President of the University of Texas, Austin |term_start3 = 1905 |term_end3 = 1908 |predecessor3 = William Prather |successor3 = Sidney Mezes |office4 = 11th President of Texas A&M University |term_start4 = 1902 |term_end4 = 1905 |predecessor4 = Roger Whitlock {{small|(Acting)}} |successor4 = Henry Harrington |birth_name = David Franklin Houston |birth_date = {{birth date|1866|2|17}} |birth_place = Monroe, North Carolina, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1940|9|2|1866|2|17}} |death_place = New York City, New York, U.S. |party = Democratic |spouse = Helen Beall |children = 5 |education = University of South Carolina, Columbia {{small|(BA)}} Harvard University {{small|(MA)}} }} David Franklin Houston (February 17, 1866 – September 2, 1940) was an American academic, businessman and conservative Democratic[1] politician.[2] He served under President Wilson as the 5th Secretary of Agriculture and the 48th United States Secretary of the Treasury. Early life and familyHouston was born in Monroe, North Carolina, on February 17, 1866. He was the son of William Henry Houston, a horse dealer and grocer, and his wife, the former Pamela Ann Stevens. He graduated from the University of South Carolina in 1887 and did graduate work at Harvard University, where he received a M.A. in political science in 1892.[2] Houston married Helen Beall on December 11, 1895. They had five children: David Franklin, Jr., Duval, Elizabeth, Helen and Lawrence Reid Houston. Higher educationHouston taught political science at University of Texas. He became an adjunct member of the faculty in 1894 and was named dean of the faculty in 1899. He then became president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (now Texas A&M University) from 1902 until 1905. In 1905 he returned to UT to become that institution's president, serving until 1908. During his tenure at UT Austin, the school opened a doctoral program and a law school.[2] Houston left Texas to serve as chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis, a position he held from 1908 to 1913. During his tenure he established the School of Architecture and strengthened the medical school through partnerships with Children's and Barnes hospitals. He left the university to become the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.[2] Under President William McKinley he was on the board of visitors of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Later in life, he was an overseer of Harvard University and on the Columbia University Board of Trustees.[2] Politics and ready for Wilson's administrationHouston served as President Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of Agriculture from 1913 to 1920. During his time as Agriculture Secretary many important agricultural laws were passed by the U.S. Congress, including the Smith-Lever Act, the Farm Loan Act, the Warehouse Act, and the Federal Aid Road Act. However following the Food and Fuel Control Act responsibility for food was handed over to Herbert Hoover at the United States Food Administration. Hoover only accepted the position on the basis he would be free from interference from Houston.[2] He became the Secretary of the Treasury from 1920–1921 shortly following the First World War.[3] His brief tenure was marked by stormy controversies over federal monetary policies. As ex officio Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, he issued severe warnings and, increased rediscount rates in order to prevent the inflation that the European allies were experiencing. Houston predicted a fall in U.S. prices, particularly of farm products, after the optimism of the Armistice wore off. He pushed for easier credit for farmers and urged them to produce less. But when prices fell more dramatically than expected in 1920, farm spokesmen unfairly accused Houston of deliberately wrecking agrarian prosperity. Abroad, England and France were pushing to cancel their war debts. Houston, the U.S. Congress and the President, against cancellation, converted the short-term debts to long-term loans. Houston resigned at the end of President Wilson's term, after only a year in office. BusinessAfter leaving the U.S. federal government, Houston became as the president of the Bell Telephone Securities and a vice president at AT&T. Houston also served as a director of AT&T, the Guaranty Trust Company and the United States Steel Corporation. He was president of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York for ten years.[2] DeathHouston died of a heart attack on September 2, 1940 at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City.[4][5] He was buried next to his wife at Saint John's Church Cemetery in Oyster Bay, New York. WritingsHouston published A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina (1896) to establish his place in academia. He later published a two-volume memoir of his experiences as a cabinet member, Eight Years with Wilson's Cabinet. References1. ^{{cite book|author=Elliot A. Rosen|title=Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj_EdNJ3aP8C&pg=PT68|date=2012|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-3427-3|page=68}} 2. ^{{cite web |last1=Buschman |first1=Neil O. |title=The United States Food Administration During World War I: The Rise of Activist Government Through Food Control During Mobilization for Total War |url=https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/3861/FoodAdminthesis.pdf;sequence=2 |website=Auburn University Electronic Theses and Dissertations |publisher=Auburn University |date=2013 |accessdate=14 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=David Franklin Houston |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/298695792.html?dids=298695792:298695792&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+03%2C+1920&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=David+Franklin+Houston&pqatl=google |quote=The promotion, for such it must be regarded, of David Franklin Houston, for almost seven years Secretary of Agriculture in the Cabinet of President Wilson, ... |newspaper=Christian Science Monitor |date=February 3, 1920 |accessdate=2011-04-07 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho70 |title=David Franklin Houston |accessdate=2011-04-07 |quote= | encyclopedia =Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association }} 5. ^{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=David F. Houston, Wilson's Secretary of Agriculture, Dies |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/410289221.html?dids=410289221:410289221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+03%2C+1940&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=David+F.+Houston%2C+Wilson's+Secretary+of+Agriculture%2C+Dies&pqatl=google |quote=David Franklin Houston, 74, life insurance company executive, former educator and a member of Woodrow Wilson's Cabinet through the World War President's eight years in office, died at the Harkness Pavilion today after a brief illness. |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=September 3, 1940 |accessdate=2011-04-07 }} External links
before= Roger H. Whitlock | title= List of Texas A&M University presidents| years=1902 – 1905 | after=Henry H. Harrington }}{{succession box | before=William L. Prather| title=President of the University of Texas at Austin| years=1905 – 1908| after=Sidney E. Mezes }}{{succession box | before=William S. Chaplin| title=Chancellors of Washington University in St. Louis| years=1908 – 1917| after=Frederic Aldin Hall }}{{s-off}}{{U.S. Cabinet official box |before= James Wilson |after= Edwin T. Meredith |years= March 6, 1913 – February 2, 1920 |president= Woodrow Wilson |department= Secretary of Agriculture}}{{U.S. Cabinet official box | before= Carter Glass | after= Andrew W. Mellon | years= February 2, 1920 – March 3, 1921 | president= Woodrow Wilson | department= Secretary of the Treasury}}{{s-end}}{{USSecAg}}{{USSecTreas}}{{Wilson cabinet}}{{Washington University in Saint Louis chancellors}}{{University of Texas at Austin presidents}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Houston, David F.}} 13 : 1866 births|1940 deaths|Chancellors of Washington University in St. Louis|Presidents of the University of Texas at Austin|1924 United States presidential candidates|20th-century American politicians|United States Secretaries of Agriculture|United States Secretaries of the Treasury|University of South Carolina alumni|Harvard University alumni|Presidents of Texas A&M University|People from Monroe, North Carolina|Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members |
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