| 词条 | Mahjar |
| 释义 |
Al-mahjar is an Arabic word that signifies emigration, sanctuary, refuge, retreat, settlement, colony and place of emigration.[27] It refers to the lands of diaspora of Arabs around the world.[28] It can also be a general term for the diaspora. Adab al-Mahjar or the literature of al-mahjar means all writing in Arabic produced by Arab emigrants to the new world, and despite the fact that the geographical location is not specified, the generally accepted meaning is emigrant. Adab al-Mahjar means a steady stream of Arabs writers emigrated in the last quarter of nineteenth and the early twentieth century from the various geographical regions of the Arabic world or the Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East and their descendants,[29] especially from Lebanon, Syria and Palestine to America. They wrote in one form of Arabic and published newspapers in Arabic, while being in America, thus strengthening the Arab identity of the emigrants. Most of these emigrants groups went to North American cities like New York; but some of them went to South American countries such as Brazil and Argentina.[30] There were some important causes that worked behind the emigration of the Arabs to America. First, the inhabitants of the mountainous regions were deprived of agricultural land after the establishment of the regime of Mutasarrifiyya. A section of the population was economically deprived, which led them to leave the mountain region and to seek employment outside their homeland. When migration to America was possible, some groups traveled there. Second, oppression of the peasants by their feudal lords, the burden of taxation, persistent sectarianism, corruption of administration were some social ills. Third, long contacts of Arabs with the West. The western religious missions to Lebanon had reinforced there contacts during the rule of Ibrahim Pasha (1832-40), founding schools, cultural associations, importing presses, translating and publishing books.[31] Fourth, Brazil favored the settlement of emigrants as a means of contribution towards its prosperity and furthering the exploitation of agricultural land and promised them aid and assistance. Argentina offered similar attractions with its enormous tracts of land requiring cultivation and its untapped material resources.[32] Fifth, escape them from Turkey’s rule or to earn their livelihood or both of them.[33] Behind these there also an important reason that when the first Protestant missionaries began arriving in Arab areas, they played an important role in propagating American culture and values of freedom, democracy and wealth. This was all taking place while the Arabs were still suffering from a long Ottoman occupation that had had devastating consequences on the Arabs in all sectors of life: education, literature, work, freedom, etc.[34] HistoryThe first Arab emigrants to America in recent history arrived in about 1850{{fact|date=January 2019}}. It was to North America. From the beginning of the stage, journalism played an important role in reinforcing the identity of the Arab communities. They published Arabic newspapers to communicate among themselves. Later, they formed literary circles and published literary magazines and journals under the banner of their circles, and consequently they stepped into writing literary genres. This group published around 135 newspapers and magazines in Arabic in the United States and Canada before 1980. The first Arabic newspaper kawkab Amirka was founded in 1892 in New York and continued until 1908 and the first literary magazine al-Funun was published by Nasib Arida (1887-1946) in New York from 1913 to 1918. This magazine served as a mouthpiece for young Arab writers. ‘Abd al-Masih Haddad (1890-1963) hosted a meeting of this emigrant group on 20 April 1920 to discuss ways and means the Arab writers in New York could adopt to improve and enliven Arabic literature. They founded a literary society, al-Rabita al-Qalamiyyah (The Pen Association o "Mahjar" means a place of one's immigration, "adab" means literature.The literature that came into existence in such places by such people is known as "Adab ul Mahjar" [Refugium-Literature or immigration-literature---while refugium literature is best]. This type of literature is mainly related with Arabs and Arabic language and its is in Arabic language.Poets and writers who emigrated from their home countries and settled outside, there they began to write and express their feelings using their art thus earning themselves the name Udaba ul Mahjar or refugium literary persons.[1] Mahjar is the diaspora of Arabs around the world. It can also be a general term for the diaspora. The Pen League of Arab poets in the United States, which included writers like Rachid Ayoub, Ameen Rihani and Khalil Gibran, was often referred to as "al-Mahjar", and its members as the "Mahjar" or "Mahjari" poets. References1. ^Manzoor Javaid mahjari udaba ki khidmaat {{Lebanon-writer-stub}}{{Syria-writer-stub}}{{Ottoman-bio-stub}} 4 : Arab|Lebanese literature|Syrian literature|Arab-American literature |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。