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词条 Madonna–whore complex
释义

  1. Causes

  2. Sexual politics

  3. In popular culture

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

In psychoanalytic literature, a Madonna–whore complex is the inability to maintain sexual arousal within a committed, loving relationship.[1] First identified by Sigmund Freud, under the rubric of psychic impotence,[2] this psychological complex is said to develop in men who see women as either saintly Madonnas or debased prostitutes. Men with this complex desire a sexual partner who has been degraded (the whore) while they cannot desire the respected partner (the Madonna).[3] Freud wrote: "Where such men love they have no desire and where they desire they cannot love."[4] Clinical psychologist Uwe Hartmann, writing in 2009, stated that the complex "is still highly prevalent in today's patients".[3]

The term is also used popularly, if sometimes with subtly different meanings.

Causes

Freud argued that the Madonna–whore complex was caused by a split between the affectionate and the sexual currents in male desire.[5] Oedipal and castration anxiety fears prohibit the affection felt for past incestuous objects from being attached to women who are sensually desired: "The whole sphere of love in such persons remains divided in the two directions personified in art as sacred and profane (or animal) love".[5] In order to minimize anxiety, the man categorizes women into two groups: women he can admire and women he finds sexually attractive. Whereas the man loves women in the former category, he despises and devalues the latter group.[6] Psychoanalyst Richard Tuch suggests that Freud offered at least one alternative explanation for the Madonna–whore complex:

This earlier theory is based not on oedipal-based castration anxiety but on man's primary hatred of women, stimulated by the child's sense that he had been made to experience intolerable frustration and/or narcissistic injury at the hands of his mother. According to this theory, in adulthood the boy-turned-man seeks to avenge these mistreatments through sadistic attacks on women who are stand-ins for mother.[6]

It is possible that such a split may be exacerbated when the sufferer is raised by a cold but overprotective mother[7] – a lack of emotional nurturing paradoxically strengthening an incestuous tie.[8] Such a man will often court someone with maternal qualities, hoping to fulfill a need for maternal intimacy unmet in childhood, only for a return of the repressed feelings surrounding the earlier relationship to prevent sexual satisfaction in the new.[5]

Another theory claims that the Madonna–whore complex derives from the representations of women as either madonnas or whores in mythology and Judeo-Christian theology rather than developmental disabilities of individual men.[9]

Sexual politics

Naomi Wolf considered that the sexual revolution had paradoxically intensified the importance of the virgin–whore split, leaving women to contend with the worst aspects of both images.[10] Others consider that both men and women find integrating sensuality and an ideal femininity difficult to do within the same relationship.[11]

In popular culture

  • Alfred Hitchcock used the Madonna–whore dichotomy as an important mode of representing women.[12] In Vertigo (1958), for example, Kim Novak portrays two women that the hero cannot reconcile: a virtuous, blonde, sophisticated, sexually repressed "madonna" and a dark-haired, single, sensual "fallen woman".[13]
  • The Martin Scorsese films, Taxi Driver and Raging Bull, feature sexually obsessed protagonists, both played by Robert De Niro, who exhibit the Madonna–whore complex with the women they interact with.{{cn|date=February 2019}}
  • In Asylum, set in a mental asylum during the 1960s, a time when the field of psychoanalysis was in chaos, the repressed character Dr. Arthur Arden, as portrayed by James Cromwell, is fixated on a seemingly innocent and virtuous nun. When she later sexually propositions him, he bitterly defaces and then destroys a statue of the Virgin Mary (a.k.a. the Madonna), screaming "Whore!" at it accusingly. Earlier in the series, Arden had shown to subscribe to Freudian theory regarding feminine sexuality.{{cn|date=February 2019}}
  • Pamela Thurschwell highlighted "the range of Dylan's women, which may often begin with a fine line in madonnas and whores but which often go on to undercut each other in spectacular reversals".[14]
  • In The Handmaid's Tale, women are strictly categorised and forced to wear a uniform of a specified colour, representative of their status as "Madonna" or "whore". The handmaids, who are disrespected and violated continually, are made to wear red, which is associated with sex and fertility; the protagonist, a Handmaid named June, is objectified and abused by Fred. In contrast, the wives wear blue which is reminiscent of the virgin Mary; Serena, Fred's wife, doesn't get the attention she wants from her husband.[15]

See also

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Ambivalence
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Coolidge effect
  • Dichotomy
  • Female Chauvinist Pigs
  • Friend zone
  • Gender norms in abstinence-only sex education
  • Love–hate relationship
  • Machismo
  • Marianismo
  • Misogyny
  • Neo-Freudian
  • Psychoanalytic concepts of love and hate
  • Sexism
  • Splitting (psychology)
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last1= Kaplan |first1= Helen Singer |last2= |first2= |year= 1988 |title= Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states |journal= Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume= 14 |issue= 1 |pages= 3–12 |doi= 10.1080/00926238808403902 |url= |accessdate= }}
2. ^W. M. Bernstein, A Basic Theory of Neuropsychoanalysis (2011) p. 106
3. ^1 {{cite journal |last1= Hartmann |first1= Uwe |last2= |first2= |year= 2009 |title= Sigmund Freud and His Impact on Our Understanding of Male Sexual Dysfunction |journal= The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume= 6 |issue= 8 |pages= 2332–2339|doi= 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01332.x |pmid= 19493285 |url= |accessdate= }}
4. ^{{cite journal |last= Freud |first= Sigmund |author= |authorlink= Sigmund Freud |date= |year= 1912 |month= |title= Über die allgemeinste Erniedrigung des Liebeslebens |trans-title= The most prevalent form of degradation in erotic life |journal= Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen |volume= 4 |series= |issue= |page= |pages= 40–50 |at= |chapter= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |language= |format= |id= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |pmid= |pmc= |bibcode= |doi= |accessdate= |url= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |laysource= |laysummary= |laydate= |quote= |ref= |separator= }}
5. ^1 2 Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 251
6. ^1 Tuch, Richard (2010). "Murder on the Mind: Tyrannical Power and Other Points along the Perverse Spectrum". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 91 (1): 141-162. {{doi|10.1111/j.1745-8315.2009.00220.x}}.
7. ^P. A Sacco, Madonna Complex (2011) p. 48
8. ^Neville Symington, Narcissism (1993) p. 99
9. ^Feinman, Clarice. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hpt7bVYB-fUC&pg=PA3 Women in the criminal justice system]. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1994, pp. 3–4, {{ISBN|978-0-275-94486-5}}.
10. ^Naomi Wolf, Promiscuities (1997) p. 5 and p. 131
11. ^Robert Bly/Marion Woodman, The Maiden King (1999) p. 203
12. ^{{cite book |last1= Gay |first1= Volney P. |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= Joy and the Objects of Psychoanalysis: Literature, Belief, and Neurosis |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QVoxmNrnRooC&pg=PA109 |series= SUNY series in psychoanalysis and culture |year= 2001 |publisher= State University of New York Press |location= Albany |isbn= 978-0-7914-5099-4 |page= 109 |pages= }}
13. ^Gordon, Paul. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UMEMCvyZ54EC&pg=PA90 Dial "M" for Mother: A Freudian Hitchcock]. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008, pp. 89–91, {{ISBN|978-0-8386-4133-0}}.
14. ^Quoted in N. Corcoran ed., Do You, Mr Jones? (2002) p. 269
15. ^{{Citation|last=ScreenPrism|title=The Handmaid's Tale is About the Present|date=2018-05-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R45eiu8SXko|accessdate=2018-06-12}}

Further reading

  • Freud, Sigmund. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XI: "A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men", pp. 165–175; "On the Universal Tendency of Debasement in the Sphere of Love", pp. 179–190; London: Hogarth Press, 1957, {{ISBN|978-0-7012-0067-1}}.

External links

  • H. Dark [https://hyperionrising.com/culture/the-madonna-the-whore/ The Madonna/Whore Complex: Cultural Analysis], Hyperion Rising
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13 : Dichotomies|Sexuality and gender-related prejudices|Complex (psychology)|Fanaticism|Object relations theory|Psychoanalytic terminology|Freudian psychology|Problem behavior|Violence against women|Problem behavior|Psychological abuse|Sexism|Stereotypes
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